同義替換：閱讀理解正確答案的最明顯特征

1、研習(xí)專頁高考英語閱讀理解正確答案的最明顯特征：同義轉(zhuǎn)化 同義轉(zhuǎn)化是高考英語閱讀理解正確答案的最強特征，這種同義轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)聯(lián)在傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解題型中是答對每一道題目的關(guān)鍵，所以考生應(yīng)花相當(dāng)?shù)木Ψe累同義詞匯、表達，對于高考閱讀獲取高分具有舉足輕重的意義。同義轉(zhuǎn)化實則是英語語篇的一種語言特征和規(guī)律即語言復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象。它廣泛地體現(xiàn)在英語語篇中的各個角落如語篇中的同義結(jié)構(gòu)（詳見本書P22頁的“同義、反義結(jié)構(gòu)示例”部分）、題干和原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系、正確答案和原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系。甚至?xí)姹磉_部分也要用到“同義轉(zhuǎn)化”，書面表達有一條重要的評分細則就是語言的多樣化和豐富性，實際上就是“同義轉(zhuǎn)化”的體現(xiàn)。以下我們專門輯錄

2、了2014年高考英語閱讀理解真題原文與題干+正確選項構(gòu)成同義轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系的實例，供大家慢慢體會。（注：囿于圖書篇幅限制，僅列舉很小一部分以饗讀者。）1. 原文：In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizationsUNESCO and National Geographic among themhave for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.（2014新課標(biāo)全國卷D篇）題干+正確選

3、項：Many scholars are making efforts to rescue disappearing languages.（2014新課標(biāo)全國卷32）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Many scholars=scholars；making efforts to=In an effort to；rescue=prevent、documenting；disappearing languages=language loss、dying languages；are making（現(xiàn)在進行時）時態(tài)對應(yīng)have. been documenting（現(xiàn)在完成進行時）2. 原文：The behaviour of a

4、 buildings users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). But this report shows that sustainable building design on its ownthough extremely importantis not enough to achieve such reductions: the beha

5、viour of the people using the building has to change too. （2014湖南卷C篇）題干+正確選項：As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of the behaviour of building users.（2014湖南卷66）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：energy use=energy use；the new research from UKERC=new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKE

6、RC)、this report；stresses=according to、shows；the importance= as important as；the behaviour of building users=The behaviour of a buildings users、the behaviour of the people using the building3. 原文：Feedback (反饋) facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by

7、 helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use.（2014湖南卷C篇）題干+正確選項：The information gap in energy use can be bridged by feedback facilities.（2014湖南卷69）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：The information gap=this information gap；energy use=energy use；can be bridged by（被動）=could help bridge（主動）；fee

8、dback facilities=Feedback facilities4. 原文：The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aidwe simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, res

9、ulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink. （2014重慶卷C篇）題干+正確選項：Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans have biological limitations.（2014重慶卷44）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Walking on water=walk on water；hasnt become a reality=prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing；humans=humans；biological limit

10、ations=biological facts5. 原文：Its generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. （2014重慶卷E篇）題干+正確選項：According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to determine ones behavior.（2014重慶卷52）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：personalities and attitudes=thei

11、r personalities and attitudes；are commonly believed to= Its generally believed that；determine ones behavior（determine暗示因果關(guān)系）=people act the way they do because of（because of暗示因果關(guān)系）6. 原文：All these, however, remains true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding ne

12、w and more efficient ways of doing things. （2014江西卷D篇）題干+正確選項：According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to accept technology and advance steadily. （2014江西卷70）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：progress=All these；benefit people=remains true .in so far as people；when=only；they are willing to=peopl

13、e want to；accept technology=accept technology；advance steadily=move forward7. 原文：As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe, few issues cause greater concern than energy policy. （2014福建卷E篇）題干+正確選項：We can learn from the first paragraph that energy policy catches much attention of the pub

14、lic. （2014福建卷72）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：energy policy=energy policy；catches much attention of the public=few issues cause greater concern（greater暗示比較級）8. 原文：Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables, nuclear and carbon, and that the country is committed to meeting EU ( European Union) targets for

15、 non-carbon energy generation. （2014福建卷E篇）題干+正確選項：Supporters think that the expansion of wind power agrees with EU targets for non-carbon energy generation. （2014福建卷73）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Supporters think that=Supporters insist that；the expansion of wind power=wind；agrees with=meeting；EU targets=EU ( European Unio

16、n) targets；for non-carbon energy generation=for non-carbon energy generation9. 原文：The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. （2014湖北卷C篇）題干+正確選項：Dr. Carters findings indicate that our culture might be formed through learning from each othe

17、r. （2014湖北卷62篇）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Dr. Carters findings=The findings；our culture=culture in societies；might be（暗示可能性語氣）=may（暗示可能性語氣）；be formed=the formation of；learning from each other= social learning10. 原文：If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue a

18、gainst copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.（2014安徽卷D篇）題干+正確選項：By “move things forward ” in the last paragraph, the author probably means “choose new architectural styles”. （2014安徽卷70）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：choose new architect

19、ural styles=argue against copying previous architectural styles、choose something fresh and different11. 原文：As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.（2014廣東卷D篇）題干+正確選項：Ebbesmeyer is most famous

20、 for phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea. （2014廣東卷44）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Ebbesmeyer is most famous for=Ebbesmeyer has become known as；phoning about= call with questions about；any doubtful objects=any unusual objects；on the sea=found floating in the ocean12. 原文：It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the

21、richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flowers, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.（2014天津卷D篇）題干+正確選項：The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that walking in nature helps enrich ones min

22、d. （2014天津卷53）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Henry Thoreau=Henry Thoreau；walking in nature=going on foot、walking；helps enrich ones mind=showed mankind the richness、learn.13. 原文：To reach our goal of losing weightthe output, we need to control what we eatthe input (輸入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to cont

23、rol the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. （2014北京卷C篇）題干+正確選項：The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because it is focused too much on the result. （2014北京卷63）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：setting weight loss as a goal=To reach our goal of losing weight；a mistake=a bad way to construct go

24、als；is focused too much on the result（too much暗示比較級）=we tend to care about the output but not to control the input（but not to暗示比較級）14. 原文： In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition depending on who needs it.（2014遼寧卷C篇）題干+正

25、確選項：The underlined sentence the opposite is true in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees depend on each other. （2014遼寧卷29）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：the opposite is true=the opposite is true；trees depend on each other=trees survive through their co-operation and support=passing around necessary nutrition depending on wh

26、o needs it15. 原文：But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued. （2014四川卷A篇）題干+正確選項：The volunteers primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities to realize their own importance. （2014四川卷33）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：The volunteers primary responsibility=your primary concern；is to=is to

27、；people with learning disabilities=them；realize their own importance=know they are valued16. 原文：Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else. （2014江蘇卷B篇）題干+正確選項：According to th

28、e passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to weighing the choice of opportunities. （2014江蘇卷58）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：the concept of “opportunity cost”=the concept of opportunity cost；is applied to=refers to；weighing the choice of opportunities（weighing暗示比較級）=whether. could be better.（be better暗示比較級）17.

29、原文：In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (決斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one persons awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. （2014江蘇卷C篇）題干+正確選項：The “du

30、els” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger is socially and culturally shaped. （2014江蘇卷61）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：The “duels” example=duels；the expression of anger=physical expressions of anger；socially and culturally shaped=are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated18. 原文：Some n

31、ights, in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte, and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening. It was not true, of co

32、urse; but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position. （2014浙江卷D篇）題干+正確選項：Sometimes the writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to experience more joy of achievement. （2014浙江卷59）對應(yīng)關(guān)系：Sometimes=Some nights；the writer stopped=I would stop；at the most exciting part of a story=a

33、t the most exciting part of a story；experience more joy of achievement（more暗示比較級）=taste my victory more completely（more暗示比較級）、make certain of my new-found power and position19. 原文：For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.（2014上海卷A篇）題干+正確選項：A plover protects its young from a predator by pretend