2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題及答案(研(精)

1、15. Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一試題及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 pointsThe ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an im

2、portant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy asguardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for being independtepaand.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events

3、. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisionswill be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the courtshould make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This

4、 and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justicespermanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_

5、 political support. Ourlegal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When thecourt deals with social policy decisions, th

6、e law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines areso easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. Thatwould make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics

7、 and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2. Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3. Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4. Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted5. Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6. Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7. Aresorts Bsticks Cloads

8、 Dapplies8. Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10. Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11. Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12. Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13. Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14. Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied16. Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17.Adismi

9、ssed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing

10、A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 pointsText 1Come on - Everybody s doing it. That whispe message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us thinkof when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her newbook Joi

11、n the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls thesocial cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the word.Rose nberg, the recipie nt of a Pulitzer Prize,

12、 offers a host of example of the social cure inaction: In South Caroli na, a state- spon sored an tismok ing program called Rage Aga inst theHaze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known asLoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their p

13、eers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Hercritique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they dem on strate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.”Dare to be different,please don t

14、smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smok ing among teenagers-tee nagers, who desire nothing more tha n fitt ing in. Rose nberg argues convincin gly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at appl ying peerpressure.But on the gen eral effective

15、 ness of the social cure, Rose nberg is less persuasive. Join theClub is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not eno ugh exploratio n of the social andbiological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glari ng flaw of the social cure asit s presented here is that it doesn t wor

16、k very well for very long.Rage Aga inst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evide nee thatthe LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There s no doubt that our peer groups exert eno rmous in flue nee on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive hea

17、lth habits-as well as n egative on es-spread through networks of frie nds via social eommunieation. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we uneonsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certa in, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and ste

18、er their activities in virtuous directi on s. It s like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers inthe back row by pairi ng them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. Andthat s the problem with a social cure engin eered from the outside: in the real world, as in school,we

19、in sist on choos ing our own frie nds.21. Accordi ng to the first paragraph, peer pressure ofte n emerges asA a suppleme nt to the social cureB a stimulus to group dyn amicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of un desirable behaviors22. Rose nberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit p

20、rofessi onal advertisersB learn from advertisers experieneeC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustra

21、te the fun cti ons of state fundingD produce a Ion g-last ing social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitati on of behaviorsA is harmful to our n etworks of frie ndsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce n egative health habits25. The author suggests in t

22、he last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profo undD questi on ableText 2A deal is a deal-except, appare ntly ,whe n En tergy is invo Ived. The company, a major energysupplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced itwas ren

23、eging on a Iongstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.In stead, the compa ny has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge theconstitutionality of Vermont s rules in thefederal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yan kee nuclear powe

24、r plantrunning. It s a stunning move.The con flict has bee n surfaci ng since 2002, whe n the corporati on bought Vermont s onlynuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a con diti on of recei ving state approval forthe sale, the compa ny agreed to seek permissi on from state regulators to

25、 operate past 2012. In2006, the state went a step further, requiri ng that any exte nsion of theplant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then,too, the compa ny went along.Either En tergy n ever really in ten ded to live by those commitme nts, or it simply didn t foreseewhat woul

26、d happen next. A string of accidents, in clud ing the partial collapse of a cooli ng tower in207 and the discovery of an un dergro und pipe system leakage, raised serious questions aboutboth Vermont Yankee s safety and Entergy sman ageme n- especially after the compa ny made mislead ing stateme nts

27、about the pipe. Enraged by En tergy s behavior, the Vermont Sen ate voted26 to 4 last year aga inst allow ing an exte nsion.Now the compa ny is sudde nly clai ming that the 2002 agreeme nt is in valid because of the2006 legislati on, and that only the federal gover nment has regulatory power over nu

28、 clear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states dohave some regulatory authority over nu clear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case willoffer a precede nt-sett ing test of how far those powers exte nd. Certa inly, there are validconcerns

29、 about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. Buthad En tergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The compa ny seems to have con cluded that its reputatio n in Vermont is already so damagedthat it has noting left to lose by going to war with t

30、he state. But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear pla nt is a poblic trust. En tergy runs 11 other reactors in the Un itedStates, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the companyhas applied for federal permission to keep it open for anot

31、her 20 years. But as the NuclearRegulatory Commission (NRC reviews the company s application, it should keep it mind whatpromises from En tergy are worth.26. The phrase reneging on”Line 3.para.1 is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirm ing.C dish onoring.D securi ng.27. By en teri ng into the

32、 2002 agreeme nt, En tergy inten ded toA obta in protect ion from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an exte nsion of its bus in ess lice nse .D get permissi on to purchase a power pla nt.28. Accordi ng to Paragraph 4, En tergy seems to have problems with itsA man

33、 agerial practices.B tech ni cal inno vative ness.C finan cial goals.D bus in ess visi on29. In the author s view, the Vermont case will testA Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulati ons.C the federal authority over nu clear issues .D the limits of st

34、ates power over nu clear issues.30. It can be in ferred from the last paragraph thatA En tergy s bus in ess elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C En tergy will withdraw its Plymouth applicati on.D Vermont s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version

35、of how scienee is done, facts about the world are wait ing to be observedand collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But inthe everyday practice of scie nee, discovery freque ntly follows an ambiguous and complicatedroute. We aim to be objective, but

36、 we cannot escape the con text of our unique life experie nee.Prior kno wledge and in terest in flue nee what we experie nee, what we think our experie ncesmean, and the subseque nt acti ons we take. Opport un ities for misin terpretati on, error, andself-decepti on abo und.Con seque ntly, discovery

37、 claims should be thought of as protoscie nee. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scruti ny and accepta nee to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which thein dividual researchers me, her

38、e, now becomes the com mun itysanyone, any where, any time.Objective kno wledge is the goal, not the start ing point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlikewith mining claims, the community takes eon trol of what happe ns n ext. Within the comp

39、lex socialstructure of the scie ntific com muni ty, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers actas gatekeepers by eon trolli ng the publicati on process; other scientists use the new finding to suittheir own purposes; and fin ally, the public (in clud ing other scie ntists receives the ne

40、w discoveryand possibly accompa nying tech no logy. As a discovery claim works it through the com mun ity,the in teracti on and confron tatio n betwee n shared and competi ng beliefs about the scie nee andthe tec hno logy invo Ived tran sforms an in dividuals discovery claim into thecom mun itys cre

41、dible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scie ntific work tends tofocus on some aspect of prevaili ng Kno wledge that is viewed as in complete or in correct. Littlereward accompa nies duplicati on and con firmati on of what is already known and believed. Thegoa

42、l is n ew-search, not re-search. Not surpris in gly, n ewly published discovery claims andcredible discoveries that appear to be importa nt and convincing will always be ope n to challe ngeand pote ntial modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itselffreque ntly provokes dis

43、belief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAze nt-Gyorgyi once described discovery assee ing what everybody hassee n and thinking what no body has thought. ” But thinking what n obody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not cha nge their views. Sometimes years are requir

44、ed fortruly no vel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibilityhappens” to a discovery claim a processthat corresp onds to what philosopher Ann ette Baier has described as the com mons of the mind.We reas on together, challe nge, revise, andcomplete each other s reasoning

45、and each other s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA un certa inty and complexity.B misc on cepti on and deceptive ness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematic ness and regularity.32. It can be in ferred from Paragraph 2 th

46、at credibility process requiresA strict in spect ion.B shared efforts.C in dividual wisdom.D persiste nt inno vati on.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.B has bee n exam ined by the scie ntific com mun ity.C has r

47、eceived recog niti on from editors and reviewers.D has bee n freque ntly quoted by peer scie ntists.34. Albert Sze nt-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scie ntific claims will survive challe nges.B discoveries today in spire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scie ntif

48、ic work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scien tific Developme nt.B Collective Scruti ny in Scien tific Discovery.C Evolutio n of Credibility in Doi ng Scie nee.D Challe nge to Credibility at the Gate to Scie nee.Text

49、4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa s Teamsters were in their prime in I960, only one in ten American governmentworkers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America spublic sectorpassed that of their

50、 fellow members in the private sector. I n Brita in, more tha n half ofpublic-sector workers but only about 15% of privatesector ones are unioni zed.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving.First, they can shut things dow n without sufferi ng much in the way of con seque nces. S

51、econd,they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America s pub lic-sector workers have auniversity degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back along way. Britain s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with tradeunionism. Its

52、current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his positi on to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their in flue nee can be eve n more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state sbudget is patrolled by unions. The teachers unions keep a

53、n eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich coun tries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. Butthe real gains come in ben efits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedlybackloaded ”public-sector paydeals, kee

54、p ing the pay in creases modest but add ing to holidays and especially pensions that arealready gen erous.Reform has bee n vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in educati on, where charterschools, academies and merit pay all faced draw n-out battles. Eve n though there is ple nty ofevide nee

55、 that the quality of the teachers is the most importa nt variable, teachersunions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good on es.As the cost to every one else has become clearer, politicia ns have beg un to clamp dow n. InWisc onsin the unions have rallied thousa nds of support

56、ers aga inst Scott Walker, the hardli neRepublica n gover nor. But many withi n the public sector suffer un der the curre nt system, too.John Donahue at Harvard s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture inWester n civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achieve

57、rs. The onlyAmerica n public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are uni versity sportscoaches and the preside nt of the Un ited States. Ban kers fat paypackets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward highachievers may be a much bigger problem fo

58、r America.36. It can be lear ned from the first paragraph thatA Teamsters still have a large body of members.B Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil serva nt.C unions have enl arged their public-sector membership.D the gover nment has improved its relati on ship with union ists.37. Which of the follow

59、ing is true of Paragraph 2?A Public-sector unions are prude nt in tak ing actions.B Educati on is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.D Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Pa

60、ragraph 4 that the in come in the state sector isA illegally secured.B in directly augme nted.C excessively in creased.D fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisc onsin shows that unionsA ofte n run aga inst the curre nt political system.B can change people s political attitudes.C may be