珍藏版英語(yǔ)翻譯方法【受益匪淺】

1、常用翻譯技巧總結(jié)個(gè)人認(rèn)為，翻譯題很重要！考研是個(gè)充實(shí)自己的過程，只要你還需要英語(yǔ)，就離不開翻譯，所以大家應(yīng)該引起足夠重視。首先個(gè)人推薦一本書，XDF唐靜老師的拆分與組合翻譯法，我聽過他的課，他的方法很實(shí)用，感覺很象下面介紹的第四種方法。翻譯題里考察三方面內(nèi)容：1、專有名詞(如operational research expert)、習(xí)慣用法(如depend on)及多義詞的翻譯(如school、set的多義)2、一般性翻譯技巧:包括詞義選擇，詞序調(diào)整，詞性轉(zhuǎn)換和增詞法等等3、具體句型(定從、狀從、主從、賓從、表從、同位從、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、并列、比較、倒裝、插入、被動(dòng)、否定等)其中2、3是大考點(diǎn)，具體

2、內(nèi)容可在論壇下XDF的翻譯筆記來(lái)看，在此不贅述。可看出，應(yīng)對(duì)翻譯題的主要武器是翻譯技巧，下面正式進(jìn)入正題(常用方法、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)譯法、形容詞譯法、舉例詳解)一、常用方法英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進(jìn)行英漢互譯時(shí)必然會(huì)遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導(dǎo)。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。這些技巧不但可以運(yùn)用于筆譯之中，也可以運(yùn)用于口譯過程中，而且應(yīng)該用得更加熟練。1增譯法：指根據(jù)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言不同的思維方式、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時(shí)增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所

3、包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句較多，而英語(yǔ)句子一般都要有主語(yǔ)，所以在翻譯漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句的時(shí)候，除了少數(shù)可用英語(yǔ)無(wú)主句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)，使句子完整。英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語(yǔ)中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說(shuō)到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時(shí)，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時(shí)又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。英語(yǔ)詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來(lái)表示，而漢語(yǔ)則往往通過上下文和語(yǔ)序來(lái)表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。英

4、語(yǔ)句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在翻譯時(shí)還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語(yǔ)和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語(yǔ)，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊ㄟ^增譯，一是保證譯文語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。如：(1) What about calling him right away?馬上給他打個(gè)電話，你覺得如何？ (增譯主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ))(2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)該有多好?。?增譯主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true實(shí)際情況恰好相反。(增譯名

5、詞)(4)就是法西斯國(guó)家本國(guó)的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)(5)只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增譯連詞)(6)這是我們兩國(guó)人民的又一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)。This is yet another common point between the pe

6、ople of our two countries.(增譯介詞)(7)在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國(guó)反對(duì)以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增譯暗含詞語(yǔ))(8)三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增譯注釋性詞語(yǔ))2.省譯法：這是與增譯法相對(duì)應(yīng)的

7、一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：(1) You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。(省譯物主代詞)(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。(省譯物主代詞)(3)中國(guó)政府歷來(lái)重視環(huán)境保護(hù)工作。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmenta

8、l protection. (省譯名詞)3轉(zhuǎn)換法：指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對(duì)原句中的詞類、句型和語(yǔ)態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說(shuō)，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞；把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語(yǔ)。在句子成分方面，把主語(yǔ)變成狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)；把謂語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)；把定語(yǔ)變成狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)；把賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)。在句型方面，把并列句變成復(fù)合句，把復(fù)合句變成并列句，把狀語(yǔ)從句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在語(yǔ)態(tài)方面，可以把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：(1)我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。Our institute is co-administr

9、ated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞)(2) Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子們看電視過多會(huì)大大地?fù)p壞視力。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞)(3)由于我們實(shí)行了改革開放政策，我國(guó)的綜合國(guó)力有了明顯的增強(qiáng)。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive nati

10、onal strength has greatly improved. (動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)(4) Im all for you opinion.我完全贊成你的意見。(介詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞)(5) The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革開放政策受到了全中國(guó)人民的擁護(hù)。(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)(6) In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，對(duì)人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評(píng)。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)

11、(7) In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些歐洲國(guó)家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會(huì)福利，如醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)等。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))(8)時(shí)間不早了，我們回去吧！We dont have much time left. Lets go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換)(9)學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and phy

12、sically. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞)4.拆句法和合并法(和唐靜老師的很想象)：這是兩種相對(duì)應(yīng)的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個(gè)長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個(gè)較短、較簡(jiǎn)單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個(gè)短句合并成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，一般用于漢譯英。漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)意合，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，因此簡(jiǎn)單句較多；英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)形合，結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴(yán)密，因此長(zhǎng)句較多。所以漢譯英時(shí)要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語(yǔ)從句、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語(yǔ)短句連成長(zhǎng)句；而英譯漢時(shí)又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結(jié)束處將長(zhǎng)句切斷，譯成漢語(yǔ)分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序，順譯全句，順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)短

13、句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。如：(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中國(guó)加強(qiáng)合作，符合美國(guó)的利益。 (在主謂連接處拆譯)(2) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感謝你們無(wú)與倫比的盛情款待。中國(guó)人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。(在定語(yǔ)從句前拆譯)(3) T

14、his is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britains membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account英聯(lián)邦各國(guó)尤其如此，它們認(rèn)為英國(guó)加入歐共體，將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。(在定語(yǔ)從句前拆譯)(4)中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。C

15、hina is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合譯)5.正譯法和反譯法：這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相同的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相反的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。正譯與反譯常常

16、具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語(yǔ)的思維方式和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此比較地道。如：(1)在美國(guó)，人人都能買到槍。In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正譯)In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反譯)(2)你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正譯)This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反譯)(3)他突然

17、想到了一個(gè)新主意。Suddenly he had a new idea. (正譯)He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正譯)A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反譯)(4)他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。He still could not understand me. (正譯)Still he failed to understand me. (反譯)(5)無(wú)論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正譯)She is an

18、ything but a bright student. (反譯)(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.請(qǐng)暫時(shí)扣下這份文件。(正譯)請(qǐng)暫時(shí)不要發(fā)這份文件。(反譯)二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)譯法英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用范圍極為廣泛,尤其是在科技英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)幾乎隨處可見,凡是在不必、不愿說(shuō)出或不知道主動(dòng)者的情況下均可使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因此,掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯方法,對(duì)于碩士研究生入學(xué)考試的復(fù)習(xí)與應(yīng)考是極為重要的,因?yàn)樵诖T士研究生入學(xué)考試中，英譯漢文章的內(nèi)容多以科普文章為主。在漢語(yǔ)中,也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),通常通過“把”或“被”等詞體現(xiàn)出來(lái),但它的使用范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小

19、于英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用范圍,因此英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在很多情況下都翻譯成主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),我們一般采取下列的方法:1.翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句。英語(yǔ)原文的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又可以進(jìn)一步分為幾種不同的情況。(1)英語(yǔ)原文中的主語(yǔ)在譯文中仍做主語(yǔ)。在采用此方法時(shí),我們往往在譯文中使用了“加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來(lái)”等詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)原文中的被動(dòng)含義。例如:例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它問題將簡(jiǎn)單地加以討論。例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on ea

20、rth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.換言之,礦物就是存在于地球上,但須經(jīng)過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。例3. Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能對(duì)健康、安全,甚至對(duì)生命本身構(gòu)成的危險(xiǎn)可以用一個(gè)詞

21、 - 輻射來(lái)概括。(2)將英語(yǔ)原文中的主語(yǔ)翻譯為賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞語(yǔ)(人們,大家等)作主語(yǔ)。例如:例1. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人會(huì)指出,無(wú)線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點(diǎn),但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動(dòng)、真實(shí)得多。例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current even

22、ts, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)人們常說(shuō),電視使人了解時(shí)事,熟悉政治領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展變化,并能源源不斷地為觀眾提供各種既有教育意義又有趣的節(jié)目。例3. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first

23、years largely determine his character and later personality.人們普遍認(rèn)為，孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來(lái)的人品。另外,下列的結(jié)構(gòu)也可以通過這一手段翻譯:It is asserted that 有人主張It is believed that 有人認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)認(rèn)為It is well known that 大家知道(眾所周知)It will be said 有人會(huì)說(shuō)It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)(3)將英語(yǔ)原文中的by, in, fo

24、r等做狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)翻譯成譯文的主語(yǔ),在此情況下,英語(yǔ)原文中的主語(yǔ)一般被翻譯成賓語(yǔ)。例如:例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種合適的燃料。例2. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí),這個(gè)組織拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利時(shí)人和法國(guó)人的生命為代價(jià)的。例3. And it is imagined

25、by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考題)許多人認(rèn)為,普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比,而且認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門的訓(xùn)練才能掌握。(4)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句。例如:例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people esp

26、ecially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.應(yīng)該盡最大努力告? nbsp|年輕人吸煙的危害,特別是吸上煙癮后的可怕后果。(82年考題)例2. By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通過這種方法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不同種類的蜂蜜的抗菌活動(dòng)對(duì)熱的敏感程度也極為不同。例4. Many strange new means of transport have bee

27、n developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我們這個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)研制了許多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也許就是氣墊船了。例5. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time.必須找到新的能源，這需要時(shí)間(91年考題)另外,下列結(jié)構(gòu)也可以通過這一手段翻譯:It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)It is supposed that 據(jù)

28、推測(cè)It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)It must be admitted that 必須承認(rèn)It must be pointed out that 必須指出It will be seen from this that 由此可見(5)翻譯成帶表語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句。例如:例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易作出的。例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain de

29、gree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考題)總的來(lái)說(shuō),得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的,但必須具備兩個(gè)條件:能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一個(gè)孩子的態(tài)

30、度相同;他也沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。(注意上述翻譯技巧在該句翻譯中的綜合運(yùn)用。)2.譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中的許多被動(dòng)句可以翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句。常用“被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”等表示。例如:例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人類引燃的。例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions

31、in outer space.這些訊號(hào)是由外層空間的星球碰撞或者核反應(yīng)所造成的。例3. Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光”實(shí)際上是由許多種顏色組成的。例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流體在管道

32、中流動(dòng)的情況,受到諸如流體粘度、泵送速度等各種因素的影響。例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.它們可能一直是地球行星的一部分大氣的來(lái)源。它們還被認(rèn)為是構(gòu)成外部行星以及其衛(wèi)星的一種類似微星的基礎(chǔ)材料。例6. Over

33、the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考題)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。例7. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technolog

34、y or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考題)政府是以減少技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入,還是相反,這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)的力量。例8. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate o

35、f use.石油的供應(yīng)可能隨時(shí)會(huì)被中斷；不管怎樣，以目前的這種消費(fèi)速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都會(huì)枯竭。三、形容詞譯法英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣有很多差異之處，翻譯時(shí)往往能死扣原文逐詞逐句譯出。下面擬談?wù)勑稳菰~的翻譯問題。(一)、一些原義并無(wú)否定意思的形容詞和別的詞搭配，有時(shí)可譯成否定句。1.These goods are in short supply.這些貨物供應(yīng)不足。2.This equation is far from being complicated.這個(gè)方程一定也不復(fù)雜。(二)、為了使譯文自然流暢，讀起來(lái)順口，在一些形容詞前可根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容加上副詞“很”、“最”等字。1.I

36、t was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.這是我度過最愉快的一天。2.It is easy to compress a gas.氣體很容易壓縮。(三)、有時(shí)可將英語(yǔ)的“形容詞+名詞短語(yǔ)”譯成漢語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。1.She spoke in a high voice.她講話聲音很尖。2.This engine develops a high torque.這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩很大。(四)、如果一個(gè)名詞前有幾個(gè)形容詞修飾，英譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣決定其順序。1.a large brick conference hall一個(gè)用磚砌的大會(huì)議廳2.a plasti

37、c garden chair一把在花園里用的塑料椅子(五)、英語(yǔ)中一些表示知覺、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，同連系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，翻譯時(shí)可將形容詞譯成動(dòng)詞。1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.類似的批評(píng)在他后來(lái)寫的評(píng)論美國(guó)的文章中屢見不鮮。3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he ha

38、s undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他誠(chéng)懇地懺悔過去，并保證永遠(yuǎn)不再玩汽車。(六)、由于語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣不同，英語(yǔ)里的形容詞有時(shí)譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞。1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要對(duì)每一個(gè)人都親切、溫順、和善。2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他詳盡地問起我自己和我家里的情況。3.Another war will be the absolute end of our coun

39、try.再來(lái)一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將徹底毀滅我們這個(gè)國(guó)家。從以上幾個(gè)方面可以看出，譯好形容詞是使譯文通順、流暢的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)四、舉例before和good具體譯法(一)連詞before的含義是“在以前”(previous to the time when)。在句法上，它引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。可見它的詞義頗為單純，功能比較專一。然而，由于漢英表達(dá)習(xí)慣的不同，在將before漢譯時(shí)，其譯法卻多種多樣。常見的有以下幾種：1，直譯成“(在)(以或之)前”。這時(shí)主句與before從句中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作按時(shí)間先后依次發(fā)生。Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.在討論這一問題之前，我有些話要說(shuō)。They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated.他們家鄉(xiāng)解放前生活很苦。2，譯成“(后)才”。副詞“才”在漢語(yǔ)中表示某事發(fā)生得晚或慢。如果在含有before從句的復(fù)合句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生得晚或慢時(shí)，就可以應(yīng)用這種譯法。這里又有兩種情況，一種是主句主語(yǔ)為名詞或代詞，另一種是主語(yǔ)與非人稱it。The train had