2021牛津高中英語語法大全集(1至模塊10語法)

1、2021高考牛津高中英語-模塊一至模塊十語法牛津高中英語模塊一第一單元一定語從句：定語從句的介紹?就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞： The green team介詞短語： The team in gree n定語從句： The team who were weari ng gree n?定語從句通常由關系代詞來引導，如which, that, who, whom,whose,或關系副詞來引導，如when, where, why 。關系代詞可以在 定語從句中擔當主語，賓語，表語，定語；關系副詞可以在定語從句 中擔當狀語。女口

2、：做主語 The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做賓語 The stude nt whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表語 Jack is no Ion ger the lazy boy that he used to be.做定語 She has a brother whose name I can ' t remember. 做狀語 The school where he studied is in Shen zhe n

3、.二定語從句：關系代詞： that , which , who , whom，禾口 whose?在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。如: This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling con test.?在定語從句中，who用來指代人。女口： I am going to see a friend who has just come back from theUK.?當who在定語從句中做賓語時，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who 更正式。女口： I don 'know the name of th

4、e teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.?當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，who , whom , which和that可以被省略。如: He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.? Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。女口： I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the scho

5、ol garde n every Saturday after noon.第二單元一 定語從句： 介詞提前的定語從句(preposition + which; preposition+ whom)?當關系代詞(which/whom )做定語從句中介詞的賓語時，可以把介 詞提到關系代詞的前面。女口： We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisi ons.?在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。如: Art is the subject which I know little about.?如果介詞放在定

6、語從句的最后，which可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。女口： Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.?當關系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末 尾時，我們通常省略關系代詞 who和that。如: The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.?領先行詞是way時，我們用in which或that來引導定語從句，這種情 況

7、下，in which或that可以被省略。如: I did n 'like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.二 定語從句：關系畐U詞： when , where , why1 .我們通常用關系副詞when引導先行詞是time , moment , day ,seas on, year 等的定語從句。女口： Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I ofte n think of the mome nt whe n I saw the UFO.2 .我們通常用關系副詞whe

8、re引導先行詞是place， house， city，country , city , world 等的定語從句。女口： The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpuni shed.3. 我們通常用關系副詞why引導先行詞是reason的定語從句。女口： I don 'know the reason why the house is so dirty.4 .在更加正式的英語中，where , when和why能夠被介詞+

9、 which所替代。如: The study is the place where/in which I often have talks withmy father.This is the reas on why/for which my pare nts got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三單元一定語從句：非限制性定語從句1. 非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性 定語從句前通常有個逗號。如: Amy, who took weight-

10、loss pills, now realizes that health is importa nt.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2. 領先行詞是整個主句時，可以用 which來引導定語從句。女口： He missed the show, which was a great pity.3 .我們可以用 all + whom/which 來表示全部數量，用some of +whom/which來表示局部數量。如: I am doing different types of exercises, all of whi

11、ch are quitehelpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二附加疑問句1. 附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來 引出一段對話，以一個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發(fā)號施令或 要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。當我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點， 附加疑問句會用降調來表達。當我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時，我們實際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時候附加疑問句會用升調來表達。2. 附加

12、疑問句的構成有以下幾種：1在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會用否認的附加疑問句。在否認的陳述 句之后，我們會用肯定的附加疑問句。女口： We can still be friends, can 'we?He does n 'like ice cream, does he? 當主句中有像 neither , none, nobody , nothing , few , little , never, hardly或seldom這類詞時，它們被認為是否認的，因此后面會跟個肯 定的附加疑問句。如: Neither of you will have coffee, will you?No on

13、e has found my CD, have they?Nobody un derstood his speech, did they?His sister seldom argues with people, does she?人稱代詞如I, we, you , he, she, it或they會放在附加疑問句中。如: I was pretty silly, wasn 'I?Every one has advises you not to go on a diet, have n 'you?助動詞，情態(tài)動詞或be動詞會放在附加疑問句中。女口： You like travel

14、ing, don 'you?There is something wrong, isn 'there?You can 'speak Italian, can you?祁使句后用will you , Let'后用shall we如:Post a letter for me, will you?Let' have a break, shall we?牛津高中英語模塊二第一單元一現在完成時態(tài)1 .我們用現在完成時態(tài)來表示在最近的過去發(fā)生的但跟現在有聯(lián)系的 事情。如: The disappeara nee of Just in has made Kelly ve

15、ry un happy.2 .我們也用現在完成時態(tài)來表示在過去剛開始，并且現在還沒結束的 事情。如: I have not see n Just in since last Friday ni ght.?當動作發(fā)生確實切時間不清楚或不重要時，我們也用現在完成時態(tài)。 經常連用的時間短語有：already ever for just lately n ever reeen tlysinceyetalready 用語肯定句，yet用語否認句。女口： The boy has already come home.I haven t heardany thi ng from him yet.fo葉一段時間

16、sin ce+點時間如: We haven' tseen him for two years. We haven' tseen him since 2002.注：當已給定具體的時間時，我們往往用一般過去時態(tài)，而不是現在完 成時態(tài)。?我們用現在完成時態(tài)來談論剛剛完成的動作。如: The police have just fini shed searchi ng the area.?我們也用現在完成時態(tài)來表示重復的動作。女口： Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.?現在完成時態(tài)的構成是：have/has+動詞的

17、過去分詞 二現在完成進行時態(tài)1. 我們用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示在過去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動作。女口： I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2 .我們用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示剛剛結束但以某種方式和現在有聯(lián) 系的動作。如: Sorry I ' m late. Have you been waiting long?-Yes, I ' ve been waiting for an hour.3. 現在完成進行時態(tài)的構成：have/has +been +do ing注：for和si nee和現在完成進行時態(tài)連用。如: I

18、 have been waiting for a long time.He has been waiting since nine o' clock.三現在完成時態(tài)還是現在完成進行時態(tài)1. 我們用現在完成時態(tài)來談論剛剛完成的動作，用現在完成進行時態(tài) 來表示發(fā)生在過去并且現在仍在發(fā)生的動作。如: Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. She finished reading the book.Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. She is still read ing the bo

19、ok.2 .我們用現在完成時態(tài)表示重復的動作，用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示 不停的動作。如: I have visited Egypt twice this mon th.I have bee n tour ing Egypt for two mon ths.現在完成時態(tài)用于答復how many/much的提問，現在完成進行時態(tài)用語 答復how long的提問。女口： How many times have you swum in the lake?How long have you bee n swim ming in the lake?3 .狀態(tài)動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現在完成時態(tài)中，但只有動

20、作動詞 可以用在現在完成進行時態(tài)中。女口： I have had this camera for five years.狀態(tài)動詞I have take n photos of UFO with this camera. 動作動詞I have bee n taki ng photos of UFO with this camera.動作動詞注：動作動詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動作，如go, play。狀態(tài)動詞表示保持 不變的動作，如like , know , exist4. 當never, yet, already , ever出現在句子中時，只用現在完成時態(tài), 而不用現在完成進行時態(tài)。如:I '

21、;e never visited Paris.I 'e already bee n to Paris.第二單元一將來進行時態(tài)1. 我們用將來進行時態(tài)來：1) 談論將來一段時間正在進行的事情。女口： Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week2) 談論從將來的某一點開始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時間的事情。女口： Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3) 沒有任何意圖的表達將來的事情。女口： The weather

22、 report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒有人為的安排。4) 禮貌地詢問有關其他人將來的方案。如: Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?2. 將來進行時態(tài)的構成：1 )陳述句：will( no t)+v-i ng如: Toby and his brother, Col in, will (not) be flyi ng to Morocco.2) 疑問句：will提到主語的前面如: Will they be flying

23、to Morocco on 15 th July?3) 答復:will (not)女口： Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won' t)二過去將來時態(tài)1.我們用過去將來時態(tài)和過去進行時態(tài)來：1) 表示過去的將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作。如: They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.2暗指一個過去的目的。如:I was going to leave, but then it rained.3暗指一個過去的安排。如: Colin called Jennifer to

24、say that he was seeing her later that after noon.4指代實際已經發(fā)生過的將來的動作。女口： The jou rney that was to change Toby ' s life started in July that year.2. 陳述句中過去將來時態(tài)的構成：1would +動詞原形女口： I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2was/were going to , was /were to , was/were about to女口： We were

25、 going to see the wild animals, but the n we didn ' t have time.It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morni ng.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三單元一過去完成時態(tài)1.我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談論一個過去的動作。當我們想要談論比過 去更早的時間里發(fā)生的事情時，就用過去完成時態(tài)。女口： Upon entering the tomb, Cart er&

26、#39; s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eate n by a sn ake.2 .在直接引語中，我們用過去完成時態(tài)來指代說話的時候就已經發(fā)生 的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態(tài)和現在完成時態(tài)在間接引語中改為 過去完成時態(tài)。女口：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained, saidCarter.Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everyth ing it contain ed.3 .過去完成時態(tài)只是指在另一

27、個過去的動作之前發(fā)生的動作，并不是 指發(fā)生在一長段時間以前的動作。女口： I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4 .過去完成時態(tài)經常跟以下引導的時間短語連用，如when, after,before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如: Then a few mon ths after Carter had ope ned the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5. 過去完成時

28、態(tài)的構成：had+v-ed女口： Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon beforehe made his most amaz ing discovery.二 現在完成時態(tài)還是過去完成時態(tài)當我們談論一個與現在有關的過去的事情時，我們用現在完成時態(tài)。女口： Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.當我們在談論過去，并要說明一個更早發(fā)生的動作的時候，我們就要用 過去完成時態(tài)。如: Not long after the to

29、mb had been opened, people in Carter ' s team bega n to fall ill and die stra ngly.牛津高中英語模塊三第一單元一名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹 名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。?我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。女口： That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he ' ll be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left

30、yet is un clear.我們可以用it來做形式主語。女口： It was good n ews that every one got back safely.?我們可以用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語。女口： she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that' s a good idea.Polly didn' t know which way she should go.我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。如: I'm interested in who that tall man is.T

31、here was a discussi on about whether Polly had found the bli ndman.我們可以用it來做形式賓語。如: we all thought it good n ews that the fog had fin ally gone.The con ductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.?我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。如: the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My ques

32、tion is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.?我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。女口： the fact that Polly didn ' t ask for the man ' s name is a pity.The n ews that the pla ne had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?我們用that

33、，if/whether或一個疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。如: I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accide nt.She couldn ' t imagine how the blind man had found her.二 名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導的名詞性從句1 .我們用that來引導名詞性從句。1當從句是一個陳述句時，我們用that來引導名詞性從句。女口： She sensed that she was being watch

34、ed by a tall man in a dark coat.2) 在大多數情況下，我們不用that來引導介詞后的名詞性從句，但是， 可以用that來引導in或except后的賓語從句。女口： The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn ' t tell him anything except that I wasn' t able to find my wayback.3) 當名詞性從句做句子的主語時，that不能省略。如: That we couldn ' t find our w

35、ay out was really bad news.4 )在非正式英語中，當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時，that可以省略。女口： She wished (that) some one would come along to help her.The truth is (that) the buses will not be running.?我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。?當從句是個一般疑問句時，我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。 我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。如: She wondered. Would the buses still

36、 be running?She won dered if/whether the buses would still be running.?介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。女口： She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.?當從句做主語放在句子開頭時，只能用 whether，而不能用if。如: Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.? 只能用 whether or not，而不能用 if or not。女口： I want to know

37、whether or n ot the train goes to Ki ng Street.?如果and或but引導兩個并列的that或whether/if引導的名詞性從句， 后一個句子的that或whether/if不可省。女口： He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn' t usean umbrella whe n it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether hewill come to work.第二單元一

38、名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句我們用以下的疑問詞來引導名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom,whose, whe n, where, why and how 。?當從句是wh-引導的疑問句時，我們用疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。從 句可以做句子的主語，賓語或表語。女口： Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begi n to see why En glish has such stra nge rules.That is why En glish is a Ian guage

39、with so many confusing rules.?我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。女口： What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what peoplefrom the n orth are say ing.3. 在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導詞。二形式主語it在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用

40、于強調。這被稱 做句末強調效果。用形式主語it就可以到達這一效果。It只是語法意義上 的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。?我們通常用it來做形式主語。?當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時：更好的It is certa in that we would not be able to un dersta nd OldEn glish today.正確的That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certa in.?當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時：更好的It is hard to master a foreig n lan

41、 guage.正確的 To master a foreign language is hard.?當主語是動詞-ing形式時：更好的 Smoking is difficult to stop.正確的It is difficult to stop smoki ng.? It可以被放在 seem, appear , happen , chanee , turn out 和prove 前做句子的形式主語。如:It seems that he speaks two Ianguages.二he seems to speak twoIan guages.It happe ns that my new n

42、eighbor comes from my hometow n.二my new n eighbor happe ns to come from my hometow n.?我們可以用句型it+be+被強調的名詞或短語+that或who引導的從 句來強調句子中的主語，賓語或狀語。如: It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of En glish.如果不強調任何成分，句子可以是：I read about the history of En glish last ni ght.第三單元一賓語缺乏語1.

43、賓語補足語為賓語提供更多的信息。女口： They called her the Loulan Beauty.2. 賓語補足語通常以下面形式出現：動詞 +賓語+賓語補足語，賓語補 足語通?？梢允敲~短語或形容詞。女口： They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most in teresti ng.?有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式可以做賓語補足語。女口： They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang ' s speech made

44、 us all laugh.?賓語補足語可以時介詞短語。女口： She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.?賓語缺乏語通常和賓語在數上是一致的。女口： She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assista nts.二 Either or 和 Neither nor 1 .我們用eitheror 來表示選擇性。女口：連接主語 either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.連接動詞people either tried to escape

45、 or stayed in their houses.連接賓語we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.連 接狀語they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.?我們用neithernor 來連接表示否認的觀點。bothand的反 義詞女口： neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They n either told me the locati on nor showed me the map.I ate n ei

46、ther the no odles nor the rice.They went there n either by train nor by air.三主謂一致主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的單復數形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數或是復數。?動詞應是單數，如果主語是：?單數的名詞或不可數名詞女口： the city was founded in the 8 th century BC.The food they offered on the pla ne was delicious.2計量的短語，標題或名字如: two hours is too short for the visit.Li

47、ttle wome n is a great no vel.3一個短語或從句如: travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.?動詞應是復數，如果主語是：? 一個復數名詞如: both cities were very rich.?由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語如: the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite pla in.?當主語是 all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/

48、a part of +名詞 /代詞，動詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。如:all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.? 當主語是集合名詞，女口 band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team時，如果名詞指代的是集體，動詞用單數；如果名詞指代的是 個體，動詞用復數。女口： our team is very important to me.Our team are now

49、 traveli ng to Xinjia ng.?當主語是news, physics, mathematics, Aids 時，動詞用單數；當主語 是 goods, clothes, con gratulati ons, earnin gs, remains, bel ongings 時，動詞用復數。女口： the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shan ghai.All their bel ongings were destroyed in the earthquake.? 當 either or ,

50、 neither nor , not only but also , notbut，連接句子的主語時，動詞采取就近原那么。如: either the team leader or the guides are looking after the stude nts.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students. 注：當主語是an ybody/a nyone/anythin g/everybody/every on e/everythi ng/n obody/no on e/nothi ng/somebody

51、/some on e/somethi ng/each/each on e/either/ neither/ one 時，動詞用單數。牛津高中英語一模塊四第一單元一直接引語和間接引語1.我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單 詞就會被放在引號但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。直接引語：She said,“China has been using PSAs to educatepeople.間接弓 I語：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2 .我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的

52、形式來 把直接引語變成間接引語。女口： She said, “I ' m used to ads.-"She said that she was used to ads.she said.“ We must not fall for this kind of trick!She war ned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3. 除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變：?人稱代詞的改變：女口： She said, “I did some research. She said that she had done some research

53、.?時態(tài)的改變：女口： She said, “This as is very clever.She said that that ad was very clever.下面列舉當動詞是過去時態(tài)時，時態(tài)是如何變化的： 直接引語間接引語般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時一般過去時現在完成時一般將來時過去完成時現在完成進行時 注：當陳述一個不變的事實時,過去完成時過去完成時過去將來時過去完成時過去完成進行時 時態(tài)不變。女口：“l(fā)ight travels at great speed, he said.He said that light travels at great speed. ?時間和地

54、點狀語的變化：女口： Tom said, “I am working here today.直接引語today tomorrow間接引語that day/ yesterday / on Wedn esday, etc.the n ext day / the follow ing day / on Thursday,Tom said he was working there that day. F面列舉這種變化的例子：etc.yesterdaythe day before / the previous day/Tudesay,etc.next monththe mon th after/ the

55、 followi ngmonthJuly,etc.last yearthe year before / the previous year, etc.a week agoa week before / a week earlier,etc.4其它的例子：直接引語間接引語thisthatthesethosecomego二間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句1 .陳述句on/ in1我們用that引導的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。女口 ： She said,“Advertisements are an important part oflives.-She said that advertiseme nt

56、s are an importa nt part of our lives.2除了 say之外，還有其它的動詞可以這樣用：tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn女口：“ PSAs are often placed for free, the writer sa-d .The writer expla ined that PSAs are ofte n placed for free.2. 疑問句?我們用whether/if引導的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句。女口 : Matt asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person in world? Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in world.?我們用wh-疑問詞引導的名詞性從句來陳述 wh-疑問句。ourthethe女口： I asked her, “ How can that could be?-'I asked her how that could be true.3. 祈使句1 我們用以下結構