引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

1、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:連詞（5個(gè)）：that （賓語從句或表語從句中"that"有時(shí)可以省略）whether,if（均表示 是否"表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示 好像”似乎”以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分連接代詞 （10 個(gè)） : what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose,whosever, which, whichever連接畐y詞 （7 個(gè)） : when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however不可省略的

2、連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞。2. 引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chose n made us very happy.We heard the n ews that our team had won.3. 在從句中做成分的連詞比較whether與if均為”是否"的意思。但在下列情況下，只可用 whether :1. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首。eg:Whether he can come to the p arty on time depends on the traffic.2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句。eg:The questi on is whe

3、ther we can get in touch with her.3. whether從句作介詞賓語。eg:I am thinking about whether I should quit my p rese nt job.4.if與whether都可以與or not連用，但后面緊跟or not時(shí)只能用 whether。We did n't know whether or not she was ready.（此時(shí)只能用 whether ）I won der whether/if the n ews is true or not.（此時(shí)則二者都可以用）5. 引導(dǎo)主語從句。it充當(dāng)形

4、式主語。Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句都可以置于句末，用It is not imp orta nt who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.6. 引導(dǎo)同位語從句主語從句主語從句通常由下列詞引導(dǎo):1）從屬連詞 that， whether,if 等；2）連接代詞 what，who，which，whatever ， whoever， whom 等;3）連接副詞 how，when，where， why 等。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接

5、副詞都在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)主語的成分。注：whom、who指人，what指物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意義。例如:What he wan ts to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。英語晚會(huì)將在It is kn ow n to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the En glish evening will be held has n

6、ot yet bee n announ ced.哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：(1) It be+ 名詞 + that 從句It's a great p ity( that)they did n't get married.他們沒能結(jié)婚，真是令人惋惜。It's a good thing （that） you were insured. 你保了險(xiǎn)，這可是件好事。（2） It be + 形容詞 + that從句It's splen

7、did that you p assed your exam. 你通過考試了，真棒。It's stra nge that there are no lights on. 真奇怪，沒有一盞燈是開著的。（3）It be +動(dòng)詞的過去 分詞+主語從句I am delighted that you p assed your exam. 你通過考試了，我很高興。rm afraid that I can't come till n ext week.恐怕我下星期才能來。（4） It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that從句另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要 用虛

8、擬語氣“ （should） +do，”常用的句型有：It is n ecessary (imp orta nt, n atural, stra nge, etc.) thatetc.) thatIt is suggested (requested, prop osed, desired,(5) it seems/ha ppen s+that從句眾所周知的幾種表達(dá)方式(1) It is known to us that.(2) As is known to us.(3) what is known to us is that.it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who

9、+句子其它部分。eg:My father did the exp erime nt in the lab yesterday evening. 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It was my father who did the exp erime nt in the lab yesterday evening.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語:It was the exp erime nt my father did in the lab yesterday evening.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間:It was yesterday eve ning that my father did the exp erime nt in the lab.(意

10、不用when)強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn):It was in the lab that my father did the exp erime nt yesterday eve ning.賓語從句名詞從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體 中常被省去，但如果從句是并列句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。He has told me that he will go to Shan ghai tomor

11、row.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must n ever think (that) we are good in everyth ing while others are good innothi ng.我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。注意： 在 dema nd、order、suggest、decide、in sist, desire, request, comma nd, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語從句常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。I in sist that she (should) do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自

12、己工作。The comma nder ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。2.用 who , whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever,whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。 我想知道他告訴了你什么。她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。I want to know what he has told you.She always thi nks of how she can work we

13、ll.She will give whoever n eeds help a warm support.的支持。凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情3.可運(yùn)用it做形式賓語。.動(dòng)詞 make, find ,think,feel,consider,believe等后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候，則需要用it做形式賓語，而將 that賓語從句后置，結(jié)構(gòu)：S.+vt+it+adj./n.+oc(賓語補(bǔ)足語)。我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是I thi nk it n ecessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.有必要的。I feel it a pity that I

14、 have n't been to the get-together.我沒去聚餐，感覺非常遺憾。.有些動(dòng)詞帶賓語從句時(shí)需要在賓語與從句前加it，這類動(dòng)詞主要是：hate,take,owe,have,see toI hate it whe n they with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時(shí)說話。We take it that you will agree with us.我們認(rèn)為你會(huì)同意我們的。He will have it that our plan is really pratical.他認(rèn)為我們的計(jì)劃確實(shí)可行。4.用whether或if

15、引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if在作是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：whether引導(dǎo)主語從句在句首時(shí);Whether there is life on the moon is an in terest ing questi on.有趣的問題。月球上有沒有生命是個(gè)Whether he can come to the p arty on time depends on the traffic.對得看交通情況。他能否準(zhǔn)時(shí)參加派作。賓語從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether ；Whether this i

16、s true or n ot, I really don't know. 這是否真實(shí)，我也不知道。引導(dǎo)表語從句，只能用 whether ；The questi on is whether we can get in touch with her.引導(dǎo)介詞賓語時(shí)，只能用whether ；His father is worried about whether he lose his work.rm thinking about whether I should quit my p rese nt job.在的工作。Everyth ing depends on whether we have

17、 eno ugh money.錢。if與whether都可以與or not連用，但后面緊跟著We did n't know whether or not she was ready.I won der whether/if the n ews is true or not.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，用whether ；問題是我們是否能聯(lián)系上她。他的父親擔(dān)心他是否會(huì)失去工我正在考慮我是否應(yīng)該辭去現(xiàn)一切要看我們是否有足夠的or not 時(shí)只能用 whether ；（此時(shí)只能用 whether）（此時(shí)則二者都可以用）Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?I

18、 can't decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用whether ；你能否告訴我是去還是留?Could you tell me if you know the an swer ?這句話有兩種意思：你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎？”或如果你知道答案，請告訴我,好嗎？ ”。如用whether可避免歧義.whether可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。The questi on whether we should call in a sp ecialist was an swered by the family doctor.我們是否請

19、專家由家庭醫(yī)生來定。5.注意賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn) 而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況,I know (that) he studies En glish every day.（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）I know (that) he has studied En glish si nee 1998.當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)(could, would除外)I know (that) he studied En glish last term.I know (that) he will study En glish n ext year.（從句用一般過去時(shí)）（從句用一般將來時(shí)）（從

20、句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則 從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。The teacher told us that Tom had left us for AmericaAll of us know that the moon moves round the earth.6. thi nk, believe, imagi ne, supp ose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲?。We do n t think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不

21、在這。I don t believe he will do so.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。表語從句在復(fù)合句中，位于 系動(dòng)詞之后作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引 導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 +聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞+ that從句1. that引導(dǎo)表語從句，無詞義，只起連接作用，不可省。等。2. 聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞可為 be,look,seem,so un d,a pp ear等,3. 主語可為名詞 fact,truth,cause,question,explanation,trouble,assumption,belief 代詞 this,t

22、hat,these,it 等。The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That' s just what I want.這正是我想要的。This is where our p roblem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。That is why he didn t come to the meeting那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。Raw material is what we are badly in n eed of.原材料是我們所

23、急需的。Chi na is not what it used to be.中國已不是過去的中國了?！咀⒁狻?.當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí)，表語從句要用 that引導(dǎo)而不是because。The reas on why he was late was that he missed the train by one mi nute this morni ng.2. whether可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。3. That is why譯為 這就是的原因/因此”。其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中做表語，該句型通常用于針對前面已經(jīng)說過的原因 進(jìn)行總結(jié)。That is why

24、you see this woma n before you know.這就是現(xiàn)在這位女士出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。That is why I came.這就是我來的原因。區(qū)別：That is why 與That is the reason why同義，只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講，前者中的why引導(dǎo)表語從句，后者中的why引導(dǎo)定語從句。That is (the reason ) why I cannot agree.這就是我不能同意的理由。That is because句型中從屬連詞 because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此做表語，意為 這就是為什么/因?yàn)椤?。That is because指原因或理由。That

25、 is why指由于各種原因所造成的后果。他以前曾看過那He did n not see the film last ni ght. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨晚他沒有去看電影，那是因?yàn)樗脦椭拿妹米鲎鳂I(yè)。(第一句話說明 結(jié)果，第二句話說明原因)He had see n the film before. That is why he did not see it last ni ght.部電影，因此他昨晚沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因，第二句話說明結(jié)果)同位語從句同位語從句說明其前面

26、的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位The n ews that we won the game is excit ing.I have no idea whe n he will come back home.語從句的名詞有 advice、dema nd、doubt、fact、hope、idea、in formati on、message、n ews、 order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word 等。例如： 我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。他想到可能瑪麗生病了。我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來

27、。The thought came to him that Mary had p robably falle n ill.同位語從句和 定語從句的區(qū)別：that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略; that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個(gè)例句：I had no idea that you were here .（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea （that） this book gives you of life in ancient Greece ? （t

28、hat引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）名詞性that-從句(1)由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主語、作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性 賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語，例如：她還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。主語： That she is still alive is her luck.約翰說他星期三要賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.到倫敦去。事實(shí)是近來誰也沒有見過他。表語： The fact is that he has not b

29、een seen recently.同位語： The fact that he has not bee n see n recen tly disturbs every one in his office. 近來誰也沒有見過他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對工作滿意我感到很高興。2) That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如： 很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要It is quite clear that the whole p roject is doomed t

30、o failure.失敗。It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is nec essary thatIt is imp orta nt that重要的是It is obvious that很明顯有必要b. It + be + -ed 分詞 + that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that眾所周知It has bee n decided that已決

31、定c. It + be + 名詞 + that-從句It is com mon kno wledge that 令人驚奇的是是常識It is a surp rise thatIt is a fact that事實(shí)是d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-從句It app ears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起名詞性wh-從句1 )由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose,whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞禾 R wh

32、ere, whe n, how, why 等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語、賓語補(bǔ)語和間接賓語等，例如：書銷售如何取決于作者本人。在自己家里可以隨心所欲。主語： How the book will sell depends on its author. 直接賓語：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 間接賓語： The club will give whoever wins a p rize.俱樂部將給得勝者設(shè)獎(jiǎng)。表語： My questi on is who will take over

33、p reside nt of the Foun dati on.誰將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。我的冋題是賓語補(bǔ)足語： She will n ame him whatever she wa nts to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位語： I have no idea whe n he will return.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。形容詞賓語：I'm not sure why she refused their in vitati on.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請。介詞賓語：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?)Wh-從

34、句作主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將 wh-從句置于句末，例如:It is not yet decided who will do that job. 還沒決定誰做這項(xiàng)工作。It rema ins unknown whe n they are going to get married.他們何時(shí)結(jié)婚依然不明。if, whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞從句1)yes-no型疑問從句從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，因此也 分別被稱為主語:yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同， 例如:這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有待Whether t

35、he plan is feasible remai ns to be proved.證實(shí)。賓語:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫完。請讓我們知表語： The point is whether we should lend him the money.借錢給他。問題在于我們是否應(yīng)該同位語：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.查他是否值得信賴。他們調(diào)形容詞賓語：She

36、9;s doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來。介詞賓語：I worry about whether he can p ass through the crisis of his ill ness.心他是否能度過疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。我擔(dān)2 )選擇性疑問從句選擇性疑問從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whetheror或whetheror not構(gòu)成，例如:PI ease tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.丹麥人。請告訴我他們是瑞典人還是I don't care whether y

37、ou like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜歡該計(jì)劃。if和whether的區(qū)別:在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用 whether 。如：例8 lean這t decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。or not的固定搭配中。如：1、2、在 whether例9 I want to know whether it 這s good news or not我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介詞后，只能用 whether。如：例 10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work .他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。4

38、、賓語從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用 whether 。如:Whether this is true or not, I really don這是否真的，我真的不知道。（例 11 Whether they can fin ish the work on time is still a p roblem .他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問題。-此例為主語從句，有誤，感謝指出）5、用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用 whether。如：例 12 Could you tell me if you know the an swer ?這句話有兩種意思：你能告訴 我是否知道答案嗎？”或如果你知 道答案，請告 訴

39、我,好嗎？ ”如用whether可避免歧義。否定轉(zhuǎn)移1）將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識你。I do n' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：若謂語動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。I hope you were n't ill.2）將 seem, appear我想你沒有生病吧。等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。It

40、 does n't seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。It does n't app ear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。3）有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷χ^語動(dòng)詞的否定。I don't remember havi ng ever see n such a man.我記得從未見過這樣一個(gè)人。（not否定動(dòng)名詞短語hav ing）It's not a p lace where anyone would expec

41、t to see stra nge characters on the street. 在這里，人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。（anyone作主語，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。4）有時(shí)狀語或狀語從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動(dòng)詞前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.（否定狀語） 螞蟻不只是為自己采食。否定 becauseHe was not ready to believe someth ing just because Aristotle said so.（ 狀語）他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。She had not

42、 bee n married many weeks whe n that man's youn ger brother saw herand was struck by her beauty.(否定狀語 many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)星期，這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見她了，并對她的美貌著了迷。執(zhí)占八、八、1.is a fact that En glish is being acce pted as an intern atio nal la nguage. (NMET 1995)A. There B. This C. That D. Itit作形式主語置于答案D。當(dāng)名詞從句在句中作主語時(shí)

43、，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用句首，而將真正的主語從句放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無實(shí)義。此句也可以改寫為： That En glish is being acce pted as an intern ati on al la nguage is a fact.(NMET2001 )2. A computer can only doyou have instructed it to doA. how B . after C . what D . whenwhat。答案C。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子的空白處應(yīng)該填引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞，做主句謂語動(dòng) 詞do的賓語，同時(shí)該連接詞還是從句中的do的賓語

44、，因此，此處的連接詞應(yīng)該用3. He askedfor a violin .( MET1992 )A. did I pay how much B. I p aid how muchC. how much did I pay D. how much I p aid答案：D。賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，句子語序要用陳述語序。4. What the doctors really doubt ismy mother will recover from the seriousdisease soon .(上海 2001年春季招生)A. whe n B. how C. whether D. why答案C。這

45、是一個(gè)表語從句。根據(jù)doubt 一詞可知，所懷疑的應(yīng)是是否能治好病,以要填whether。這句話的意思是醫(yī)生真的懷疑我媽媽是否能很快從重病中恢復(fù)過來。he or she wants.5. It is gen erally con sidered un wise to give a child (NMET1997)A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whe never答案B。根據(jù)句意一般認(rèn)為孩子要什么就給什么是不好的?！笨梢钥闯龊竺娴膹木鋺?yīng)是一個(gè)賓語從句，而從句中wants缺少賓語，A. however 和D. whenever是不能作賓語的;6.排除A

46、和D，whichever表示無論哪一個(gè)，無論哪些 ”，應(yīng)表示一定范圍內(nèi)的人或物，此處 沒有涉及事物的范圍，所以應(yīng)選B . whatever，表示無論什么”。leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who答案C。本題句子的意思是：無論誰最后離開房間一定要把燈關(guān)掉。本題考查連接詞whoever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，連接代詞whoever可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，并在從句中作主語，相當(dāng)于 any person who 或 The person who, 意為 一切的人”。而 anyone 禾R theperson均非連詞，不能引導(dǎo)從句，況 who leaves the