(完整word版)現(xiàn)在分詞的用法

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的用法現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）（又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式），是分詞的一種，分詞又分為 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，它們都是非限定動詞，即在句子里面不能單獨充當(dāng)謂語，但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分（定語，表語，補(bǔ)語和狀語），并且它們具有動詞的性質(zhì)，所以又是類動詞的 一種?，F(xiàn)在分詞的兩個基本特點：1 .。例如： a developing country.一個發(fā)展中的國家，boiling water 沸水， risingsun 冉冉升起的太陽。 （試比較： a developed country一個發(fā)達(dá)國家，boiled water白開水， risen sun 升起的太陽）2 .

2、在語態(tài)上表示主動。例如： the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級， the exploiting class 剝 削階級。（試比較：the ruled class 被統(tǒng)治階級， the exploited class被剝削階級）一：構(gòu)成形式doing 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，或進(jìn)行的動作:時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動被動doingBeing done完成式 having doneHaving been done三：否定式：所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not1）現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞本身不能表示具體的時間概念.其動作發(fā)牛的時間只酢是相對于謂語動作發(fā)生時間相對而言的。這一點和不定式用法相同。A）王見在介詞

3、的般式：doing表示分詞的動作和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生?；蚴侵^語動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作正在發(fā)生過程中。如：Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.（smelt 發(fā)生在 burning 的過程中。 ）她聞到有東西燒焦了。She sat on the chair, reading a novel.B）現(xiàn)在分詞的完，成式:having done表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.Not having re

4、ceived his letter, we all felt worried.2）現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞用主動還是被動，決定于它的邏輯主語。如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是分詞動作的執(zhí) 行者，用主動。反之，用被動。如： Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.I knew the man sitting under the tree.（the man 是sitting的邏輯主語，而且是分詞動作的執(zhí)行者， 故分詞用主動。）I found the car being washed.3）現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：A）如果分詞在句子作定語，其邏輯主語就是被修飾的名詞。

5、如：a developing country. 一個發(fā)展中白國家， boiling water 沸水，rising sun 冉冉升起的 太陽a running boy=a boy who is runningB）如果分詞在句子作表語，其邏輯主語通常就是句中的主語。如： The story was interesting.The match is exciting.C）如果分詞在句子作賓語補(bǔ)語，其邏輯主語就是句中的賓語。如： He kept the boy singing.I found his playing on the playground.D）如果分詞在句中作狀語，其邏輯主語通常就是句子

6、的主語。如： Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一邊走路，一邊吹著口哨。Not knowing what to do.His uncle died,leaving him a lot of money.注意：分詞作狀語時，有時其邏輯主語不是句子的主語。此時，分詞需要自帶邏輯主語。其形式為“名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”，構(gòu)成獨立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。 也可在名詞前加上介詞with或without o如：（With）his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room.E）有一類介詞短語，沒有

7、白帶的羅輯，語，句中也沒有它的謬輯，語。通常杲表示饋話人的態(tài)度或看法的。即現(xiàn)在分詞作“評注性狀語”。Generally speaking, he is a good student.常常這樣用的分詞短語有：Talking of.談至U。Considering.考慮至ij。Judging form.根據(jù)。判斷Roughly speaking 人致說來Strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說Frankly speaking 坦白說來Generally speaking -M說來Broadly speaking 泛泛地說Allowing for 考慮到Honestly speaking 老實說4

8、）現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1.作主語：通常被看作是單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式Driving fast is very dangerous.Swimming is my favourite sport.Painting is an art.Hearing the bad news made him cry.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作主語時，和動詞不定式一樣，當(dāng)它是較長的短語時，常常用it作形式主語，而把現(xiàn)在分詞放到句末。如：It's nice spending the holiday at the beach.It's tiring working late.現(xiàn)在分詞作主語

9、時的常用句型：r a waste of time 、 no good/no useIt +be+little/hardly any use+ V-ing 分詞（ not/hardly worth卜worth/worthwhileI _>如：It's no use complaining.It's no good smoking a lot.It's a waste of time doing such a thing.nono sense in （沒有道理）There +be+ J no point in （毫無意義） +V-ing 分詞no use inNoth

10、ing worse than（沒有比 更糟糕的）如： There was no knowing what he was doing.There is no point (in) doing so.這么做，毫無意義。經(jīng)常跟在it +be后面的形容詞，然后接動名詞作實際主語的形容詞還有:Odd古怪的Crazy瘋狂的Hopeless無望的NiceFunny好笑的Foolish愚蠢的interestingTiring累人的betterterribleEnjoyable愉快的Pointless無忠義的2作表語：-ing分詞作表語多和系動詞be連用,注意：如果主語用了不定式，表語也要用不定式；同樣地，如果

11、主語用的是-ing分詞，表語也應(yīng)用-ing分詞。即，作主語和表語的動詞在形式上的一致。如： Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.My favourite sport is swimming.Her only hobby(愛好)is collecting stamps.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語和動詞不定式作表語的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示習(xí)慣性動作；而不定式表示一次性的具體動作。如： My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.My favourite sport is swimming.3 .作賓語英語

12、中，有相當(dāng)一部分動詞后，只能接 -ing分詞作賓語。這類動詞主要有：Admit承認(rèn)adviseAnticipate 期望做。Detest憎恨做。Defer推遲suggestEscape逃避做。Quit停止做。Deny否認(rèn)Miss錯過Avoid避免做。Tolerate 忍受。Keep保持做。Appreciate 感謝。Practise 練習(xí)。enjoyMind介意Consider考慮做Risk冒險做。Excuse原諒如：Excuse me interrupting you.I enjoy reading newspapers.I suggest you should practise speak

13、ing English every morning.注意：有一類動詞后即可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟 -ing分詞作賓語。可以把這類動詞分為三 種類型：1）兩種形式意義基本相同。2）兩種形式略有差別。3）意義完全不同。A）兩種形式意義基本相同的動詞有：attempt, begin, cease（停止）,continue, intend, start,commence（開始）.如:She started to cry/crying.What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下來做什么？ He continued to work/working.B）兩種形式意義略

14、有差別的動詞主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。如：I like playing basketball.I hate to trouble you.I prefer to go for a walk.I prefer singing songs.C）后跟不定式和-ing分詞時，意義完全不同的動詞有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean,chance（碰巧）,cannot help.等。它們后面跟不定式表示動作還未發(fā)生，而跟現(xiàn)在分詞表示動 作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：I regret to do this thing.I regr

15、et doing such a thing.Mean to do表示打算，意欲做某事：而 mean doing表示“意味著，意思是“如：I mean/plan to buy a house.Fighting means killing.Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而 chance doing表示冒險做某事、碰運(yùn)氣試著做某事He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.He chanced taking part in that race.Cannot help to do表示不能幫忙做某事；Cannot help doing表示情不

16、自禁，不由得做某事 如：I cannot help to do homework for you.I cannot help laughing.4 .作介詞賓語除了我們已經(jīng)談到的“疑問詞 +不定式”可以作介詞賓語外。通常情況下，只能用 -ing分詞 作介詞的賓語。但個別表示“除了。之外”的介詞如“except, but, than”通常接不定式。如：I can do nothing except/but wait.后面跟-ing分詞作介詞賓語的短語結(jié)構(gòu)主要有：A) “動詞+介詞+動名詞”I am used to sleeping on the floor.(習(xí)慣于。 )I am looking

17、 forward to meeting you.The rain stopped us from working.She objected to marrying him(反對)B) “形容詞+介詞+-ing分詞”I am interested in playing basketball.Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.C)"名詞+介詞+動名詞"There are many ways to do it/of doing it. He didn't go out for fear of raining.-ing分詞的

18、慣用搭配有：A)主語 +have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth 如： We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.B) “ There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth ”如： There is difficulty in passing the exam.There is trouble in learning

19、 a foreigh language.C) “ be busy+(in) doing sth ” I am busy in doing my homework.D) “What about/How about +-ing 分詞”(征求意見句型。怎么樣) What/How about having a cup of tea?How about playing basketball with me?E）注意：有一類-ing分詞和go搭配，表示“去（干。）”，這些分詞大多與休閑娛樂 的戶外活動有關(guān)。常用的有：boatingCamping 野營Climbing 爬山Driving駕車兜風(fēng)Dancin

20、g 跳舞Hiking徒步旅仃Hunting 打獵Fishing 垂釣runningJogging 慢跑Ridding 騎馬Sailing 航行Shopping 購物Sightseeing 觀光Skating 滑冰swimmingWalking 散步Window shopping 逛街如： We went boating yesterday.5 .作定語單個分詞作定語時放在所修飾名詞前a running boythe girl standing there（分詞短語作定語，故置于所修飾名詞之后）并且一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個進(jìn)行時的定語從句如： a boy who is runninga girl w

21、ho is standing there注意：某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，已不再表示動作，已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性。如：aninteresting story, an exciting match 。這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，但是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的定語從句。但是可以有三級變化（原級、比較級、最高級）和被某些副詞如very修飾。6 .作賓語補(bǔ)語只有兩類動詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)1）感官動詞或心理狀態(tài)的動詞：see, hear, watch , feel , notice , observe , find , listento, look at2） 表示致使意義的動詞：make, have , get

22、, catch, leave , keep, let注意：但是并不代表這些動詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)）eg.I saw him singing now.和 I saw him sing in the house.注意：賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動 作的發(fā)出者。7 .作狀語分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語（即分詞動作的發(fā)出者）一般要與句中主語保持一致。若邏 輯主語和分詞動作之間為主動，用主動。反之，用被動。A）作時間狀語芻我在街上走時，我看到他了如：.Walking in the street,I saw him.可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一

23、個時間狀語從句:When/While I was walking in the streetsaw him.注意：當(dāng)我要強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的動作時 我們可以在分詞前面加上when / while 那么上面的例句就可以改寫為When/While walking in the streetsaw him.（其實這是省略了從句中的 I was,因為從句的主語和主句一致）。如果句子為：When/While he was walking in the streetsaw him.當(dāng)他走在街上，我看到他了。這里，由于從句主語和主句主語不一致，故不可省略。B）作條件狀語如： Working hard,you wi

24、ll succeed. 可以轉(zhuǎn)換為if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。即:C）作原因狀語如： Being ill,she stayed at home.注意 being是常用來作原因狀語的 這句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的原因狀語從句：（只要）努力工作，你就會成功。If you work hard, you will succeed.（因為）生病，她留在家里Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.D）作讓步狀語如.Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart.有很多次失敗，他沒有灰心。=Although he had fa

25、iled many times, he didn't lose heart.E）作結(jié)果狀語如： His friend died,leaving Tom a lot of money,他的朋友死了，（所以）給湯姆留了很多錢。=His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money.F）作方式狀語如： Please answer the question using another way.請用另種方式回答這個問題G）作伴隨狀語，表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動作正在進(jìn)行中。 如：He sat on the chair, singing songs.They left the shop, satisfied.The worked for a whole day, exhausted.They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen.8 .現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格（1）獨立主格，又叫獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語。它沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的主語，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一個獨立于句子成分之外的獨特結(jié)構(gòu)