直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

1、引述別人的話時(shí)，一般采用兩種方式：一是引用別人的原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，稱(chēng)為直接引語(yǔ)；二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，稱(chēng)為間接引語(yǔ)。間接引語(yǔ)在大多數(shù)情況下是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：人稱(chēng)變化、時(shí)態(tài)變化、賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。1.直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句，變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，由連詞that 引導(dǎo)。例如：She said, "I am very happy to help you."She said that she was very happy to help you.2. 直接引語(yǔ)是一般(選擇/反意)疑問(wèn)句，變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，由連詞whethe

2、r或if 引導(dǎo)。例如：He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多數(shù)情況下，if和whether 可以互換，但后有or not,或在動(dòng)詞不定式前，或放在介詞后作連接詞時(shí)，一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，變成間接

3、引語(yǔ)時(shí)，由相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)詞who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引導(dǎo)。例如：My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，把動(dòng)詞原形變成動(dòng)詞不定式，并在動(dòng)詞不定前加tell, ask, order 等的賓語(yǔ)。例如：The captain ordered, "Be quiet."The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意

4、：此種情況的否定句，在動(dòng)詞不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."My teacher asked me not to laugh.5. 一些注意事項(xiàng)(1)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理等，變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：They told their son,"The earth goes round the sun."They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)， 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化

5、。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, "I haven't seen her today."He said that he hadn't seen her that day.注意：如果轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)就在原來(lái)的地方，就在說(shuō)話的當(dāng)天，就不必改變指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等。(3)間接引語(yǔ)一般要用陳述句的語(yǔ)序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如： He

6、 asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"Tom asked Ann what she wanted.直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句通常要將時(shí)態(tài)往后推一個(gè)，即。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)也變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)，等等(若直接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)可以不變)。另外，若直接引語(yǔ)中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

7、can, may等，也應(yīng)變成過(guò)去式could, might等(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must可以變?yōu)閔ad to，也可不變，should, ought to, had better 等可以不變)。如： “I want to stay here.” he said. 他說(shuō)。如：“我想留在這兒?！?He said that he wanted to stay there. 他說(shuō)他想留在那兒。 She said, “Its raining very hard.” 他說(shuō)。如：“雨下得很大?！?He said that it was raining very hard. 他說(shuō)雨下得很大。 Jim said, “I c

8、an speak Chinese.” 吉姆說(shuō)。如：“我會(huì)講漢語(yǔ)?！?Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆說(shuō)他會(huì)講漢語(yǔ) 注意: (1) 若直接引語(yǔ)為客觀真理，則變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。如： He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他說(shuō)。如：“太陽(yáng)從東方升起。” He said that the sun rises in the east. 他說(shuō)太陽(yáng)從東方升起。 (2) 有時(shí)由于直接引語(yǔ)有特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)也可不變。如： He said, “ was born in 1988.” 說(shuō)。如：“我是19

9、88年生的?！?He said that he was born in 1988. 他說(shuō)他是1988年生的。一祈使句方法是：使用ask tell, order sb to do sth這一結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，若祈使句為否定式，則用ask tell, order sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的選擇視句子的語(yǔ)氣而定。如：“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他說(shuō)。如：“吉姆，明天早點(diǎn)來(lái)?！盚e told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早點(diǎn)來(lái)?！癉ont be late again

10、, Mary.” he said. 他說(shuō)。如：“瑪麗，不要再遲到了?！盚e told Mary not to be late again. 他叫瑪麗不要再遲到了。注意：(1)除動(dòng)詞ask, tell, order外，有時(shí)也可能用其他動(dòng)詞。如：“Dont go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他說(shuō)。如：“吉姆，晚上別出去?！盚e warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。(2)若祈使句中沒(méi)有呼語(yǔ)，應(yīng)根據(jù)句意給動(dòng)詞ask, tell, order等補(bǔ)上適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語(yǔ)。如：“Watch carefully.” he said.

11、 他說(shuō)。如：“仔細(xì)看著。”He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我們仔細(xì)看著。二 陳述句將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句跟在引述動(dòng)詞之后(that也可省略)。如：“I dont love her.” he says. 他說(shuō)。如：“我不愛(ài)她。”He says that he doesnt love her. 他說(shuō)他不愛(ài)她。注意：(1)若引述動(dòng)詞用的是say to sb，則通常改為tell sb。如：“Its a secret.” he said to me. 他對(duì)我說(shuō)。如：“這是秘密?！盚e told me that it was a secret. 他對(duì)我說(shuō)那

12、是秘密。(2)若直接引語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)并列的陳述句，要注重在第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句前加連詞that。如：He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他說(shuō)。如：“我喜歡唱歌，我想當(dāng)歌手?！盚e says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他說(shuō)他喜歡唱歌，想當(dāng)歌手。在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的that有時(shí)可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。三 疑問(wèn)句一、一般疑問(wèn)句由直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)方法是：將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛蒳f或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句跟在引述動(dòng)詞之后。如：“Are you ill?” he asked. 他問(wèn)。如：“你病了嗎？”He asked if whether I was ill. 他問(wèn)我是否病了。注意：(1)改為賓語(yǔ)從句的間接引語(yǔ)要用陳述句詞序。(2)若直接引語(yǔ)引述動(dòng)詞為say，改成間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)將其改為ask等。