高考作文之結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用文

1、高考作文之結(jié)構(gòu)-應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用文體是人們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈凸ぷ髦袕V泛使用的文體。書信、電子郵件、通知、請柬、便條、日記、演講稿、履歷表廣告、留言、賀卡等都是常見的應(yīng)用文體。應(yīng)用文體的寫作要點總體寫作要求：主旨明確，重點突出；結(jié)構(gòu)完整，簡單明了； 格式正確，對象明確；語言簡煉，重在實用。時態(tài)和人稱：不同的文體會采用不同的時態(tài)，如：日記一般用過去時，通知和請柬采用一般現(xiàn)在時和將來時等。應(yīng)用文體的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)開頭 the beginning不同的應(yīng)用文會有不同的開篇套話來交待事由。主體 the main body用簡單明了的語言將試題提示用英語表達出來，包含全部的基本信息。表達順序基本為時間、地點、參加人、活動內(nèi)容

2、等。結(jié)尾 the ending用不同文體的套話來結(jié)束文章。 范例一2009湖北假設(shè)你是華華，與英國網(wǎng)友湯姆約定用對方的母語通信，以提高各自的外語水平。最近你收到湯姆的電子郵件（附后），發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個成語使用不當(dāng)。請根據(jù)下列要點，用英文回一封電子郵件。要點：不應(yīng)使用“無所不為”，應(yīng)使用“無所事事”；說明這兩個成語的用法；給予鼓勵。注意：1. 詞數(shù)為100左右；     2. 參考釋義：無所不為- do all kinds of bad things無所事事- have nothing to do； 3. 除以上兩個語外，郵件中不得使用其他漢

3、字或拼音；4. 電子郵件的開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好（不計入你所寫詞數(shù)），但不得抄入答題卡。附（湯姆的郵件）：華華，你好！近幾天在忙什么事？有什么有意思的事嗎？我們的學(xué)校放假了，所以這幾天在家無所不為，飽食終日，只好上網(wǎng)發(fā)伊妹兒。沒意思。我決定找份工作，做個自食其力的人。祝好！湯姆(以下所給內(nèi)容不得抄入答題卡)Hi! Tom,Nice to read your e-mail today. I notice you've begun to use Chinese idioms and used most of them correctly.Hope you'll find a job

4、soon. HuahuaOne Possible Version:Hi! Tom,Nice to read your e-mail today. I notice you've begun to use Chinese idioms and used most of them correctly.However, I'm afraid there is one mistake I'd like to point out. It is "無所不為". This idiom means "do all kinds of bad things&q

5、uot;. Are you doing all kinds of bad things at home? I guess what you were really trying to say is that you've got nothing to do these days. In that case, you should use "無所事事". We usually use "無所不為" to express the idea that people dare to do anything bad, and "無所事事"

6、; to describe the situation in which people have got nothing meaningful to do. Have I made myself clear?Anyway, I'm amazed at the progress you've made.Hope you'll find a job soon.Huahua范例二2009全國1書面表達(滿分25分)    假定你是李華，正在英國接受英語培訓(xùn)，住在一戶英國人家里。今天你的房東Mrs.Wilson不在家，你準(zhǔn)備外出，請給Mrs. Wi

7、lson寫一留言條，內(nèi)容包括：1. 外出購物；2. 替房東還書；3. Tracy來電話留言：1) 咖啡屋 ( Bolton Coffee ) 見面取消； 2) 此事已告知Susan； 3) 盡快回電注意：1. 詞數(shù)100左右； 2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 One Possible Version:Mrs. Wilson,   I'm going out shopping, and won't be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked

8、 me to return to the City Library. At about 1 o'clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn't meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very sorry about that, but said that you could set some other time for the meetin

9、g. She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home. She has already told Susan about this change.                                

10、60;                     Li Hua  附錄-應(yīng)用文格式套話書信書寫格式1. 信頭：寫在信紙第一頁的右上角，包括寫信人的地址和寫信的日期。應(yīng)先寫地址再寫日期，且地址是先小后大。2. 信內(nèi)地址：用于公文信函，私人信函不寫信內(nèi)地址。寫在信紙第一頁的左上角，頂格寫，比信頭低一至兩行。包括收信人姓名、地址。3. 稱呼：指對收信人的稱呼，寫在左上角頂格寫

11、；稱呼后面的標(biāo)點一般用逗號。4. 正文：是信件的主體部分。寫在稱呼的下一行，一般由左邊第3或第5個字母處開始寫起。正文第一段也可定格寫，但以后各段應(yīng)空兩格。5. 結(jié)束語：指正文下面的結(jié)尾客套語。位置應(yīng)低于正文一、二行。一般從信紙的中間稍右寫起，第一個字母大寫，末尾用逗號。常用的結(jié)束語Yours sincerely, Yours, Sincerely yours 等。6. 署名：寫在結(jié)束語的下面。注：邀請信、感謝信和便（假）條的書寫格式與書信大致相同，但信頭更簡便些。寫作要點信的開頭可簡單噓寒問暖，也可根據(jù)情況先提及來信內(nèi)容，再步入正題?？紤]書信的交際功能，行文應(yīng)感情真摯，讓收信者感到自然、親切

12、。結(jié)束時要向收信者表示親切或誠摯的問候。   經(jīng)典必會【Useful Sentences】普通書信開頭用語I was so pleased to hear from you again. You want to know what is going onMany thanks for your last kind letter. In your letter It's a long time since I saw you last time. Are you all OK? I'm glad to receive your letter. I h

13、ave been missing you a lot since we met last time. I am sorry for not writing to you sooner. / I'm sorry I've taken so long to answer your last letter.I'm writing to tell you that / I'm writing to you informing that結(jié)尾用語Good luck / Best wishes! Take good care of yourself. Send my love

14、 to / Please give my regards (best wishes) toDo write to us when you have time.Look forward to hearing from you soon. 應(yīng)聘求職信開頭用語I'm a student from I'm glad to learn that you need a (an) I'm quite interested in it and I think I am fit for it.結(jié)尾用語If I have a chance to work in your company,

15、I will try my best to be a good employer.道歉信開頭用語I'm writing to make an apology for I'm so sorry to tell you that I結(jié)尾用語I wonder if it is possible to and if so, I do hope that youll forgive me.感謝信Thank you for the many good things you provided.Thank you for邀請信開頭用語Were planning to hold in on. I

16、'm writing to ask you to come and結(jié)尾用語Do you think? Please let me know as soon as possible so that we can make arrangements. Looking forward to your coming / early reply.就有關(guān)社會問題討論的書信開頭用語I'm writing to tell you about the discussion (survey) we have had (made) about whether should be結(jié)尾用語Toor no

17、t is a serious problem, which needs a further discussion (survey) and is decided by the public.告知活動的書信開頭用語will be held inonThere is going to be inI know you like I think it is a good chance for you to結(jié)尾用語If there is anything I can do for you, please inform me. I would be more than glad to help.表述觀點的

18、書信開頭用語I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me. I've been thinking about the question you asked me. In my opinion, you should結(jié)尾用語Therefore, I think it is a good idea for you to So what you are waiting for?尋求幫助的書信開頭用語I have a problem to ask you.結(jié)尾用語I'm troubled / puzzled / di

19、sappointed / at a loss. What should I do? I wonder how you could treat it if you were me.告知來訪路線的書信We're so glad to learn that you are coming to join us in Here is how you can find us. Im sure youll have no trouble finding us. Do come! Dont miss it!經(jīng)典范例(2006 重慶）加拿大高中生David在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)（Internet)上登出啟事(noti

20、ce)，希望結(jié)識一位中國朋友，以便學(xué)習(xí)中國的語言、文化(culture)。假設(shè)你是李華，請在看到這則啟事后，用英文給David發(fā)一封電子郵件，主要內(nèi)容包括：    1. 你怎樣得知David的愿望； 2. 你愿意成為他的朋友；    3. 你打算如何幫助他； 4. 你盼望他的回復(fù)。注意：詞數(shù)100左右。One Possible Version:Dear David,    I'm Li Hua, a Chinese student with the same age as you. &#

21、160;  While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice, from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. I am glad to tell you that I am the very person you are waiting.    I'm really happy to be of some help with your Chinese study. We can e-mail to each o

22、ther to talk about your problems and we had better communicate in simple Chinese. Also we can both write and talk to each other on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words. I will collect and send some pictures and articles about Chinese culture to you. Do be confident and don'

23、;t be afraid of making mistakes, for you know it isn't easy to learn any foreign language.Looking forward to you                              

24、0;                                       Yours,         

25、0;                                                 

26、0;                           Li Hua 日記寫作要點英語日記與漢語日記的結(jié)構(gòu)相似，主要由兩部分組成，即書端和正文。寫日記要注意以下幾點：1. 日記的第一行要寫清楚日期、星期和天氣狀況，日期和星期寫在正文的左上角，月份與星期可以縮寫；天氣狀況寫在正文的右上角。如果是游記，還可寫明地點。2.

27、 日記通常使用過去時態(tài)記述過去所發(fā)生的事情。當(dāng)發(fā)表議論、抒發(fā)情感或描寫景物、人物時，為了使表述更加生動，也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。3. 日記正文可以是敘事、描述、說明、議論等各種形式，并且應(yīng)用第一人稱來寫。4. 日記也應(yīng)該講究文采，切忌寫成流水賬。  經(jīng)典必會【Useful Words & Expressions】1.表示天氣：fine, rainy, cloudy, snowy, windy, foggy, wind, breeze2.表示星期：Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday3.

28、表示月份：January, February, March, April, May, June, July4.表示具體日期：the first（1st）, the second (2nd), the third (3rd) 【Useful Sentences】1.It is / was a fine / nice day. 天氣晴朗。2.There are / were many things to do and see. 有很多東西可看，有很多事情可做。3.  I had a good time / enjoyed myself today. 我今天玩得很高興。4.I w

29、ill never forget it forever. 我將永遠不會忘記這件事。5.Time flies like an arrow. In ten days it will be the New Year. 光陰似箭。再過10天就是新年了。6.Autumn is a season of harvest. 秋天是收獲的季節(jié)。7.It is getting warmer and warmer. 天氣變得越來越暖和了。 經(jīng)典范例用日記形式記一次有意義的旅行。提示： 1. 時間：2000年4月16日，星期天；2. 天氣：晴；3. 人員：你班全體人員；4. 地點：森林（乘車兩小時到達）；5

30、. 活動內(nèi)容：記錄看到的動植物，野餐，檢驗河水，看看是否有污染。要求：詞數(shù)不少于100詞。One Possible Version:Sunday, April 16,  Fine 2000                                 

31、60;                                           Todayour class organized trip to a fore

32、st. We went by bus and it tookus two hours to get tothe forest. When we arrived, we walked through the forest separately. We wererecorded all the wildlife and plants we could see in the forest as we walked. When we found an unknown plant, we wrote it downin our notebooks.At lunchtime we made a

33、fire in the open and cooked the meal over it. After lunch, we came to a river and tested the water to see if it was polluted. Late in the afternoon we returned. To ourjoy, we not only learned about some wildlife and plants, but also enjoyed ourselves very much. I hope I'll have anotherchance to

34、go out for a more interesting outing. 便條英語便條主要是指留言條（Message left）和請假條（Written Request for Leave）等。英語便條一般由日期、稱呼、正文和署名四部分組成。1. 日期：日期要寫在右上角，通常只需寫星期幾或星期幾的上午、下午，有時可只寫上午或下午及具體時間，不必寫出年份。（有時候也可以不寫）2. 稱呼：稱呼一般寫在第二行，要左起頂格寫。語氣視對象而定，朋友間可隨便一些，如Dear Tom，Tom，Xiao Gao等。3. 正文：正文要另起一行，用詞要通俗簡明，只要把事情說清楚就行。若有事請假或向別人借東西，語

35、言要委婉、客氣。4. 署名：位置在正文的右下角。寫留條人的姓名、姓或名均可。  經(jīng)典必會【Useful Words & Expressions】1.表示時間：right away/now, at once, in a moment/minute, just now, three hours later/ago, tomorrow morning, next week, immediately2.表示邀請：meet at 8:00 outside the school gate, inviteto, come over, welcome to, ask for, wo

36、uld like3.表示請假：give sb. a day's leave, have three days off, ask for sick leave of two weeks4.表示叮囑：make/be sure, remember, don't forget, take a message for, givea call/ring, ringup, tellto, take/bring5.表示事由：be ill, have/take/catch a cold/cough/headache, have a sore back【Useful Sentences】1.Im

37、sorry that I can't go to school today. 很遺憾我今天不能去上學(xué)了。2.I shall be very happy to call at your house at 8:30 this evening. 很高興我今晚8:30能去你家拜訪。3.I am in urgent need of 500 yuan. 我急需500元錢。4.Please give me a leave for five days. 請準(zhǔn)我5天假。5.I have received your note. 來條收悉。6.Please accept this little gift.

38、請收下這小小的禮物。7.Please favor me with an early reply. 請盡早回復(fù)。8.Would/Could/Will you please? 請你好嗎？經(jīng)典范例假設(shè)你叫李華，到同學(xué)李英家通知她一件事，碰巧她不在家，你給她留了張便條，內(nèi)容如下：1. 明天的課將推遲到本星期六下午2點，因為明天你要參加勞動植樹，上午7點在校門口集合出發(fā)。2. 前天你把雨傘落在她家房子的前門外，請她明天上課時替你帶來。 Li Hua8.10 One possible version:Aug.10Li Ying, Tomorrow's class will be put

39、off to Saturday. Instead, we'll take part in the labourplant trees. We'll gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m. I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.Thank you very much. Yours,L

40、i Hua通知、啟事通知一般可分為口頭通知和書面通知兩種?？陬^通知是當(dāng)面向有關(guān)人員口授有關(guān)活動的信息，而書面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知給有關(guān)人員。通知的要素是時間，地點，對象，事件具體內(nèi)容，注意事項等。通知的語言應(yīng)該是簡潔明了，直截了當(dāng)。還應(yīng)該注意要有一定的邏輯順序。通知的內(nèi)容一般可分為5個部分：1. 標(biāo)題：通知的正上方通常要有一個標(biāo)題。口頭通知常用Announcement，書面通知多用Notice。2. 日期：口頭通知因是現(xiàn)場發(fā)布，不需要寫日期；但書面通知要寫日期，一般寫在正文的左下角，要低于落款，書信式通知的日期可寫在正文的右上角。3. 稱呼語：口頭通知往往要有稱呼語。4. 正文：通知正

41、文所使用的語言應(yīng)盡量簡明扼要。?？砂磿r間先后順序陳述。5. 落款：口頭通知通常不用落款；書面通知需要落款，即發(fā)出通知的人或單位名稱。落款一般寫在通知的右下角。啟事也分為標(biāo)題、正文、署名、日期等部分。標(biāo)題應(yīng)明確，如“尋人啟事”、“尋物啟事”、“招領(lǐng)啟事”、“關(guān)于XX的啟事”。正文部分要寫清楚啟事的理由。經(jīng)典必會【Useful Words & Expressions】1.稱呼語：Boys and girls, Ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends2.歡迎詞：Welcome to, look forward to, glad to3.表示決定：decide t

42、o, make up ones mind to 【Useful Sentences】1.Would you mind? 你介意嗎？2.We're going to 我們打算3.Don't forget to 不要忘了4. 口頭通知開頭用語：May I have your attention, please? / Attention, please. / I have an announcement to make. / Be quiet, please. / Listen to me, please. 5. 口頭通知結(jié)束用語：Thanks you for listen

43、ing. / Thank you for your attention. / That's all, thank you!經(jīng)典范例一你校學(xué)生會將為來訪的美國朋友舉辦一個晚會，要在學(xué)校廣播中宣布此事，并歡迎大家參加。為使美國朋友能聽懂，請你用英語寫一篇廣播通知。要點如下：宗旨：歡迎來訪的美國朋友組織者：學(xué)生會時間：7月13日（星期六）晚7：30活動內(nèi)容：音樂，跳舞，唱歌，游戲，交換小禮品（請包裝好，簽名并在包裝外面寫上幾個祝愿詞）注意：1. 廣播稿約100詞。2. 應(yīng)包括以上要點，但不要逐字翻譯，要組織成一篇通順連貫的短文。3. 開頭語以為你寫好。生詞：交換禮品to exchange g

44、ifts 學(xué)生會the Student UnionMay I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. _One Possible Version:May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students' Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United S

45、tates. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.Don'

46、t forget 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It's sure to be a lot of fun. Everyone who wants to attend is welcome. Thank you.經(jīng)典范例二英語學(xué)生會將舉辦英語演講比賽，請用英語起草一份通知（notice）。通知包括以下內(nèi)容：演講時間：下周六下午三點地點：201室題目：自定，演講時間不得超過10分鐘。報名辦法：向班長報名（sign up）評判及獎勵：邀請五位教師任評委（judge），獲前十名的參賽者（contestant）獲獎舉辦單位

47、：學(xué)生會寫通知日期：2009年5月18日One Possible Version:NoticeMay 18, 2002 In order to improvethe student's ability to speak English, the Students' Union of the English Department will hold an English contest in Room 201 at 3 p.m. on Saturday next week. Those who are willing to take part in it sign up

48、 with the monitors now. Every contestant can speak about anysubject within ten minutes. Five teachers will be invited to bejudges. The first ten winners will be given awards as an encouragement. All the students are welcometo be present at the contest. The Students' Union 發(fā)言稿發(fā)言稿在格式上和書信有點類似，也是由稱呼

49、語、正文、結(jié)束語和署名（也可以不寫署名）構(gòu)成。稱呼一般以Dear開頭，也可以不用稱呼，直接寫正文。發(fā)言稿是直接面向聽眾的，所以在語言的選擇上要簡短，盡可能多使用簡單句，讓聽眾一聽就明白。發(fā)言稿的觀點要鮮明，感情要真摯。  經(jīng)典必會【Useful Words & Expressions】1.表示發(fā)言：speak, give a lecture, deliver / make a speech2. 開頭語言：Ladies and gentlemen, Dear teachers and classmates, Boys and girls, Hello, ev

50、eryone, Welcome to3. 表示觀點：in my opinion, I think / believe, I hope / wish4.表示總結(jié)：in all, in short, in a word, that's all 【Useful Sentences】開頭用語1. Dear friends. May I have your attention, please? 親愛的朋友們。請注意。2.Good evening! Ladies and gentlemen. I'm very glad to introduce my

51、 self to me. 晚上好，女士們，先生們！很高興像大家自我介紹3. I'd love to share with you / tell you something about我很樂意和你們分享/告訴你們一些關(guān)于4.First of all, I'll tell you 首先，我將告訴大家5.I'm very happy to have the chance to speak here. 很高興有機會在這兒發(fā)言。結(jié)尾用語1.I hope what I said is helpful. 我希望我說的話對大家有所幫助。2.That's all. Th

52、ank you for your listening. 我的演講結(jié)束了，謝謝大家。其他1.I think we must 我認(rèn)為我們必須2.Let's try our best to讓我們盡最大努力經(jīng)典范例（2005 安徽）假設(shè)有一批英國中學(xué)生將來你校就讀，校方要求你在開班典禮上介紹一下學(xué)校的有關(guān)要求。請按以下要點寫一篇發(fā)言稿。1.上學(xué)要穿戴整潔2. 上課不遲到、早退3. 保持校園清潔     4.走路靠右行；若要騎車上學(xué)，請辦自行車許可證     注意：1.可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫    

53、2.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好  3.詞數(shù)100左右    參考詞匯：許可證permit     Good morning, dear friends. Welcome to our school. _    Thanks.One Possible Version:Good morning, dear friends. Welcome to our school. Now please allow me to introduce you to some of our school

54、rules here. As high school students, firstly, we are expected to be neatly dressed when at school. Secondly, it must be made clear that we should never be late for class or leave school before it is over. The school is a place for us to live and study in, so we must keep it clean. Lastly, when you are walking on the road, please remember to ke