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1、名詞性從句:在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)。名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任 : 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等。 名詞性從句分為:主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。 一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:1、從屬連詞( 5 個(gè)):(1) that 無(wú)詞義,在從句中不做成分,在賓語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中that 有時(shí)可以省略(2)whether , if 有詞義,在從句中不做成分( whether , if 均表示 “是否 ”之意,表明從句內(nèi) 容的不確定性)不可以省略(3)as if, as though (均表示 “好像”, “似乎

2、”之意)在從句中不做成分2、連接代詞(9個(gè)): what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever , 有詞義, 在從句中做成分, 不可以省略 (who what which 在從句中做主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)、 其中 what 指代沒(méi)有范圍的事物, which指代有范圍的事物,表 選擇哪一個(gè)” whom做賓語(yǔ)whose做定 語(yǔ))3、連接副詞( 7 個(gè)): when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 有詞義,在從句 中做狀語(yǔ),不可以省略4、that 省略的情況:

3、(1)定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)(2)that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)(3)that 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)( 4)主語(yǔ)從句中 it 做形式主語(yǔ), that 從句置于句末時(shí)5、that 不可省略的情況: 定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)由 that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句放句首時(shí) that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句中 i it 做形式賓語(yǔ),真正的 that 賓語(yǔ)從句中 that 不可以省略個(gè)句子中的ii 一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾 that 不可以省略iii 與動(dòng)詞相隔的賓語(yǔ)從句,不可以省略iv that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí),不可以省略二. 主語(yǔ)從句1、主語(yǔ)從句:作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。 主語(yǔ)從句通常由下

4、列詞引導(dǎo):1)從屬連詞 that, whether 等;whatever , whoever ,whom 等; why 等。 連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含注:whom、who 指人,what 指物,whatever,2)連接代詞 what , who , which ,3)連接副詞 how, when , where,2、that 在句中無(wú)詞義,只起連接作用; 義、又起連接作用, 在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。 whoever 表示泛指意義。例如:What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still

5、unknown.It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 注意:有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語(yǔ) it 代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首,而1)把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:It + be + 名詞 + that 從句:It is a fact that 事實(shí)是It is an honour that 非常榮幸It is mon knowledge that 是常識(shí) It is a

6、 pity that 遺憾It + be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 + that從句:It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已經(jīng)證明 It is believed that人們認(rèn)為It is supposed that據(jù)猜測(cè)It + 不及物動(dòng)詞( vi) + that 從句:碰巧似乎It seems that 似乎It happened thatIt appears that很自然 奇怪的是It + be +形容詞 + that從句It is natural that It is strange that注意

7、:在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬 語(yǔ)氣“(should) +do, 常用的句型有:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) thatIt is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that3、It 作形式主語(yǔ)和 it 引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 It作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。 it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that引導(dǎo),被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用 who

8、/whom 。例如:a) It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.b) It doesn 't interest me whether you succeed or not.c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)d) It is John that broke the window. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)4、 注意:since, if不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,但當(dāng)it做形式主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)從句放在句末時(shí),if, whether 均可if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句

9、首。It is said /rep orted 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如: 正確表達(dá): It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá): That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.It happen s/occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:正確表達(dá): It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá): That he failed in th

10、e examination occurred to him.It doesn t matter how/whether結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如: 正確表達(dá): It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá): Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter.含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:5、主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況:(1)(2)正確表達(dá): Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?錯(cuò)誤表達(dá): Is that

11、 will rain in the evening likely?6、what 與 that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別that 則what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ),而 不然。例如:a) What you said yesterday is right.b) That she is still alive is a consolation三、表語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)as if 引導(dǎo)。(保持),seem等It app ears/seems that(結(jié)果是 .)等結(jié)構(gòu)that 常??梢允÷訧t - seems as if表語(yǔ)從句:在復(fù)合句中,位于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)的從

12、句叫表語(yǔ)從句。 聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)用 可以接表語(yǔ)從句的系動(dòng)詞有 be ,look , remain 常用的還有 the reason is that It-is becauseIt happens thatIt -tur ns out that由從屬連詞,連接代詞,連接副詞引導(dǎo),其中由 as if, as though 引導(dǎo) It looks as ifwhy, because 都可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,但 why 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果, because 強(qiáng)調(diào)理由 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為 suggestion, order, requirement, advice, reques

13、t, demand 等這類名詞時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句用 虛擬語(yǔ)氣( should)doif 不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句注意:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句要用 that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .【注意】whether可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。四、同位語(yǔ)從句that 引導(dǎo), that 不可以省1、同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由略由 whether 引導(dǎo),不可用 if2、 可用于同位語(yǔ)從句

14、的名詞有 belief、advice、dema nd、doubt (懷疑)、p ossibility、though、 proposal、 case、 fact、 hope、 idea、 information 、 message、 news、 order、 problem、 promise、 question 、 request 、 suggestion、 truth 、 wish、 word 等。例如:The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will e back home.The thought ca

15、me to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.3、在no idea后用wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)4、(1) 語(yǔ)從句中的 that 是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對(duì)先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特 征;同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的,其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如:1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. (他告訴我的消息是湯姆明 年將出國(guó)。)(第一個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句, that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)

16、)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. (湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。 從句, that 在句中不作任何成分)同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,而同位)(同位語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句中的 that 既代替先行詞,同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))五、賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句:名詞從句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。由從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞引導(dǎo)。1. 由連接詞 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 由連接詞 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí), that 在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體 中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的 that 不可省。例如:He h

17、as told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.注意: 在 dema nd、order (命令)、suggest、decide、in sist (堅(jiān)持),desire, urge, advice, propose, require, request, mand (命令) , doubt 等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的 動(dòng)詞后,賓語(yǔ)從句常用 “(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形

18、 ”。例如:I insist that she (should) do her work alone.The mander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.2. 用 who , whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever 等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句,應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she ca

19、n work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.3. 用 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒,仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外,whether與if在作是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if:a. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí); b. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí); c . 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí); d. 從 句后有“or not時(shí);e.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如:Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.Everyth

20、ing depends on whether we have enough money.I wonder whether he will e or not.Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?4. 注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng),當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況,而 使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。例如:I know (that) he studies English every day. (從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))I know (that) he studied English last term.I know (that) he will stu

21、dy English next year.I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)) 當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài) (could, would 除外),從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài), 如一般過(guò)去 時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等;當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理,科學(xué)原理,自然現(xiàn)象,則從句 仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose , guess, expect, fancy, consid

22、er 等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性 賓語(yǔ)從句中, 要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健?即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。 例如:We don't think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I don t believe he will do so我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。6、后面不能接 that 從句的動(dòng)詞有: condemn 譴責(zé),判刑 force 強(qiáng)迫 take 拿走 forgive 原諒 dislike 不喜歡 refuse 拒絕 let like love help admire 羨慕 allow celebrate cause(從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí))注:以上動(dòng)詞后不能接 that

23、從句,但可以用不定式,動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。whether 與 if 均為 "是否 "的意思。 但在下列情況下,只可用 whether :1. whether 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí),只能用 whether ,當(dāng) it 做形式主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)放句首 whether ,if 均可eg:whether he can e to the party on time depends on the traffic2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句 eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her3. whether 從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)e.g:It depen

24、ds on whether he will e.4.if 與 whether 都可以與 or not 連用,但后面緊跟 or not 時(shí)只能用 whether We didn't know whether or not she was ready. (此時(shí)只能用 whether ) I wonder whether/if the news is true or not. (此時(shí)則二者都可以用)5. 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句 Whether he will e is not clear.6. 后接不定式時(shí) Eg I don 't know whether to go.7. 在 discus

25、s后只能用 whether 注意:(1)大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末,用 important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.if 可以't e.六、時(shí),it 充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。 It is not用,語(yǔ)、去。(2)whether 從句中不能有否定式,而I don 't care if he doesn七、名詞性that-從句(1)由從屬連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作 在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that-從句

26、在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ),例如: 主語(yǔ): 賓語(yǔ):That she is still alive is her luck. 她還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。表語(yǔ):同位語(yǔ): The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他

27、,這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語(yǔ): I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.2)That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞,而將that-從句置于句末,例如:It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系:a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It

28、is necessary that 有必要It is important thatIt is obvious that重要的是很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞 + that-從句It is believed that 人們相信It is known to all that 眾所周知It has been decided that 已決定 c. It + be + 名詞 + that-從句令人驚奇的是 事實(shí)是+ that-從句 似乎 碰巧我突然想起It is mon knowl edge that 是常識(shí)It is a surprise that It is a fact thatd

29、. It +不及物動(dòng)詞It appears thatIt happens thatIt occurred to me that八、名詞性wh-從句1) 由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括 who, whom,. whose,whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever 等連接代詞和 where, when, how, why 等連接副詞。 Wh-從句的語(yǔ)法功能除了和that-從句一樣外,還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)等,例如:主語(yǔ): How the book will sell depends on its author. 直

30、接賓語(yǔ): In one's own home one can do what one likes. 間接賓語(yǔ): The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂(lè)部將給得勝者設(shè)獎(jiǎng)。She will name him whatever she wants to. I have no idea when he will return.I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.That depends on where we shall go.表語(yǔ): My question is who will t

31、ake over president of the Foundation. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 同位語(yǔ): 形容詞賓語(yǔ): 介詞賓語(yǔ):2) Wh-從句作主語(yǔ)也常用先行詞it做形式主語(yǔ),而將wh-從句置于句末,例如:It is not yet decided who will do that job.It remains unknown when they are going to get married.九、if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句1)yes-no 型疑問(wèn)從句從屬連詞 if, whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問(wèn)句從句和選擇型疑

32、問(wèn)從句,其功能和wh-從句的功能相同,例如:主語(yǔ): Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.賓語(yǔ): Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.表語(yǔ): The point is whether we should lend him the money.同位語(yǔ): They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 形容詞賓語(yǔ): She's doubtful w

33、hether we shall be able to e.介詞賓語(yǔ): I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.2)選擇性疑問(wèn)從句選擇性疑問(wèn)從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whethero或whetheror not構(gòu)成,例如:Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.I don't care whether you like the plan or not.if 和 whether 的區(qū)別:1、在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如:

34、例 8 I can 't decide whether to stay.2、 在whether or not的固定搭配中。如:例 9 I want to know whether it's good news or not .3 、在介詞后,只能用 whether 。如:例 10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 。4、 賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),只能用whether 。如:Whether thi s is true or not, I really don't know.(例 11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成 這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。此例為主語(yǔ)從句,有誤,感謝指出)5、用 if 會(huì)引起歧義時(shí),只用 whether

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