動(dòng)詞模式在牛津與朗文字典里的對(duì)比分析

1、動(dòng)詞模式在牛津與朗文字典里的對(duì)比分析牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第4版，朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典第3版在牛津字典里，對(duì)于每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來說，在它下面的解釋義項(xiàng)里，每一項(xiàng)后面都標(biāo)注該義項(xiàng)所適用的動(dòng)詞模式。以make為例：一Constructing or creating 1 (a)Tn, Tn·Pr, Dn· n, Dn· Pr(b)Tn· Pr, esp Passive 尤用于被動(dòng)語態(tài) (c)Tn(a) construct, create or prepare sty by combining materials or putting parts together (b

2、) put materials or parts together to produce sth(c) arrange (a bed) so that it is ready for use2 Tn· Tn· Prcause sth to appear by breaking, removingmaterials or striking3 Tncreate sth, establish4 Tnwrite, compose or prepare在牛津字典里，編者總結(jié)了幾乎所有的動(dòng)詞模式，給每一個(gè)模式以特定的字母標(biāo)紅固定下來，并以例句為示例，然后再分幾點(diǎn)具體詳細(xì)說明解釋動(dòng)詞該如

3、何標(biāo)記一些特殊情況。對(duì)于動(dòng)詞模式中主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)作了詳細(xì)的分析以例句說明如何轉(zhuǎn)變。如果該動(dòng)詞模式?jīng)]有被動(dòng)語態(tài)則會(huì)清晰地寫出。對(duì)于每一動(dòng)詞模式中有些動(dòng)詞的例外情形在本詞典的詞條里這樣表示：DPr· W no passive即該模DPr· W有些動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在下面的說明中用0 表示。在該字典里如果是動(dòng)詞短語，慣用語，諺語會(huì)專門標(biāo)注出來以區(qū)別混淆動(dòng)詞模式。 例：make do with sth. Make (sth) doMake: (idm習(xí)語)對(duì)于朗文字典，則沒有給出動(dòng)詞模式一個(gè)專門的概括總結(jié)，所以為了分析每種動(dòng)詞的模式，必須參照動(dòng)詞的義項(xiàng)解釋里是如何表示動(dòng)詞模

4、式的。 它沒有牛津字典那樣在動(dòng)詞每一條解釋中都清晰地標(biāo)注所有適用的動(dòng)詞模式。但它用黑體標(biāo)出相當(dāng)模式的動(dòng)詞詞組。 如果是慣用的動(dòng)詞短語宜會(huì)另列詞條專門標(biāo)注出來以區(qū)別動(dòng)詞詞組卻沒有標(biāo)注慣用語，諺語，習(xí)語等或固定搭配。 為了對(duì)比與牛津字典里的動(dòng)詞模式不得不以許多動(dòng)詞為例，查閱在朗文字典中，動(dòng)詞解釋中如何顯示動(dòng)詞模式的。雖然所查閱的動(dòng)詞不能每個(gè)都具有代表性，但至少可以做到以個(gè)別到總體的一個(gè)概括性推斷，總結(jié)顯示在該字典里動(dòng)詞模式的特點(diǎn)。 在朗文中動(dòng)義項(xiàng)中查到即可以套用的動(dòng)模，相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞詞組搭配，也會(huì)有相應(yīng)的例句給予具體說明。但也有一些動(dòng)詞模式（即以所給的動(dòng)詞為例）在朗文中無法找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)模，缺乏足夠的例

5、句去表示動(dòng)詞詞組或短語。 對(duì)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)也有一些標(biāo)注。例如dear 第3條義項(xiàng)中，of crime/ blame etc Tusually passive 但很多情況下沒有給出該動(dòng)模所轉(zhuǎn)變的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而牛津卻注重給出相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。也用一些標(biāo)號(hào)標(biāo)注動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞詞組搭配需要注意的要點(diǎn)：cope sth (with) sb 用（ ）標(biāo)注（with）不影響句義 refer to sb/sth to 則沒有用（ ）表示 to 必須有否則影響句義inform that 從句 motion （for）sb to do sth 也是一個(gè)道理.牛津字典一共總結(jié)了32種動(dòng)詞模式，在下面會(huì)逐一或挑一些典型例子作為與

6、朗文字典中動(dòng)詞模式的對(duì)比。1. La 系動(dòng)詞+形容詞以clean 為例 在朗文中，clean義項(xiàng)的第3條標(biāo)有of a crime/blame, etc.usually possive Maya was cleared of manslaughter在牛津中，clear 第3條解釋中標(biāo)注Tn,Tn·Prsb of sth例: She has cleaned all charges.2. IPr 不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞短語以complain為例，在朗文中標(biāo)注I,T not in passive 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)She often complains about not feeling apprec

7、iated at work在牛津標(biāo)注在某些動(dòng)詞之后，介詞短語不可去掉否則語句不通用 （*）標(biāo)注或動(dòng)詞的意思改變The minister referred to the importance of exports.*The minister referred.對(duì)于介詞可以去掉不影響句義的，則要用（）標(biāo)注，不可去掉的用黑體標(biāo)示對(duì)于以上的標(biāo)注在朗文字典也有類似的顯示。Refer to sb/sthCope (with sb/sth)3. In/Pr 不及物動(dòng)詞+名（短）或介詞短語以extend為例，在牛津中總結(jié)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)（for）這個(gè)搭配。extend (for) 數(shù)量詞 在朗文里，extend 可以搭

8、配for/into/over同樣last在朗文里 last for/until/through在牛津里 也只強(qiáng)調(diào)（for）的搭配 last for three miles4. It 不及物動(dòng)詞+帶to 不定式在牛津里標(biāo)注這以模式的動(dòng)詞不可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，而朗文里設(shè)標(biāo)注。5. Tn·Pr 及物+直賓+介短在朗文字典里，Thank sb for sth He thanks his aunt for the present.Thank sb for doing sth. I must write and thank him for sending the cheque.在牛津字典里，than

9、k Tn,Tn·prsb ( for sth)The visiting speaker thanked the chairman for his kind remarks.Tn·P 及物+直+副詞小詞Bill has a blue shirt on.Sally is tidying her room up tidy I I，IP，Tn，Tn·P(sth/sb/oneself) (up)(朗文) you are not allowed to go out until you tidy up your room.(牛津)慣用搭配blow sth up whip sb

10、up 也符合這一模式但在本詞典里另做處理。Tf 及動(dòng)+直賓+that從句 （that）可省略時(shí)放在括號(hào)中被動(dòng)注意帶to的結(jié)構(gòu)Officials believe that a settlement is possibleIt is believed by officials that a settlement is possible.(朗文) believe (that) I can hardly believe that hes only 25.Tw 及動(dòng)+直賓 限從或短/非限定從或短由wh引導(dǎo)的從句，why,if 僅用限定從句或短語(朗文)decide who/what/how I cant

11、 decide what to do.Decide whether/if Women now have greater freedom to decide whether or not to get married.注意帶it結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)句 It hadnt been decided by us what we ought to do next.(朗文)中沒有提到。Tt 及動(dòng)+直賓 是帶to 的不定式構(gòu)成的非限定短語 區(qū)別remember to do sth 這一模式的動(dòng)詞不可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(朗文) remember doing sth I remember meeting her at a par

12、ty once.remember to do sth Do you remember to get the mend?沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)Tg 及動(dòng)+直賓ing形式（enjoy, prefer, hate, start, finish, cease, remember, need） 在need, require, want 后ing 可變?yōu)閠o beThe children will still need looking after.The children will still need to be looked after.這一模式無相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，朗文中也沒有介紹。Tnt 及+非限定短語 由名、

13、名短或代詞后接帶to 的不定式構(gòu)成有時(shí)可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)The parcel is expected to arrive tomorrow(朗文) prefer, like, hate, want, expect sb to do sthId hate you to go 我不希望你走。Tsg及物動(dòng)+直賓（人稱代詞，名詞短語或所有格形式+動(dòng)詞ing形式的非限定短語 （b）見1882 不用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（朗文）resent 沒有這以結(jié)構(gòu) hate sb. doing sth.Anticipate Jennys mother hates her staying out late.Tng 及動(dòng)+直賓（名，名

14、詞短語，代）+ -ing形式 不可用屬格形式P1883 (b)全動(dòng) watch, hear, see, feel, notice(c)變被動(dòng)（朗文）hear, notice sb/sth doing sth.Tni 及動(dòng)+直賓（名，名短或代詞）+不帶to的不定式 全為感動(dòng) 列出來 除 watch,notice外均可用被語 變被語帶“to” someone was heard to slam the door.Feel sb/sth do sth Teny felt the snake touch his feetwatch 沒有這一模式cn·n 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+賓補(bǔ)（adj, a

15、dj短語）這一模式的許多動(dòng)詞可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（朗文）以短形式現(xiàn)出這一模式Confess yourself puzzled/puffleddeclare sth opencn·n 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+賓補(bǔ)（名詞短語）（朗文）consider sth an honor/a dutyConsider sb. (to be) a fool hero He was considered an excellent ·n/a 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+as+名詞短語或as + adj短語（b）見P1886 regard cn·n/asb/sth as sth（朗文）

16、regard 不用進(jìn)行式He wore strange clothes and was widely regarded as eccentric.這一模式的動(dòng)詞模式除have以外均可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)cn·t 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+賓補(bǔ)（帶to不定式）（a） P1887（朗文）declare sth (to be) sthDeclare yourself (to be) sthThe government declared 8000 hectares of forestto be a national park.She had publicly declared herself a lesb

17、·g 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+動(dòng)詞ing形式（賓補(bǔ)）見P1887(a) (b) set, have, start, leave, keep(c) 除了have, start 外均可用于被動(dòng)（朗文）start 沒有提及不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)Start sb doing sth: The conversation he overheard had started him ·i 復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+賓補(bǔ)（不帶to不定式）見P1888 (a) (b) 只有make, have, let, help有這種結(jié)構(gòu)只有動(dòng)詞make和help可以用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，后接帶t

18、o 的不定式（朗文）在make的第四條義項(xiàng)中force sb to do sth第三條義項(xiàng)中cause a situstionI was made to wait two hours for an appointmentThey made us write it out again ten times.I like him because he makes me laugh.（朗文）help sb (to) do sth(牛津) help I, Im, It, Tn·Pr，Tn·P，Cn·t, Cn·i 總結(jié)出來所有適合的動(dòng)詞模式Dn·n 雙及

19、物動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓（均為名詞，名詞短語）見1889（b）轉(zhuǎn)換模式 間賓表示某人接受某物TeachDn·n, D·Pr. sth (to do)(c) make.Dn·n, Dn·Pr sth (for sb)(e) 此處的直賓轉(zhuǎn)成主語的被動(dòng)句很罕見A gallantry medal was awarded the pilot by the Queen.Dn·Pr 雙及物動(dòng)詞+直賓+間賓（to/for+名詞短語）由for 開頭的間賓從動(dòng)詞行動(dòng)收益的人 award Dn·n, Dn·Prsth (to sb)buy Dn

20、3;n, Dn·Prsth(for sb) 間賓新信息 “to”, “for” Dn·Pr he taught French to the children. 直賓新信息 Dn·n he taught the children French. 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞（朗文）award 兩條釋義給予，授予判定，裁定 award sb sth /be awarded sth（被動(dòng)）The university awarded her a scholarship.After seven years of litigation, he was awarded $ 750000 com

21、pensation.沒有指出句型轉(zhuǎn)換，但是我們知道 award sb sth award sth sbDn·n Dn·Pr（朗文）buy 在第一條義項(xiàng)中以動(dòng)詞短語形式出現(xiàn) buy sb sthbuy sth for sb 沒有Dn·f 雙及物動(dòng)詞+間賓+that 引導(dǎo)的直賓（朗文）inform sb (that) we regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. 強(qiáng)調(diào)that 均可有可無 用括號(hào)表示牛津中沒有Inform sb who/why/ how etc.Could you pl

22、ease inform us what books you have in stock？（朗文）persuade sb (that) Carla failed to persuade us that she was innocentTell sb who/why/what etc.Theres a sign telling you where the emergency exists areDPr·f 雙及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的各短語+由that 引導(dǎo)的直賓注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變，注意帶it的結(jié)構(gòu)The garage explained to customers that the spare

23、pants had not been.It was explained to customers thatDn·w 雙及物動(dòng)詞+直賓 名（短）人+限定或非限定從句或短語以wh-引導(dǎo)的從句或是以of whether 引導(dǎo)的從句（朗文）inform 見第5頁（朗文）remind: remind sb what/how/when,etc.Remind me what to to, I havent used this machine for agesremind sb to do sth.Remind sb(that) Ill just call Anny to remind her th

24、at we are meeting at 8DPr·w 雙及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的間賓+由限定或非限定wh-從句構(gòu)成的直賓We explain to the staff how theyIt was explained to the staff how they should handle complaints變被動(dòng)注意帶it 的結(jié)構(gòu)（朗文）見第5頁 explain (to sb) why/how/ where, etc.Indicate 沒有這個(gè)句型Dn·t 雙及物動(dòng)詞+間賓（名詞短語）人+帶to的不定式We told Peter to see a doctor.（朗文）encourage sb to do sth he encouraged me to apply for the jobadvise sb to do