談東平湖水資源優(yōu)化配置

1、談東平湖水資源優(yōu)化配置孫百啟 王俊芝 王勝利（山東黃河河務局東平湖管理局，山東 梁山 272600）【摘要】通過分析東平湖水庫的主要功能、優(yōu)越的地理位置和豐富的水資源狀況，提出優(yōu)化水資源配置的途徑和提高水資源蓄積量的設想。1、東平湖水庫簡況及區(qū)域概況1.1優(yōu)越的地理位置。東平湖水庫位于黃河下游山東境內(nèi)，是黃河“上攔下排，兩岸分滯”防洪工程體系的重要組成部分，是黃河下游的重要分滯洪區(qū)，主要功能是當黃河發(fā)生大洪水時向東平湖分滯黃河洪水，保障山東黃河下游防洪安全。水庫分新老湖區(qū)二級運用，其中新湖區(qū)418km2，庫容23.67億m3，平時無水，當黃河發(fā)生大洪水時分洪滯蓄。老湖區(qū)常年有水，面積209 k

2、m2，庫容11.94億m3。水庫地勢較高，屬水塔型水庫，與京杭大運河、黃河、汶河、南水北調(diào)東線、山東膠東輸水干線工程連通，構(gòu)成以東平湖為中心的輻射狀水系網(wǎng)絡。在山東黃河下游區(qū)域內(nèi)具有優(yōu)越的地理位置優(yōu)勢。通過上述水系東平湖水南可以到濟寧，北可以到聊城、德州等魯北地區(qū)，東可以到濟南、膠東地區(qū)。1.2具有豐富的水資源優(yōu)勢。東平湖是東西地表水和地下水匯集的地帶，蘊藏著極為豐富的客水資源。汶河來水全部進入東平湖老湖，黃河水通過進出湖閘人工控制可以自流進出東平湖，東平湖水可自流進入京杭運河、南水北調(diào)東線和山東膠東輸水干線工程。據(jù)黃河孫口水文站多年實測資料統(tǒng)計，黃河流經(jīng)該地區(qū)多年平均徑流量355.7

3、5;108m3。汶河是東平湖的主要補給水源，19522001年多年平均徑流量10.6×108m3。南水北調(diào)東線水資源是進入東平湖的另一客水資源，東線一期工程規(guī)劃調(diào)入東平湖的水量13.47×108m3，流量100 m3/s。出東平湖過黃河4.42×108m3，到山東半島8.76×108m3，調(diào)水時間在非汛期。2、水資源優(yōu)化配置的途徑2.1彌補黃河水資源不足。黃河具有“水少沙多，水沙關系不協(xié)調(diào)”的特點，隨著社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和引黃用水量的增加，河道萎縮，河床淤積抬高，水資源污染。黃河水量實施統(tǒng)一管理調(diào)度后，河道斷流現(xiàn)象得到有效控制，但仍出現(xiàn)低于維持河流健康生命所

4、需的河道和維持生態(tài)環(huán)境所需的基本水量要求，黃河水資源不足。可以將東平湖作為調(diào)節(jié)黃河下游水資源不足的節(jié)點，在黃河下游水資源不足時，利用東平湖水通過北排入黃河道補充黃河水，調(diào)節(jié)下游水沙關系，補充下游維持河道和生態(tài)環(huán)境所需的基本水量要求，沖刷河床，改善河道形態(tài)，稀釋或降低污染，補充下游沿岸工農(nóng)業(yè)和城市生活用水等。2.2作為南水北調(diào)東線工程的調(diào)劑水源，調(diào)劑東線東平湖以北魯北地區(qū)和膠東地區(qū)水資源短缺。膠東輸水干線已經(jīng)按照輸水50m3/s標準建成并試通水，東線東平湖以北至魯北、河北、天津段也將實施。東線規(guī)劃調(diào)水期為非汛期10月至豎年5月，汛期不調(diào)水。從長江調(diào)水成本很高，東平湖水成本低廉，可以適時引用東平湖

5、蓄水替代調(diào)水，發(fā)揮東平湖水資源效益，降低受水區(qū)用戶成本。2.3洪水資源化利用。據(jù)19521990年戴村壩站統(tǒng)計資料，汶河年均進入東平湖老湖的水量 11.49×108m3，其中汛期710月份9.66×108m3，占年均來水量的84.1，非汛期占15.9。汛期來水，人們看做是一種危害而非資源，千方百計把水排掉，應當樹立汛期洪水也是資源的理念，在保證防洪安全的前提下加以利用。將汛期劃分為前汛期和后汛期，前汛期79月份控制水位42.0m以下，留足空庫容防洪，后汛期10月抬高水位42.043.0m興利。通過科學調(diào)度，汛期來水一是及時通過黃河排水入海。二是通過京杭運河南排入南四湖或補充

6、京杭運河航運用水。三是通過膠東輸水干線和東線魯北輸水線路引水，將進入老湖的洪水資源引向黃河以北和膠東缺水區(qū)，利用沿線的輸水網(wǎng)絡補充地下水、農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、城市用水、河道污染稀釋與沖刷、改善生態(tài)等。3、提高東平湖水資源蓄積量的設想3.1近期按設防46.0m防洪水位完善老湖周邊工程，將目前老湖運用水位44.5m提高至46.0m防洪水位，提高水庫的防洪效益和水資源蓄積量。目前影響老湖提高運用水位的主要因素，一是金山壩作為圍湖造田民堰的存在，高度強度不足，影響老湖運用水位的抬高利用。金山壩以西保護區(qū)內(nèi)有220國道，人口4.25萬人，4.89萬畝土地。只有當黃河向老湖分洪或汶河大洪水時才利用金山壩以西保護區(qū)蓄

7、滯洪外，一般情況下不用，金山壩破除或保留的問題，實際上是保護區(qū)內(nèi)群眾如何移民安置的問題，這個問題不解決，老湖運用水位就不可能抬高。建議按照二級湖堤標準加高加固，當黃河向老湖分洪時，臨時爆破金山壩或修建分洪建筑物滿足分洪要求。二是二級湖堤高度和護坡強度不足，不適應老湖防風浪要求。按照46.0m設計防洪水位要求加高加固二級湖堤，提高二級湖堤的防風浪能力。50.0m抬高老湖設計防洪水位，加高加固老湖周邊工程。小浪底水庫建成并發(fā)揮防洪減淤作用，下游河道河床淤積速度減緩，從長遠觀點來看，下游河道河床淤積抬高的趨勢不會改變，東平湖滯洪區(qū)作為黃河下游的主要分滯洪區(qū)的地位保持不變，老湖水北排入黃困難的形勢將依

8、然存在。將老湖周邊工程加高加固，抬高設計防洪運用水位至48.050.0m，一方面可以增大老湖防洪庫容，有效處置黃河洪水或黃汶相遇洪水。另一方面，可以提高水資源蓄積量，特別是汶河洪水資源蓄積量，提高汶河水資源利用率。（作者簡介 孫百啟，男，42歲，中國山東黃河河務局東平湖管理局總工程師，高級工程師）聯(lián) 系 人 孫百啟聯(lián)系地址 中國山東梁山縣城人民北路11號(郵政編碼：272600)聯(lián)系電話傳真子郵箱 hhsunbaiqiOn Optimized Allocation of Water Resources of the Dongping La

9、keSUN Bai-qi, WANG Jun-zhi, WANG Sheng-li(Dongping Lake Administration of Shandong Yellow River Engineering Bureau, Liangshan, Shandong 272600)Abstract The paper puts forward the ways of optimized allocation of water resources and a tentative plan for increasing the storage volume of water resources

10、 through the analysis on the main functions, favorable geographical position and rich in water resources of the Dongping Lake. 1. Brief Introduction of the Dongping Lake and General Situation of the Region 1.1 Favorable geographical positionThe Dongping Lake, situated in the boundaries of Shandong P

11、rovince, is an important component of engineering system for “flood control of storing water in upper stream, facilitate the flood conveyance downstream and detention at the both sides of banks in the lower Yellow River” and a key detention basin of the lower Yellow River. Its main function is to di

12、vert the flood water to the lake when the Yellow River has a major flood, ensuring the flood control security of the river in Shandong. The lake is divided into two-level operation of new lake and old lake, of which, the new lake area is 418 km2 and the storage capacity 2.367 billion m3. During the

13、normal period, it is no water in the lake and it will be used for storage as the Yellow River occurs a major flood. The old lake has water all the year round and the area is 209 km2 and the storage capacity 1.194 billion m3. The terrain of the lake is higher, belonging to the type of elevated water

14、tank. It connects with the Jing-Hang Grant Canal, the Yellow River, Wenhe River, East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project and Jiaodong Water Transfer Project of Shandong, forming a radial water system network of taking the Dongping Lake as the center. It has favorable geographical positi

15、on in the downstream region of the Yellow River in Shandong. Through the above water system, the lake water can reach to Jining in the south, Liaocheng and Dezhou in the north and Jinan and Jiaodong region in the east.1.2 Rich in water resources The lake has collected the surface water and groundwat

16、er from east to west, containing extremely rich in foreign water resources. The coming water of Wenhe River totally flows into the lake. The Yellow River water can flow in and out of the lake by gravity through manual control of inlet and outlet gates. The lake water can flow into the Jing-Hang Gran

17、t Canal, East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project and the water transfer project of the eastern Shandong by gravity. According to the statistics of long-period observed data of Sunkou Hydrometric Station of the Yellow River, the normal annual runoff of the Yellow River flowing through th

18、e region is 355.7×108m3. The Wenhe River is the main water source supply to the lake and the normal annual runoff from 1952 to 2001 is 10.6×108m3. The East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project is another foreign water resources of the lake and the planned diversion into the lake

19、 in phase 1 is 13.47×108m3 with discharge 100 m3/s, the outflow to the Yellow River 4.42×108m3 and to the Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong 8.76×108m3. The diversion time is during the non-flood season. 2. The Ways of Optimized Allocation of Water Resources2.1 Making up the insufficient

20、water resources of the Yellow River The Yellow River has the characteristic of “deficient in water and abundant in sediment”. Along with the social and economic development and the increase of diversion from the Yellow River, the channel had been withered, riverbed deposited and raised and water res

21、ources polluted. After conducting integrated management and regulation, the situation of zero flow of the river has been effectively changed, but the quantity of water is still lower than the requirements for keeping the healthy life of the river and the basic water for keeping ecological environmen

22、t and insufficient water resources frequently happens. It can take the Dongping Lake as a nodal point to regulate the insufficient water resources of the lower river, regulate sediment discharge rating of the downstream, supplement the basic water required by the channel and ecological environment o

23、f the lower reaches, scour the riverbed, improve the channel morphology, dilute or reduce pollution and replenish water for industry, agriculture and domestic use of the lower reaches.2.2 Being as regulated water source of the East Route of South North Water Transfer Project, it regulates the shorta

24、ge of water resources of the north Shandong and Jiaodong region where situated in the north of the Dongping Lake of the East Route ProjectThe Jiaodong Water Transfer Project has been completed and put into operation based on the standard of diversion 50 m3/s. The East Route section, situated in the

25、north of Dongping Lake up to north Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin also will be implemented. The planned diversion period of the East Route is in the non-flood season from October to May of the following year and no diversion during the flood season. The cost of diversion from the Yangtze River is very

26、high, but the water cost of the Dongping Lake is low. It can timely divert the stored water of the lake instead of diversion for making the best benefit of water resources of the lake and reducing the cost of users in the reception basin.2.3 Utilization of flood resourcesAccording to the statistical

27、 data of Daicunba Station in 19521990 period, The water of Wenhe River flowed into the old lake is 11.49×108m3, of which, 9.66×108m3 in the flood season from July to October, making up 84.1% of the annual mean coming water and 15.9% in the non-flood season. People regard the coming water i

28、n the flood season as a kind of endanger not resources and will try every possible way to discharge. It should establish the idea that the floods in the flood season are also resources and should be utilized under the conditions of guaranteeing the security of flood control. It divides the flood sea

29、son into early flood season and late flood season. In the early flood season from July to September, the water level is controlled lower than 42.0 m, reserving sufficient storage capacity for flood control. In the late flood season in October, the water level is raised to 42.0 43.0 m for promoting t

30、he beneficial. Through scientific regulation, the coming water in the flood season is a) timely discharged into the sea through the Yellow River; b) discharged into Nansi Lake through the Jing-Hang Grant Canal or as make up water of the Grant Canal; c) diverted the flood resources of flowing into th

31、e old lake to the north region of the Yellow River and water-deficient area of Jiaodong through the Jiaodong Water Transfer Project and the East Route diversion line in the north of Shandong and to recharge groundwater, for irrigation, domestic use, dilution of channel pollution, scouring and improv

32、ing ecology by utilizing the delivery networks along the projects.3. A Tentative Plan for Increasing the Storage Volume of Water Resources of the Dongping Lake3.1 Improving the engineering works on the surrounding of the old lake based on 46.0 m water level for flood control, increasing the present

33、operational water level of the old lake from 44.5 m to 46.0 m and increasing the benefit of flood control and the storage volume of water resources in the near futureAt present, the main factors that effect to increase the operational water level of the old lake are a) the height and strength of the

34、 existing Jinshanba, a civil weir for reclaiming land from a lake are not enough, affecting the increase of operational water level of the old lake. Within the protected area on the west of Jinshanba is National Highway 220, population 42,500 and land area 48,900 mu. This area can be used as a deten

35、tion basin only when the Yellow River diverts flood water to the old lake or a major flood occurs in the Wenhe River. It would not be used under the normal conditions. The issue of demolishing or keeping Jinshanba, in fact is the issue of how to arrange the relocatees in the protected area. If the i

36、ssue can not be solved, the operational water level of the old lake can not be increased either. It suggests heightening and consolidating the weir according to Grade II lake dyke standards and blowing up temporarily the weir or building flood diversion structure for meeting the requirements of floo

37、d diversion when the Yellow River diverts flood water to the old lake. b) The height and strength of the Grade II dyke are not enough that can not meet the requirements of wave and wind-break of the old lake. It requires heightening and strengthening the Grade II dyke and increasing the capability o

38、f wave and wind-break of the dyke according to the design flood control level of 46.0 m. 3.2 Heightening and consolidating the engineering works on the surrounding of the old lake based on the designed 48.0-50.0 m water level for flood control at a specified future dateThe Xiaolangdi Reservoir has been completed