同位語從句及同位語

1、10級Axx第六組作業(yè)同位語從句一. 同位語從句的概念在復合句中用作名詞的從句叫同位語從句，其主要用途是對前面的名詞做 進一步解釋，說明該名詞的具體內容。可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常是：n ews,fact ,pro mise,questi on, doubt,thought,h op e,message ,suggestio n, word,Possibility,order,fear,proof,belief,advise,demand,problem,request,truth,wish 等例句:We haven ' t yet settled the question where

2、 we are going to spend our summer vacati on.The Mona Lisa is widely see n as proof that good looks can last for ever.There is no doubt that he is guilty.There is great doubt whether he did so or not.二. 同位語從句的先行詞同位語從句的先行詞通常是抽象名詞，常見的有：idea, situation thought,fact, evide nee, belief, doubt, fear, hope,

3、 questi on, theory, n ews, order, ability 等等。例句:How did the cheats ex plain the fact that the Emp eror did n't feel the new clothes in him?皇帝覺得身上并沒有穿上新衣，對這個問題騙子是怎樣解釋的The n ews that his heath is faili ng made us sad.他健康狀況不佳的消息使我們很難過。I have no idea where they are spending their holidays.我不知道他們在哪里度

4、假。The questi on who should do the work requires con sideratio n.誰該干這項工作的問題需要考慮He was tortured by the doubt whether he would acce pt their p rese nts.他被是否接受他們的禮物這個疑慮所折磨著。三. 同位語從句的引導詞1.連詞that引導同位語從句The idea that you can do this work well without thi nking is quite wrong.你認為不動腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯誤的。(作idea

5、的同位語)He gabbed his suitcase and gave the imp ressi on he was board ing the plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機了。以下名詞常用于以上句型:advice, announ ceme nt, argume nt, belief, claim, con clusi on, decisi on,evide nee, explan atio n, fact, feeli ng, hop e, idea, i mp ressi on, in formati on,kno wledge, message, n

6、 ews, opinion, order, p robability, pro mise, prop osal,remark, reply, rep ort, say ing, stateme nt, suggesti on, thought, treat,war ning, wish, word【注意1 在某些名詞(如dema nd, wish, suggestio n, resolutio n等)后面的同 位語從句要用虛擬語氣。如：There was a suggesti on that Brow n should be dropped from the team.有一項建議是布朗應該離隊

7、。The suggestio n that the new rule be adop ted came from the chairma n.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。The resoluti on that wome n be allowed to join the society was carried.允許婦女參加這個協(xié)會的決議通過了。I can un dersta nd their eager ness that you should be the main sp eaker.我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情?！咀⒁?】 引導同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，在非正式語體中

8、that 可以省略。He gabbed his suitcase and gave the imp ressi on he was board ing the plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機了。2.連詞whether引導同位語從句The questi on whether we should call in a sp ecialist was an swered by the family doctor.我們是否請專家由家庭醫(yī)生來定。We are not inv estigati ng the questi on whether he is trustworth

9、y.我們不是在調查他是否可以信任的問題?！咀⒁狻縲hether可引導同位語從句，但if不能引導同位語從句。whether是否”可以引導：主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句。if是否”只能引導賓語從句和表語從句，不能引導主語從句。3.其它引導詞引導的同位語從句連接代詞 what, who, whom, whose, which引導同位語從句1）.1 have no idea what size shoes she wear我不知道她穿幾號的鞋。（ what 作定語）2）.1 have no idea which wine is bes it ' s a matter of personal t

10、a我不知道哪 種酒最好，這是個人口味的問題。（which作定語）3）.The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who 作主語）4.連接副詞引導同位語從句連接畐U詞 when, where, how, whyWe haven ' t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacatio n.到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。四. 同位語從句的用法掌握同位語從句的用法要注意以下兩個問題:1.同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所

11、說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開，以使得整個句子的結構顯得平衡，即為分離同位語從句。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他從瑪麗那里 獲知了運動會被推遲的消息。/ Word came that Hussein had been cap tured.侯賽 因已被捕的消息傳來。2. 同位語從句和定語從句結構相似，通常位于某一名詞或代詞后面，但兩者存在明顯區(qū)別：同位語從句對名詞性成分加以補充說明，是該名詞性成分具體內容的體現(xiàn)（相當于名詞的作用）。that引導的同位語從句中引導詞that 不在該同位語從句中

12、充當句子成分，但不能被省略，同位語從句還可以用whether、how等連詞引導（定語從句則不能）。定語從句對先行詞加以限制或修 飾、說明先行詞的性質或特征（相當于形容詞的作用），定語從句的引導詞均在 該定語從句中充當特定的句子成分（that在其引導的限定性定語從句中充當主 語、賓語或者表語，充當定語從句中賓語的that經?？杀皇÷裕Ｗ⒁怏w會以下四組例句：（1）第一組例句: We can ' t solthe problem how we can travel faster than light.我們解決不 了如何才能超過光的速度這個問題。（how引導的從句表示其前面的名詞the pr

13、oblem的具體內容，屬于同位語 從句） I can ' t remember the problem that they ha我記不得他們的問題了。（引導詞that就是that引導的從句中have的賓語，the problem的具體內容也沒有得到說明，故本句中that引導的從句是修飾Problem的定語從句）（2）第二組例句: I won ' t believe the fact that he lied to his moth我r不愿相信他對母親撒謊 的事實。（that引導同位語從句對fact的具體內容進行說明，that在其中不充當具體 的句子成分）I won '

14、t believe the fact (that) he told m我不愿相信他告訴我的事實。（that引導定語從句對fact進行限定，that在該從句中充當賓語）（3）第三組例句: The n ews that Tom would go abroad is told by him.湯姆將出國的消息是他 講的。（that引導同位語從句對news的具體內容進行說明，that在其中不充當具 體的句子成分） The n ews that he told me is that Tom would go abroad n ext year. 他告訴我 的消息是湯姆來年將出國。（句中的第一個that引導

15、定語從句限定先行詞news,第二個that引導表語 從句）第四組例句: We have no idea at all where he has gone我們根本不知道他去哪里了。（where引導同位語從句說明idea的具體內容） That ' s the place where he was bOi那是他出生的地方。（where引導定語從句限定先行詞 place）五. 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別1.從句所修飾詞的不同。同位語從句所修飾詞通常是少數(shù)一些表示抽象意義 的名詞，女口 belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibilit

16、y , thought , order , suggesti on , wish , an swer , in formati on , con clusi on , decisi on , discovery , kno wledge , law , opinion , p roblem , pro mise , proof , questi on , report , truth , risk 等。定語從句的先行詞可以指人、物等2.連接詞的作用不同。連接同位語從句的 that只起連接作用，不在從句中 擔任任何句子成分。whether和how可以引導同位語從句，但不能引導定語從 句。關系代詞

17、和關系副詞除了連接從句的作用外，還在定語從句中充當一定的 句子成分，如主語、賓語、定語、表語等。引導定語從句的連接詞是關系詞， 常見的關系代詞和關系副詞有 that , which , who , whose , whom , whe n , where , why , as, than, but 等。3. 從句作用的不同。定語從句具有形容詞或副詞的特點，對先行詞起修飾、 限定作用，描述先行詞的性質或特征，與先行詞之間是所屬關系。同位語從句 具有名詞的特點，對中心詞作進一步補充解釋，是中心詞的具體內容。注：同位語從句是對名詞加以說明，而定語從句是對名詞加以限定修飾。區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句有一

18、種簡便方法，就是將 名詞+that ”吉構取 出，能在名詞和that之間加上be動詞構成一個表語從句的，則是同位語從句, 否則是定語從句。I have got some news that you may not have heard.（定語從句）The n ews that had solved the hostage crisis sp read all over the world.（同位語從句）上面第二句前半部分可變?yōu)?The news is that had solved the hostage crisis.同位語邊緣知識歸納、什么叫同位語當兩個指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置

19、時，若其中一個句子成分 是用于說明或解釋另一個句子成分的，那么用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分 就叫做另一成分的同位語。如：Laura Myers, a BBC rep orter, asked for an in terview.勞拉 邁爾，BBC的記者，要求采訪。Mary, one of the most in tellige nt girls I kno w, is planning to atte nd the uni versity .瑪麗是我所認識的最聰敏的姑娘之一，她正準備上大學。Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個人

20、是誰？We have two childre n, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個孩子，一個男孩和一個女 孩。以上所舉的同位語例子都是同位語的基本形式，一般不會出錯。但有幾種 同位語，或由于身本結構特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結構比較特殊，往往會引 起誤解?，F(xiàn)小結并舉例說明如下。二、特殊同位語歸納1.代詞we, us, you等后接同位語Are you two read in g?你們二人在看書嗎？They three joined the school team.他們 3 人參加了校隊。She has great concern for us stude nts.她對我們學生很關心

21、。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩子安靜些。We girls ofte n go to the movies together.我們女孩子經常一起去看電影。2.不定式用作同位語Soon came the order to start the gen eral attack.很快下達了發(fā)起總攻的命 令。(to start the general attack 與 the order 同位)He followed the in structi on to walk along a certai n street where I p icked him up.

22、 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along與-the instruction同位)3. -ing分詞用作同位語He s getti ng a job toni ght drivi ng a truck他 今晚得到一個開卡車的差事。(driving a track 與 a job 同位)She got a p lace in a laundry ironing shirts.她在一家洗衣店得至U個熨衣服的 職位。(ironing shirts 與 a place 同位)The first plan, attack ing at ni ght, was turned

23、dow n.第一個計劃是夜襲，被拒 絕了。 (attacking at night 與 the first plan 同位)4. 形容詞用作同位語The curre nt affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in .目前的交易會，是有史以來規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。He read all kinds of books, an cie nt and moder n, Chin ese and foreig n.他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the p arade.老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行?！咀ⅰ窟@類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉換成定語從句。如:The curre nt affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in .二The curre nt affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in .5. none of us