動(dòng)力分散與動(dòng)力集中特點(diǎn)比較

1、百度文庫(kù)讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我動(dòng)力集中與動(dòng)力分散動(dòng)車組特點(diǎn)比較（伊朗項(xiàng)目材料）ComparisonbetweenEMUswithCentralizedandDistributedPower目前，高速動(dòng)車組按牽引動(dòng)力和驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備的配置方型分類有兩種：動(dòng)力分散型和動(dòng)力集中型。Atpresent,thehigh-speedEMUscanbedividedasperpowerconfigurationintotwocategories-power-distributedEMUandpower-centralizedEMU.動(dòng)力集中型動(dòng)車組是將大部份機(jī)械和電氣設(shè)備集中安裝在位于列車兩頭的動(dòng)力車即機(jī)車上，機(jī)

2、車的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向架上裝有牽引電機(jī)，驅(qū)動(dòng)輪對(duì)牽引列車運(yùn)行。中間客車沒(méi)有動(dòng)力，由機(jī)車牽引。機(jī)車不載客,客車載客。編組一般為機(jī)車+拖車形型，示用意如下：Asforpower-centralizedEMU,mostofitsmechanicalandelectricalequipmentaremountedinthemotorcars,.locomotives,atthetwoends,andthebogiesofthelocomotivesareequippedwithtractionmotorswhichdrivethetrainfromwheelsets.Theintermediatecarsare

3、notmotored,buthauledbylocomotives.Thelocomotivesdonotcarryanypassengersbuttheintermediatecarsdo.ThecompositionofsuchEMUgenerallyadoptsthemodeoflocomotive+trailer,asshownbelow:Loco.Trailer1Trailer2Trailer3Trailer4Trailer5注：表示動(dòng)力軸，C表示非動(dòng)力軸，下同。Note:standsformotoraxleandfortraileraxle,samebelow.動(dòng)力分散型動(dòng)車組是指

4、將大部份機(jī)械和電氣設(shè)備懸掛安裝在車輛地板下面，牽引電機(jī)安裝在列車的全數(shù)或部份轉(zhuǎn)向架上，使全數(shù)或部份輪對(duì)成為列車的驅(qū)動(dòng)源，列車的全數(shù)車箱都可載客。Asforpower-distributedEMU,mostofitsmechanicalandelectricalequipmentaremountedbelowthedeckandthetractionmotorsmountedonallorpartsofthebogiesmakingallorpartofthewheelsetsthedrivingsource,andallthecarsareabletocarrypassengers.4全數(shù)為動(dòng)

5、力車Allmotorcars部份為動(dòng)力車Partlymotorcars動(dòng)力集中和動(dòng)力分散動(dòng)車組特點(diǎn)比較ComparisonbetweenFeaturesofEMUswithCentralizedandDistributedPower序號(hào)S/N內(nèi)容Contents動(dòng)力分散動(dòng)車組Power-DistributedEMU動(dòng)力集中動(dòng)車組Power-CentralizedEMU1編組通常為固定編組，不可隨意增減車輛數(shù)量，但可以采取2列聯(lián)掛方型，動(dòng)車與拖車可任意加減拖車的數(shù)量，編組靈活。加減車廂后牽引力不變（因?yàn)閯?dòng)車數(shù)量不變），Composition同步增加或減少，不會(huì)造成過(guò)載或欠載。Compositio

6、nusuallyfixedandincreaseordecreaseofcarsnotpermissible,yetpairoperationfunctionavailable,whichmaintainstheportionbetweenmotorandtrailercarsandthusavoidunderloadoroverload.但阻力變化，易造成過(guò)載從而達(dá)不到原定速度，或欠載造成功率浪費(fèi)。Flexiblecomposition,increaseordecreaseofcarsnotpermissible.Tractionforcenotchansedafterincreaseord

7、ecreaseofcars(numberofmotorcarsunchanged)yettheresistancedoes,whicheasilyleadstounsatisfiedspeedduetooverloadorpowerwasteduetounderload.2動(dòng)力配置Powerconflguration列車的牽引動(dòng)力可以分散設(shè)置，按需要增減動(dòng)軸，使列車總功率不受機(jī)車功率所限制。Tractionpowersourcecanbedistributedandincreaseordecreaseofmotoraxlesasperdemandspossible,.totalpowerofE

8、MUnotrestrainedbythatoflocomotives.總功率受機(jī)車功率限制Totalpoweroftrainrestrainedbythatoflocomotives3換向行駛Bidirectionaloperation在兩端都有駕駛室，可雙向行駛，省卻調(diào)車的時(shí)間，同時(shí)減少車務(wù)人員的工作及提高安全。Cabavailableatbothendsandbidirectionaloperationcanberealized,whichreducestimeforshunting,releasingworkingloadandimprovingsafetyofserviceperson

9、nel.列車換向時(shí)需先把機(jī)車在一端脫鉤后再移到另一端掛鉤，折返時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。Locomotiveneedstobedecoupledfromoneendandcoupledtoanotherendforbidirectionaloperation,whichtakesalongertimeforlocomotivetoreverse.4軸重Axleload最大軸重輕，對(duì)軌道沖擊小。高速情況下最大軸重對(duì)軌道的破壞作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于平均軸重，這也是為什么越是高速的列車越趨向于使用分散技術(shù)的原因機(jī)車最大軸重大，高速運(yùn)行下對(duì)軌道沖擊大。Max.axleloadcontributedbylocomotive,imp

10、osinglargerimpacttotracksunderhighspeed.Lowermax.axleloadandthuslessimpacttotracks.Thedestructiveeffortsofmax.loadunderhighspeedismuchhigherthanthatofaverageaxleload,thatiswhymoreandmorehigh-speedEMUstendtoadoptdistributedpower.5載客量Passengercapacity載客量較同等長(zhǎng)度的動(dòng)力集中型動(dòng)車組高約20%,可充分利用站臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度。Passengercapacity2

11、0%higherthanpower-centralizedEMUofsamelengthandutilizationofplatformlengthmoreadequate.機(jī)車不能載客。Locomotivecannotcarrypassengers.6啟動(dòng)加速度Startingacceleration高，列車加速時(shí)間短，更適合發(fā)車密度大、站間距短的路線。Higherstartingaccelerationandthuslessacceleratingtime,suitableforlineswithshortheadwayandinter-stationdistance.啟動(dòng)加速度小，列車加

12、速時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，不適合發(fā)車密度大、站間距短的線路。Lowerstartingaccelerationandthusmoreacceleratingtime,notsuitableforlineswithshortheadwayandinter-stationdistance.7輪軌粘著Wheel-railadhesion整體粘著性好，在加速時(shí)不易產(chǎn)生空轉(zhuǎn)(車輪的牽引力大于輪軌間的粘著力，造成輪速異常上升)，加速更穩(wěn)定。Bettercomprehensiveadhesionandlesspossibilityofslide(tractionforceofwheellargerthanwheel-rai

13、ladhesionforce,thusleadstoabnormalincreaseofwheelspeed)duringacceleration,thusmorestableacceleration.集中動(dòng)力車單軸粘著性能好于分散動(dòng)力車，但由于動(dòng)軸數(shù)量少，總的粘著性不如分散動(dòng)力車，加速時(shí)易產(chǎn)生空轉(zhuǎn)。Adhesionofindividualaxlebetterthanthatofpower-distributedEMU,however,comprehensiveadhesionpoorduetolessnumberofmotoraxle,higherpossibilityofslideduri

14、ngacceleration.8再生制動(dòng)列車從高速減速到40kni/h（不同的列車可能不同）的機(jī)車受粘著限制，不能充分發(fā)揮動(dòng)力制動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性。大百度文庫(kù)讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我Regenerativebrake過(guò)程幾乎不需要使用用空氣制動(dòng)，速度再降低空氣制動(dòng)開始補(bǔ)充，充分利用再生制動(dòng)，將制動(dòng)能量轉(zhuǎn)換為電能反饋回電網(wǎng)，減少制動(dòng)盤機(jī)械磨耗和能源浪費(fèi)。Pneumaticbrakealmostunnecessarywhenbrakingfromhighspeedto40kni/h(maybedifferentfordifferenttrains)andonlyappliedifspeedistobefur

15、therlowered.Regenerativebrakefullyutilized,convertingandfeedingbrakeenergybacktocatenarytoreducediscwearandenergywaste.量拖車靠制動(dòng)盤的摩擦制動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致制動(dòng)盤磨耗嚴(yán)重，既浪費(fèi)材料乂浪費(fèi)能源。Locomotivenotabletoputintofullplacetheadvantagesofdynamicbrakeasrestrainedbyadhesion,andrakelargelydependsonfrictionbrakeoftrailercars,whichleadsto

16、severediscwear,wastingbothmaterialandenergy.9動(dòng)力冗余Powerredundancy即使有一、兩組電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)生故障，列車也能正常行駛。動(dòng)力冗余性高，減少個(gè)別車輛故障而造成機(jī)破救援。Evenifoneortwosetsoftractionmotorsfail,operationofEMUstillnormal.Higherpowerredundancyandlesspossibilityoftowingoperationduetobreakdownofindividualcar.機(jī)車故障即需要救援，動(dòng)力冗余性差。Towingoperationneeded

17、incaseoflocomotivefailure,poorpowerredundancy.10縱向沖動(dòng)LongitudinalJerk車輛間的作用力小，牽引、制動(dòng)時(shí)的縱向沖動(dòng)小。Lowerinteractionbetweencarsandlongitudinalimpactduringtractionandbrake.車輛間的作用力大，牽引、制動(dòng)時(shí)的縱向沖動(dòng)大。Higherinteractionbetweencarsandlongitudinalimpactduringtractionandbrake.11線路適應(yīng)性Adaptabilitytotrack線路適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)。由于動(dòng)軸多，所以更能適應(yīng)

18、陡坡，最大80%ooHigheradaptabilitytotrack.Moreadaptabletolargegradientwithmoremotor動(dòng)軸少，線路最大坡度<30%ooLessmotoraxles,max.gradient<30%oonly.axles,max.gradientupto80%o.12全壽命周期成本LCCLCC根據(jù)德國(guó)ICE2和ICE3動(dòng)車組LCC研究結(jié)論：動(dòng)力分散比動(dòng)力集中低約10%。AccordingtoLCCresearchofICE3andICE3byDB,LCCofpower-distributedEMUis10%lowerthanthat

19、ofpower-centralizedEMU.13檢修維護(hù)Inspectionandmaintenance由于電動(dòng)機(jī)多并分散在各節(jié)動(dòng)力車，零部件維護(hù)較復(fù)雜，維修成本也較高。Tractionmotorsdistributedonmotorcars,thusmorecomplicatedmaintenanceforcompartmentsandpartsandhighercostforit.主要?jiǎng)恿υO(shè)備集中管理，維護(hù)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，維護(hù)成本相對(duì)較低。Majorpowerequipmentcentrallymanaged,thusrelativelyeasiermaintenanceandlowercos

20、tforit.14振動(dòng)噪音Vibrationnoise動(dòng)力設(shè)備分布在客車車下，車內(nèi)振動(dòng)、噪音較大。Powerequipmentdistributedbelowdeck,thuslargervibrationandnoiseincompartment.動(dòng)力設(shè)備集中布置在機(jī)車，車廂內(nèi)振動(dòng)、噪聲較小。Powerequipmentcentralizedinlocomotive,thuslowervibrationandnoiseincompartment.按照上述比較，不難看出，在高速客運(yùn)方面，動(dòng)力分散型動(dòng)車組比動(dòng)力集中型動(dòng)車組具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。目前，世界上高速客運(yùn)動(dòng)車組趨向于采用動(dòng)力分散型。法國(guó)高速動(dòng)車組TGV為動(dòng)力集中型，下一代AGV已改用動(dòng)力分散型。德國(guó)高速動(dòng)車組ICE1/2為動(dòng)力集中型,動(dòng)車最大軸重達(dá)到噸，DB運(yùn)營(yíng)數(shù)年后發(fā)覺軌道變形頻率加速，道昨粉碎現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)峻，后來(lái)改用動(dòng)力分散的ICE3,最大軸重減至16噸以下,才大體控制住了對(duì)軌道的破壞作用。日本高速動(dòng)車組一直就是動(dòng)力分散型為主。Withtheabove-mentionedcomparison,itisnotdifficulttocometotheconcl