高考英語(yǔ)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別

1、高考英語(yǔ)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)與作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用不定式(未來或全過程)或現(xiàn)在分詞(正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài))；當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)與作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞在邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用過去分詞?，F(xiàn)根據(jù)不同動(dòng)詞的不同用法分述如下，請(qǐng)?jiān)谙铝懈骼渲凶屑?xì)體會(huì)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。通常用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, f

2、orbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer等表示勸請(qǐng)、要求類動(dòng)詞后，用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。如：1. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (北京卷) A. for me takingB. me taking C. for me to takeD. me to take 【分析】答案選D。encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵(lì)某人做某事。2. The teache

3、r asked us _ so much noise. (北京卷)A. dont makeB. not makeC. not makingD. not to make【分析】答案選D。即ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事。3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (全國(guó)卷)A. not toB. not to do C. not do itD. do not do【分析】答案選A。tell sb. (not) to do sth. ,排除C和D；當(dāng)不

4、定式的動(dòng)詞是前面己出現(xiàn)過的相同的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，通常省略to后的內(nèi)容，只保留to。4. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. (全國(guó)卷)A. to eat notB. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating【分析】答案選C。本句是warn sb. not to do sth. (警告某人不做某事)的被動(dòng)式。注：在help后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式帶不帶to均可；在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. want, wis

5、h等后接to be done作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，to be可省略，直接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如：When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么時(shí)候完成？在使役動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to在使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have后，一般用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但在其被動(dòng)式后作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要加上to。如：1. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister. A. cry, to cryB. crying, cryingC. cry, cryD.

6、to cry, cry【分析】答案選A。在make sb. 后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to，但在被動(dòng)式中加to。2. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. (全國(guó)卷)A. learnB. to learn C. learnedD. learning【分析】答案選B。be made后作主補(bǔ)的不定式要加to。在感官動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式感官動(dòng)詞feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的賓語(yǔ)與作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用不帶to的(在被動(dòng)式后作主補(bǔ)時(shí)要加

7、to)不定式(全過程)或者現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)(正在發(fā)生)，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系是時(shí)，用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如：1. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. (全國(guó)卷)A. growB. grewC. was growingD. to grow【分析】答案選A。作賓補(bǔ)不能用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，排除B和C；感觀動(dòng)詞see后要用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示整個(gè)過程，排除D。2. The missing boy were last seen _ near the river. (全國(guó)卷)A. playingB. to be playing C

8、. playD. to play【分析】答案選A。指片斷，看到時(shí)，他正在河邊玩，而不是玩的整個(gè)過程。句意為：人們最后一次看到那個(gè)失蹤的男孩的時(shí)候，他在河邊玩。3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. (全國(guó)卷)A. carried outB. carrying out C. carry outD. to carry out【分析】答案選A。句中that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，它代表the plan并在從句中作see的賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)that(the plan)與賓補(bǔ)carry out是被動(dòng)

9、關(guān)系，因此，用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，即see the plan carried out the next year. 在介詞with后作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式在with的賓語(yǔ)后，若用過去分詞，表示賓語(yǔ)與過去分詞在邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且意味著該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或；若用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示賓語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行；若用帶to的不定式，則表示將來的動(dòng)作，賓語(yǔ)與不定式在邏輯上可以是主動(dòng)關(guān)系也可以是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，注意此時(shí)的不定式不是作賓補(bǔ)而是作賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)了。如：1. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. (全國(guó)

10、卷)A. being tiedB. having tied C. to be tiedD. tied【分析】答案選D。his hand與tie是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且?guī)нM(jìn)時(shí)應(yīng)己捆綁好了，表示“被動(dòng)、完成”用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。2. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (上海春)A. settledB. settingC. to settleD. being settled【分析】答案選C。由語(yǔ)境可知，問題還沒有解決，用不定式指將來的動(dòng)作。3. Peter soon fel

11、l asleep with the light still burning. 彼得很快睡著了，燈仍然亮著。(burning表示持續(xù)進(jìn)行)其賓語(yǔ)后可用分詞或不定式的4個(gè)動(dòng)詞在leave, want, get, have等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面可接現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或動(dòng)詞不定式?，F(xiàn)分述如下：leavedoing讓一直(主動(dòng)、持續(xù)進(jìn)行)；leaveto do讓去做(主動(dòng)、將來)；leavedone(被動(dòng))。如： Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. (天津卷)A. runB. running C. being runD. to run【分析】答

12、案選B。the water與run是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，又表示持續(xù)進(jìn)行，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。另外，請(qǐng)比較：leave the door firmly fastened讓門緊閉著; leave her to do as she likes讓她去做她喜歡做的事。want sb. doing希望某人做某事(多用于否定)；want sb. to do要某人做某事；want sth. done=want sth. to be done(被動(dòng))。如：I dont want you arriving late. 我希望你不要遲到。(主動(dòng)、否定句)I want the letter (to be) opened now.

13、 我現(xiàn)在就想把這封信拆開。(被動(dòng))get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事(主動(dòng)、將來); getdoing使處于某一狀態(tài)中(主動(dòng)、持續(xù)); getdone=have sth. done請(qǐng)人做 / 遭受(被動(dòng))。如：Ill try to get her _ the doctor. (上海卷)A. seeB. seeingC. to seeD. for seeing【分析】答案選C。get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事。請(qǐng)比較：get the children talking讓孩子說起話來；get the computer repaired將電腦送去修理；get his

14、wrist broken折斷了手腕。have sth. done=get sth. done請(qǐng)人做某事; have sb / sth. doing sth. 使某人 / 某物一直做某事或者處于某種狀態(tài)；have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事(見使役動(dòng)詞)；have sth. to do有事要做(見非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)部分)。如：1. She had her audience listening attentively. 他使觀眾聽得入神。2. He didnt keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch _.

15、(上海卷)A. to repairB. repaired C. repairingD. repair【分析】答案選B。his watch與repair是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)?？捎梅衷~但不用to do作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的5個(gè)動(dòng)詞keep, find等后可用現(xiàn)在分詞(主動(dòng))或過去分詞(被動(dòng))作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，一般不用to do。在catch(撞見), smell(聞到), start(使)等后通常只接現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，不用不定式或過去分詞。如：1. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ all night. (全國(guó)卷)A. to burnB. burntC. burnin

16、gD. burned【分析】答案選C。keepdoing讓一直保持某種狀態(tài)：讓那盆火整夜燃著。 2. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. (全國(guó)卷)A. smokeB. smokingC. to smokeD. smoked【分析】答案選B。find后一般不能用to do作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。he與smoke是主動(dòng)的，用ing形式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。3. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (安徽卷)A.

17、 putB. to be puttingC. to putD. putting【分析】答案選D。后通常只接現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，catch sb. doing sth. 撞見某人在做某事。4. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off. (全國(guó)卷)A. to have stolenB. to be stealing C. to stealD. stealing【分析】答案選D。caught stealing=who was caught stealing，本句相當(dāng)于：The salesman caught the girl stea

18、ling. He scolded her and then let her off. 可用to be或to have done作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的9個(gè)動(dòng)詞在表示“認(rèn)為”的think, consider, believe, suppose, prove, find, understand, judge, imagine等動(dòng)詞后，可跟to be作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(認(rèn)為是)，一般不跟to do；但在think, consider, believe等之后可跟to have done作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(認(rèn)為做了)。如：Charles Babage is generally considered _ the first computer.

19、(全國(guó)卷)A. to have inventedB. inventing C. to inventD. having invented【分析】答案選A。本題是consider sb. to have done的被動(dòng)式。make oneself 后常用understood等過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)make oneself understood / heard / seen / known讓別人明白自己的意思 / 讓自己講的話被別人聽到 / 讓自己被別人看到 / 讓自己被別人認(rèn)識(shí)。如：1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself

20、 _. (全國(guó)卷)A. hearB. to hear C. hearingD. heard【分析】答案選D。make himself heard讓他講的話被別人聽到。2. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. (廣西卷)A. making herself hearB. to make herself hearC. making herself heardD. to make herself heard【分析】答案選D。使自己講的話被別有聽到，用make oneself heard，排除A和B；作目的狀語(yǔ)用不定式，排除C。 在be said / reported等后用不定式在be said, be reported, be believed, be supposed, be thought等后面，以及要求接不定式。1. He was reported to have broken the world record. 據(jù)報(bào)