U2語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)01

1、Chapter 2 ExercisesI. Define the following terms.1. Phonetics: The study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world ， s language2. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds3. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical p

2、roperties of the sounds produced in speech4. Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds5. Voiceless: When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds6. Voiced： Sounds

3、 produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds7. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.8. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols and the diacritics9. IPA: A standardized and internationally accep

4、ted system of phonic transcription, its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound10. Vowels: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels1

5、1. Consonants: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants12 Phonology: The study of sound system 一 the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fal1.13. Phonem

6、e: the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning14. Allophone: Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme15. Phone: A phonetic unit or segment It does not necessarily distinguish meaning It is a s

7、peech sound we use when speaking a language16. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.17. Suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur abo

8、ve the level or the segments are called suprasegmental features The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation and toneII. Indicate the following statements true or false.1. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. ( T )2. The unlimited range of sounds which are

9、meaningful in human communication and of interestto linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language(F )3. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language.( F )4. Only highly trained phoneticians can produce the same speech sounds(F )5. The vowel e can be described as front, semi-open

10、and unrounded(F )6. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels (T )7. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ( F )8. Phoneticians found that a dar

11、k 1 often occurs at the end of a word after a vowel orbefore a consonant and a clear 1J often occurs after a consonant(F )9. In En glish, p ill and bill are a mini mal p air, and so are p ill and till, pin and ping. ( T)10. The phon eme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they dist in

12、 guish meaning, therefore they ' re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )11. The seque ntial rules in En glish can apply to all the other Ian guages For exa mple, the velar n asal n ever occurs in in itial po siti on in En glish nor in Chin ese(F )12. Nasalizati on is not a phono logical

13、 feature in En glish, that is, it does not disti nguish meaning. (T)IIL Fill in each of the following blanks with one word.for some obvious1. The natural or primary medium of human language is reas on s. (s ound)2. and are the two media by natural languages as vehicles forcom muni catio n. ( sp eech

14、; writ ing )3. Phon etics looks at sounds from _(three)dist in ct, but related point of view4. Of the three bran ches of phon etics, the Ion gest established and un til recen tly the most highlydeveloped is. (articulatory phonetics )5. phon eticia ns try to describe the p hysical prop erties of the

15、stream of soundswhich asp eaker issues(Acoustic)6. is made ud of continuous bursts of sounds(Speech)arethe n asal cavity)8. The first point where sound modificati on may occur is . (glottis)9. Vowels may be disti nguished as10. If, i n making a vowel sound, the orga ns of sp eech rema in in one po s

16、iti on without movingto ano ther, the result is a If the orga ns of sp eech start in the po siti on for onevowel and the n immediately glide to the po siti on of ano ther, the resuIt is a_ (monop hth ong;dip hth ong)and11. All English sound except m, Ln, are made with the palate (raised)12. I PA ind

17、icates (International Phonetic Alphabet)13. An in itial classificatio n will divide the sp eech sounds into two broad categories: (vowels, consonan ts)14. The basic un it in phono logy is _. ( phon eme)(slashes, squareof the /p/15. Conven ti on ally, a phon eme is put in while phones are put in brac

18、kets)16. An aspirated p; an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are (all ophon es; phon eme)17.The all ophones of the same phon emeare said to be in18. In English, there are two kinds of stress They are sentence stressthan the word in19. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rat

19、herisolation, they are collectively known as .( intonation)(the falli ng20. En glish has 4 basic types of inton ati ons, they are tone; the rising tone; the fall -rise tone; the rise -fall tone)distribution.(complementary) _ andIV. In each of the following Questions, there are four choices. Decide w

20、hich one would be the best answer to the question or best com pl ete the sentence.1. The principal source of the modificatio n of the air stream is.A.ton gueBp alateC.tee thD.velum2. The p harynxrefers tothe space of cavity bet wee n the lary nx and the end of the A.ton gueBhard p alateC.soft p alat

21、eD.vocal cords3. A sound p roduced whe n the vocal cords are draw n wide p art, lett ing air go through withoutcaus ing vibrati on is said to be .A. resonantB voicelessC. voicedD. vowelA. p alatalsC. alveolarB den talsD. velars6. The sounds T j are the results of rais ing the front of the ton gue to

22、wards theA. hard p alateB. soft p alate4.The obstruct ioncreated betwee n the tip of the ton gue and the alveolar ridge resultsin thesou ndA.t a nd dB.k a nd 回c.p and bDT a nd 勿5.are sounds articulated by the back of the ton gue aga inst the soft p alate.D. velarC uvula7 When the obstructi on, compi

23、 ete at first, is released slowly with the friction result ing fromp artial obstruct ion, the sounds thus p roduced are A. affricatesB fricativesC liquidsD alveolar8. In the case of vowel soun ds, the _and the mouth cavities are cha nged by the sha pe and po siti on of the ton gue and lipsA. noseB l

24、ary nx C p hary nx D. uvular9. The phon eme is an abstract A. phonic B phono logicalC. phon etic D grammatical10. The sound /k/ and /g/ are sep arate A. all ophones B. phon ernesC morp hemesD allom(1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A7. A 8. C orPhsV. Answer the following questions in English.1. What is th

25、e differe nee betwee n a monop hth ong and a dip hth ong?A monop hth ong is one for which the orga ns of sp eech rema in in a give n po siti on for a period of time A diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of a deliberate glide The organs of speech starti ng in the p ositi on of one vowel and immedia

26、tely movi ng in the directio n of ano ther vowel, for exa mple: i：,i are monop htho ngs and ai, Lei are dip hth on gs.2. What is a consonant? How are they gen erally classified?A consonant is a speech sound where the air stream from the lungs is either compietely blocked, partially blocked or where the openings is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction. Consonants can be classified with reference to the manner of articulation, the place of articulatio n and abse nee of the vocal cord vibrati on.3. Explain with exa mples how bro