河南引黃工程引水管理存在問題及對(duì)策

1、河南引黃工程引水管理存在問題及對(duì)策劉 天（河南黃河河務(wù)局 河南鄭州，郵編450003）1 河南引黃工程引水管理現(xiàn)狀 1.1 河南引黃工程基本情況黃河是河南省沿黃地區(qū)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要水源，自1952年修建黃河下游第一座引黃工程人民勝利渠以來，河南沿黃共建引黃涵閘32座，結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為開敞式3座、涵洞式29座。總設(shè)計(jì)引水能力為1643m3/s，設(shè)計(jì)流量在100 m3/s以上的就有6座，大于等于50 m3/s有4座。河南黃河灘區(qū)引黃涵閘可引水的22座，日最大引水量約68.6m3/s, 正常用水期日均引水量約16.7m3/s。沿黃配套灌區(qū)26處，設(shè)計(jì)灌溉面積為110萬hm2,年均引水25億m3。多年以來

2、，引黃為沿黃地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展、生態(tài)環(huán)境的改善提供了保障，為沿黃農(nóng)業(yè)增效、農(nóng)民增收提供了支撐。1.2 河南引黃工程引水管理制度的建立為了保證水量調(diào)度工作高效運(yùn)作，確保各項(xiàng)水調(diào)指令落實(shí)，2002年以來,就涵閘引水管理制定了河南黃河水量調(diào)度管理辦法、河南黃河水量調(diào)度工作責(zé)任制、河南黃河引水計(jì)量管理辦法和河南黃河訂單供水若干管理規(guī)定。各市（地）局結(jié)合各自實(shí)際制定了相應(yīng)的規(guī)章制度。一是涵閘工程管理的規(guī)章制度：引黃渠首工程啟閉操作規(guī)程、引黃渠首工程檢修規(guī)程、引黃渠首工程閘門啟閉檢修規(guī)程等。二是水量調(diào)度管理的規(guī)章制度：水量調(diào)度管理人員責(zé)任制、水量調(diào)度巡查辦法、水量調(diào)度工作制度、引黃供水暫行規(guī)定、引黃供

3、水及水費(fèi)計(jì)收辦法、用水訂單申報(bào)制度等。三是引黃涵閘引水管理及計(jì)量的規(guī)章制度：引水計(jì)量稽查管理辦法、引黃渠首閘纜道測(cè)流安全操作規(guī)程、引黃渠首閘水文觀測(cè)制度、引黃渠首閘測(cè)流測(cè)沙簽名制以及引水計(jì)量責(zé)任制等。1.3 各項(xiàng)規(guī)章制度執(zhí)行情況 日常管理記錄齊全、規(guī)范、有序引水報(bào)表、值班日志和各類日常管理記錄等基本做到齊全、規(guī)范、有序。如新鄉(xiāng)市局、濮陽市局、開封市局、焦作市局相關(guān)的工作記錄就有7-9類，濮陽市局、開封市局、焦作市局內(nèi)業(yè)管理資料整理規(guī)范，建立了水資源管理與水量調(diào)度技術(shù)檔案。開封市河務(wù)局還將有關(guān)水資源管理與水量調(diào)度工作相關(guān)的法律、法規(guī)及委、局級(jí)規(guī)章制度匯編成冊(cè)，發(fā)到有關(guān)的工作人員及各灌區(qū)管理單位，

4、使有關(guān)單位更好地執(zhí)行。 嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行引水訂單管理制度按照黃委黃河下游訂單供水調(diào)度管理辦法的要求及“河南訂單供水操作規(guī)程”的規(guī)定，各級(jí)管理部門嚴(yán)格按引水訂單管理程序上報(bào)下達(dá)水調(diào)指令。同時(shí)，結(jié)合灌區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉制度和省局提供的雨情、墑情，對(duì)用水單位上報(bào)的引水訂單申請(qǐng)計(jì)劃，做到了認(rèn)真匯總、審核，嚴(yán)格按規(guī)定的程序、內(nèi)容和時(shí)間，上報(bào)用水月計(jì)劃和旬訂單。在引水訂單管理上，實(shí)施與用水單位年協(xié)議、月計(jì)劃、旬水票的管理程序。即：年度簽訂供水協(xié)議書、月簽訂供水計(jì)劃、旬簽訂供水水票，提高了引黃灌區(qū)及城市用水申報(bào)的準(zhǔn)確性。 加強(qiáng)水量調(diào)度督察工作的力度加大了水量調(diào)度督察工作的力度，沿黃各市（地）局全部配備了便攜式測(cè)流儀，采取不

5、定期突查、巡查的方式，對(duì)各引水口門的引水情況進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)督察。督察紀(jì)錄基本完整、規(guī)范。有的單位還成立了由水政水資源科、工務(wù)科、監(jiān)察科、勞人科、供水處等有關(guān)部門人員組成的水量調(diào)度聯(lián)合督察組，分管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)經(jīng)常親自帶隊(duì)督察，督察人員統(tǒng)一佩帶水量調(diào)度督察證，確保了水量調(diào)度督察工作的嚴(yán)肅性。2 引黃工程現(xiàn)狀及存在問題由于涵閘維修經(jīng)費(fèi)短缺以及水價(jià)偏低等原因、使得目前以閘養(yǎng)閘的機(jī)制尚不健全，涵閘工程現(xiàn)狀每況愈下，多數(shù)涵閘得不到及時(shí)的清淤、檢查、維修，漏水現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，影響引黃工程功能的正常發(fā)揮。2.1 引黃工程老化失修我局現(xiàn)有引黃閘的運(yùn)行年限已久，大部分在20年以上，按照SL7294水利建設(shè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)規(guī)范附錄A水利工

6、程固定資產(chǎn)分類折舊年限的規(guī)定，中小型閘閥、啟閉設(shè)備折舊年限為20年。根據(jù)此規(guī)定我局目前引黃涵閘已有18座已經(jīng)達(dá)到或超過其折舊年限，大部分閘門逐步出現(xiàn)啟閉機(jī)老化不靈活、橡皮止水脫落、閘板銹蝕、閘洞身及防滲護(hù)坡出現(xiàn)裂縫、進(jìn)水口淤積及雜物封堵等問題。許多水閘在帶病運(yùn)行，近幾年黃委安排進(jìn)行安全鑒定的幾座水閘，都不同程度的存在安全隱患，如花園口閘被鑒定為三類閘，三義寨閘被鑒定為四類危閘，趙口閘共16孔，只有三孔可放水等。2.2 引黃工程多年未清淤如按照水利部、黃委會(huì)有關(guān)規(guī)定，引黃涵閘工程每3年應(yīng)進(jìn)行一次清淤檢查，對(duì)檢查出的問題及時(shí)進(jìn)行加固處理，目前我局涵閘基本上已有近8年沒有進(jìn)行清淤檢查，工程得不到及時(shí)

7、的清淤、檢查、維修。如趙口閘改建時(shí)由于新老涵洞存在沉陷不均，洞身產(chǎn)生裂縫，至今已有8年清淤檢；三義寨閘底板原有裂縫23條，1991年后沒有清淤檢查等等。這些都嚴(yán)重影響涵閘的安全運(yùn)行，部分涵閘已失去其引水及防洪功能。2.3 測(cè)流、測(cè)沙儀器陳舊目前，我局32座引黃涵閘中，測(cè)流方式有：纜道鉛魚自動(dòng)測(cè)流、流速儀測(cè)流、便攜式流速儀測(cè)流。大部分設(shè)備已陳舊落后，如蘭考三義寨閘纜道測(cè)流設(shè)備是1982年安裝的，經(jīng)過20年使用，各種配件廠家已不再生產(chǎn)。測(cè)沙設(shè)施，除部分涵閘新配天平外，其余大部分都是19701980年代生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。這種現(xiàn)狀，很難滿足現(xiàn)代水調(diào)中的“精細(xì)調(diào)度”要求，不能適應(yīng)高科技水調(diào)形勢(shì)2.4 引黃涵閘

8、漏水現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重長(zhǎng)期以來，由于涵閘啟閉設(shè)施老化、閘門啟閉運(yùn)行不正常，涵洞、閘底板不均勻沉陷，洞身、底板產(chǎn)生裂縫，止水橡皮嚴(yán)重老化等原因，導(dǎo)致閘門漏水現(xiàn)象普遍存在，據(jù)調(diào)查閘門不同程度漏水的占86%，大部分是因?yàn)橹顾鹌?yán)重老化，閘門止水正常的6座，不正常的23座。其中嚴(yán)重漏水的7座。為防止漏水經(jīng)常采取臨時(shí)措施造成重復(fù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。三劉寨閘、趙口閘、渠村閘、南小堤等嚴(yán)重漏水的涵閘，每次都必須采取臨時(shí)囤堵措施，一年重復(fù)數(shù)次，一座涵閘損耗資金多達(dá)12萬元。2.5 引水渠淤積嚴(yán)重河南引黃工程，大都經(jīng)過引渠引水，經(jīng)過引渠引水的23座（占68%），引渠縱比降一般為1/30001/5000，閘前引渠長(zhǎng)度較長(zhǎng)，引渠長(zhǎng)

9、在1300015000 m的涵閘有2座，20006200 m的涵閘有14座，2000 m以下的涵閘有7座。由于引水引沙，引渠淤積嚴(yán)重。據(jù)調(diào)查34座取水口（含灘區(qū)引黃閘）不同程度的淤積28個(gè)（占82），淤積總長(zhǎng)度52292 m ，平均淤積長(zhǎng)度2890 m，未淤積的只有6個(gè)（僅占18）。引渠淤積導(dǎo)致涵閘閘底板高程都低于引渠渠底高程，影響引黃工程取水。九十年代以來，引黃供水不斷下降，19911995年間平均為23.66億m3，19962000年間平均為19.09億m3，20012005年間平均為18.11億m3。3 加強(qiáng)引水管理的對(duì)策3.1 加大涵閘維護(hù)的投入目前我局引黃涵閘經(jīng)費(fèi)主要靠水費(fèi)收入，水費(fèi)

10、遠(yuǎn)不能滿足涵閘工程管理所需，要進(jìn)一步理順投資渠道，增加涵閘工程管理投入。首先解決閘門漏水的問題，力爭(zhēng)23年內(nèi)對(duì)所有涵閘進(jìn)行清淤和安全檢查，對(duì)檢查出的問題及時(shí)進(jìn)行處，以確保涵閘的安全運(yùn)行。3.2 提高涵閘管理水平 為了適應(yīng)水量調(diào)度新形勢(shì)，精細(xì)調(diào)度黃河水，進(jìn)一步提高涵閘管理水平。一是開展涵閘自動(dòng)化測(cè)流研究，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)引黃涵閘的自動(dòng)化測(cè)流，提高測(cè)流精度，實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)；二是管理好涵閘遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，目前，河南引黃涵閘已26座安裝了遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，但由于各方面的原因，能正常運(yùn)行的只有5座，要盡快修復(fù)損壞的設(shè)施，加強(qiáng)管理，確保遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)。三是要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)涵閘管理人員的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，學(xué)習(xí)涵閘管理規(guī)程、業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)

11、，提高業(yè)務(wù)技能；在管理工作中按程序操作，維護(hù)水量調(diào)度管理秩序；學(xué)技術(shù)，熟練掌握涵閘遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控和測(cè)流測(cè)沙設(shè)備、儀器、工具的操作使用與維護(hù)，促進(jìn)河南黃河引水計(jì)量工作規(guī)范化管理 。3.3 開展引渠防淤減淤工作河南引黃工程最重要的功能是為沿黃用水服務(wù)，但是由于引渠的淤積，導(dǎo)致了引水量的下降，要研究引渠防淤減淤措施，建立水調(diào)、供水、灌區(qū)“三位一體”的防淤減淤機(jī)制，三方共同配合、共同參與采取各種措施進(jìn)行防淤減開展防淤減淤工作。一是要充分利用工程措施防淤。利用防沙閘和修筑防淤小土壩，防止高含沙水流的進(jìn)入；二是開展引水渠的常規(guī)機(jī)械清淤，徹底改變引水渠渠底高程高的現(xiàn)狀，為引水創(chuàng)造條件；三是實(shí)施拉沙沖淤，利用水流將

12、淤積在引渠的泥沙沖走，以減緩引渠的淤積；四是采取調(diào)度措施，依據(jù)調(diào)度方案，科學(xué)制定灌溉制度，合理安排灌溉次序，大流量、短時(shí)段的集中引水，以避免引渠淤積。Permeability Structure Types of Rock Mass and Its Existing Problems of Diversion Management andIts Countermeasures for Yellow River Diversion Project in HenanLiu Tian (Henan Yellow River Engineering Bureau )1 Present status o

13、f diversion management for yellow river diversion project in henan1.1 Basic situation of Yellow river diversion project in henanThere are 22 diversions in floodplain, the total diversion discharge is 16.7 m3/s.There are 26 irrigation area along the Yellow river, the total irrigated was about 1.1 mil

14、lion hm2, annual mean diversion water 2.5 billion m3。The diversion afford the guarantee for the economic and social development and ecology environment, also help the agriculture and farmer increase production and incomes。1.2 Establishment rules and system    In order to strengthening

15、 water regulation management and ensure the high effective operation, many rules and regulations were established since 2002, for example，Henan yellow river water regulation management methods, water regulation responsibility system of the Henan yellow river, measures for the diversion measuring, st

16、rengthening management on order for diversion from the yellow river in Henan and so on . All levels also established the water regulation rules and regulations according to it practice. This ensured the water regulation orders to be implemented smoothly.1.3 Regulatory framework implement situation D

17、aily management record completed, standard, orderlyAccording to the prescription of the rules and regulations, the report forms of diversion, watch log and daily management record were completed, for example Xinxiang engineering bureau, Puyang engineering bureau, Kaifeng engineering bureau and Jiaoz

18、uo engineering bureau have 7-9 kinds record，to further improve and standardize data. In order to irrigated area management unit implement the regulations, Kaifeng engineering bureau also compiled and published the rules and regulations and sent to the irrigated area management unit. Strictness imple

19、ments the management on order for diversion form the yellow riverIn light of rules and regulations strengthen management on order procedure; the administrative at different levels all strictly abide relatively provision. at the same time consider the rain，soil humidity and the diversion water plan ,

20、we will make every months regulation plan on the base of the yearly plan, we also make every ten days water regulation scheme according to ten days runoff forecast. Strictness regulations order increased the plan exactitude. Strengthen supervising and examination of water regulationIn order to ensur

21、e the regulation order to be implemented, we strengthen supervises and examination by use the handy flow meter. During irrigation fastigium, we often take spot check and go on a tour of inspection ways and means, Sometimes, we make up of the unite supervising group to ensure the water regulation ser

22、iousness. 2 Present status and problem of diversion sluicesBecause of an acute lack of maintenance funds and lowly water price, a lot of diversion sluices can not cleaning, examine, maintain in time, the diversion sluices is becoming worse and worse, many diversion sluices occurred leakage influence

23、d exertion the regulation function of the diversion sluices.2.1 The diversion sluices aging and disrepairOur diversion sluices were built mostly exceed 20 years, according to the related prescription, the diversion sluices age depreciation is 20 years, we have more than 18 diversion sluices exceed 2

24、0 years, many diversion sluices aged，rubber seal desquamated, flashboard rusted and so on.2.2 Diversion sluices dont cleaning for many yearsAccording to the prescription of Ministry of Water Resources and Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC), the diversion sluices should silt-removing and chec

25、k one time every three years, and aim at the discover question maintenance and reinforcement it, at the present time all diversion sluices dont clean nearly 8 years, influenced the diversion sluices exertion its function.2.3 The gauge of flow and sand are timeworn At the present, we have three kinds

26、 of measured flow, automatism measured by cableway, flowmeter and handy flowmeter. Most of these facilities were unadvanced and timeworn, for example the Shanyizhai gates cableway measure machine was build in 1982, now the fittings dont production. Mostly sand gauge also timeworn can not adapt the r

27、equirement of the science and technology for water regulations. 2.4 Diversion sluices Leakage is very seriousFor many years, due to gate hoist facilities aging and is not operating properly, flashboard and culverts uneven subsidence, flashboard cracks, rubber seal serious aging and so on, the leakag

28、e is widespread in diversion sluices. According to survey data about 86% sluices is leakage, it is mostly because of rubber seal is serious aging, and to prevent leakage often take interim stop up measures and its caused the economic losses by duplication. For example Sanliiuzai ZhaokouLiu and other

29、s sluices, each provisional measure may be repeated several times a year, and it will need funds up to 1 to 20,000 Yuan.2.5 Diversion canals deposit is seriousMost of Henan Yellow River Diversion Project have long diversion canal with vertical slope is generally one in three thousands to one in five

30、 thousands, There are two diversion canal over 10km,. As water diversion with hyperconcentration of sediment, diversion canal deposit is very serious. According to the survey 34 water intake (including the Yellow River flood plain gate) was deposit about 28(82%), total length of deposit are 52292 m,

31、 the average length of deposit 2890 m.The diversion canals deposit leading to the diversion sluices elevation below canals bed elevation and this impact of Yellow River Diversion Project water supply. the Yellow River water supply has been decreasing since the 1990s, from 1991 to 1995, an annual mea

32、n diversion water 2.37 billion m3, form 1996 to 2000 years annual mean diversion water1.9 billion m3, form 2001 to 2005 years annual mean diversion water 1.8 billion m3。3 Countermeasures of Strength the diversion management3.1 Increased maintenance investment At present, the diversion sluices invest

33、ment mainly depend on water fee, but water fee can not meet the requirements of the management, we should establish a more reasonable financing channels in order to increase the investment .First we solved the leakage problems, and strive to clean and safety inspection for all diversion sluices in 2

34、 to 3 years, based on the results we will get to discover question in due course, to ensure the safe operation of diversion sluices 3.2 Strengthened diversion sluices management In order to adapt to the new situation of water regulation, fine regulation the Yellow River, enhance the management. Firs

35、t, Developing the study of automation flow measurement, gradually realize the automated flow measurement, improve current measurement accuracy and realize real-time monitoring, Second， management diversion sluices remote monitoring system, at present, we have installed 26 remote monitoring System, b

36、ecause of manifold reasons, only five sluices are normally operation, repair the damaged facilities as soon as possible , strengthen management, to ensure the remote monitoring system was resumption. The third is to further strengthen the technical training for the management of diversion sluices ,

37、learning diversion management point of order, business and technology, improve their professional competence，operation in accordance with procedures in management, maintain water regulation order; Learn science and technology, master diversion sluices remote monitoring and flow measurement, those technical training will improving standardized of diversion management3.3 Developing s