2009年高考英語第二輪熱點(diǎn)專題復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解

1、2009年高考英語第二輪熱點(diǎn)專題復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解考情動(dòng)態(tài)分析多年來閱讀理解一直是高考英語測試的重頭戲。近幾年的高考考試說明反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)：閱瀆是我國學(xué)生接觸英語的最主要途徑，也是高中外語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，在試卷設(shè)計(jì)和試題難度方面應(yīng)該予以重視。這一觀點(diǎn)在近幾年的高考試題中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。全卷l 50分，閱讀理解占40分，更何況其他題型如完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)甚至單項(xiàng)選擇等都是對(duì)閱讀理解能力的間接考查。沒有人會(huì)懷疑今后相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間內(nèi)閱讀理解能力仍將是高考考查的重點(diǎn)?？梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f，做好閱讀理解題，是獲得高考英語高分的關(guān)鍵！ 1高考對(duì)閱讀理解的要求 (1)考試大綱對(duì)閱讀理解的要求： 要求考生能讀懂一般性話題的簡短文

2、字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中的簡短文章?？忌鷳?yīng)能： 理解主旨大意； 尋找具體信息； 識(shí)別不同文體特征； 根據(jù)上下文提供的語境推測生詞詞義； 作出簡單的判斷和推理； 理解文章的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)； 把握作者的意圖和態(tài)度； 理解文章的文化信息。 (2)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)閱讀理解的目標(biāo)要求： 新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語言技能部分中對(duì)“讀”的八級(jí)目標(biāo)是這樣要求的： 能識(shí)別不同文體的特征； 能通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)理解難句和長旬； 能理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度； 能根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的需要從多種媒體中獲取信息并進(jìn)行加工處理； 能在教師的幫助下欣賞淺顯的英語文學(xué)作品； 除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)累計(jì)達(dá)到30萬詞以上。2近幾

3、年高考閱讀理解的題型設(shè)置、命題特點(diǎn)及預(yù)測 (1)題型設(shè)置閱讀理解是歷年高考英語的必考題型，在整個(gè)試卷中占的分值最大。一般是45篇短文，共20小題，每小題2分，滿分40分。閱讀理解的主要考查題型有：細(xì)節(jié)理解：主要考查對(duì)支持文章主題細(xì)節(jié)的理解，以考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。一篇文章必須通過許多細(xì)節(jié)的信息來解釋或表達(dá)主題，體現(xiàn)主題思想。弄懂這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文的作用是不容忽視的。因此要在閱讀時(shí)準(zhǔn)確把握所提供的信息。這類考題是比較直接的，理解字面意思就可答題，有時(shí)則是比較間接的要通過歸納、綜合才能得出答案。詞義理解：主要考查對(duì)文章中某些單詞或詞組的擴(kuò)展意義的理解，以考查考生根據(jù)上下文對(duì)詞義理解的能力。

4、此題型要求考生正確理解文章中個(gè)別關(guān)鍵詞句的含義其中有詞語替換或句型轉(zhuǎn)換的表層理解題也有聯(lián)系全文意義來判斷有關(guān)詞句含義及寓意的深層理解題。一般情況下考生認(rèn)真辨析各項(xiàng)含義后即可選出正確答案：但也有些試題要求聯(lián)系全文意思才能判斷其含義及寓意做題時(shí)耍反復(fù)推敲，特別要理解該詞在文章中前后句的意思。推理判斷：主要考查對(duì)文章某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或事實(shí)的延伸理解，以考查考生根據(jù)文章事實(shí)作出推理判斷的能力。此題型要求考生縱觀全文在匯集全文提供的各項(xiàng)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理判斷作者的意向人物的動(dòng)機(jī)、目的、性格特征事件的前因后果語言中的語氣等。此類題屬于深層理解題，要做好此類題必須透徹理解全文，認(rèn)真探究句意，注意邏輯關(guān)

5、系及有關(guān)的生活常識(shí)。每篇文章都有一定的寫作目的作者往往期待讀者瀆了文章后知道該怎樣去做某些事情或按某種方式去思考問題。這層意思通常并不是在文章中明確表達(dá)出來而是隱含在文章中?？忌谕^全文的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意對(duì)原文中沒有提及的情況進(jìn)行推理想像對(duì)題目中提出的各種可能性進(jìn)行推敲，從而得出與原文所給信息相吻合的、合乎邏輯的最佳答案。主旨大意：主要考查對(duì)文章的主題思想、大意的理解，以考查考生整體理解文章、把握文章主旨大意的能力。此題分為兩大類型：一類是要求考生在理解全文后歸納短文要點(diǎn)，概括中心思想。這時(shí)要特別注意文章的第一句或最后一句或者第一段。第一段往往是故事的梗概，表達(dá)了主題思想。另一類

6、是概括文章的話題或議題，即高度概括文章所涉及的中心內(nèi)容。話題往往可用很少幾個(gè)詞加以概括。困難的是有時(shí)為了行文需要，可能涉及數(shù)個(gè)話題。這時(shí)要注意分析比較，弄清哪是最重要的中心話題，哪是次要話題。圖形識(shí)別：主要考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)地圖、圖表的理解，以考查對(duì)圖形的理解能力。 (2)命題特點(diǎn)閱讀材料的選擇貼近生活，廣泛多樣近六年閱讀短文題材一覽表(以全國卷I為例)ABCDE03科普類新聞報(bào)道廣告類人物類文化類04史地類科普類廣告類文化類科普類05(I)廣告類故事類哲理類科普類文化類06(I)文化類文化類廣告類社會(huì)類哲理類07(I)哲理類文化類廣告類社會(huì)類哲理類08(I)故事類科普類科普類廣告類社會(huì)類 從

7、短文的選材上看，文章的內(nèi)容都非常貼近生活，非?，F(xiàn)代，重視實(shí)用，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)代氣息。重視語言文化背景，所涉及的內(nèi)容非常廣泛，有一定的知識(shí)性、趣味性和思想性，體裁多樣。重在語言知識(shí)的實(shí)際的應(yīng)用。近五六閱讀理解試題詞匯量的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)：高考年份總詞量短文詞量試題詞量讀速要求NMET20032193145473962.7NMET20042354156379168NMET2005(I)2273139088364.9NMET2006(I)1995132566856.94NMET2007(I)2000140259857.3NMET2008(I)2095139170459.9從上表可以看出，高考閱讀量與閱讀速度近五

8、年來保持基本穩(wěn)定，基本上符合全日制普通高級(jí)中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱上“二級(jí)目標(biāo)與要求”所規(guī)定的要求。能以每分鐘7080個(gè)詞的速度，讀懂生詞率不超過3的材料，應(yīng)付高考還是綽綽有余的。所選短文多是外國人寫的反映外國事物的內(nèi)容，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，英語語言地道、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，話題適合當(dāng)代中學(xué)生。問題的設(shè)置科學(xué)合理，檢測重點(diǎn)放在考查考生獲取信息、解決問題的語言運(yùn)用能力上。(3)高考預(yù)測通過對(duì)近幾年高考試題的分析，加上某些省份新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的試用，可知今后閱讀理解題的命題趨向：更加重視詞匯量的擴(kuò)大，注意新增詞匯；更加重視語篇分析、推測能力，而減少對(duì)事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)的考查；更加重視閱讀量和閱讀速度；采用原版英文材料，內(nèi)容新穎，

9、語言更加地道取材更加廣泛，題材和體裁更加靈活多樣。真題回放例2008(I)It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size.

10、The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.When catching a fish, play it q

11、uickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible. Dont use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Dont wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce it

12、s chance of survival.Remove your hook (魚鉤) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line and leave the hook in. The hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish.Take good care of the fish by moving it gently in water. Release the fish when it begins to struggl

13、e and is able to swim.Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.64. People some

14、times set a fish free after catching it because they _A. dont want it to die B. hope it will grow quicklyC. dont want to have it as food D. want to practice their fishing skills【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C?！驹囶}解析】從文章第一段的語句It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too smal

15、l, or you just dont want to take it home to eat.可知釣到的魚太小，不想帶回家吃?！究键c(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。65. Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?A. Taking the hook off it. B. Removing its scales.C. Touching its eves D. Holding it in your hand.【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】B。【試題解析】從文中第二條建議Dont wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the fish because it

16、 might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.可知刮掉魚鱗會(huì)讓魚生病，減少成活的機(jī)會(huì)?！究键c(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。66. A proper way to release a fish is to _.A .move it in water till it can swim B. take the hook out of its stomachC. keep it in a bucket for some time D. let it struggle a little in your hand【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】A

17、?！驹囶}解析】從第四條建議Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.可知答案，其余三種情況都是錯(cuò)誤的做法?！究键c(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。67. What is the purpose of the test?A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.C. To encourage people to set fish free. D. To give advice on how to release fish.【標(biāo)

18、準(zhǔn)答案】D?！驹囶}解析】從文章第一段最后一句The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.（中心句）及文章最后一段的總結(jié)句With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.可知寫這篇文章的目的是就如何放養(yǎng)釣到的小魚，

19、使他們的成活率更高提出了一些建議?！究键c(diǎn)】推測作者的寫作意圖題。解題方法1通讀全文。掌握大意快速閱讀全文，抓準(zhǔn)文中信息，這稱為skim(read quickly to get the main ideas )，其目的是了解文章內(nèi)容，明確主題思想，找準(zhǔn)主線，掌握大意，力求對(duì)文章各層次、各段落聞的邏輯關(guān)系有一個(gè)明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。如記敘文常在開頭交代出背景，然后以人物活動(dòng)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)為線索展開情節(jié)。說明文則應(yīng)注意其中心主題以及圍繞中心所做的闡述，以弄清層次。對(duì)于圖表、廣告、通知、常見標(biāo)志等可采用逆向法一一先看試題，然后有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位。2問題先行，閱讀隨后即先看試題，再讀文章。閱

20、讀題干，首先要掌握問題的類型，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題?？陀^信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對(duì)文章的感情基凋，作者未加陳述的觀點(diǎn)以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，這類題必須經(jīng)過對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對(duì)整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層的推理才能解答。其次，了解試題題千以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。3仔細(xì)審題，重點(diǎn)再讀觀察試題題干，做到“心中有數(shù)”，然后帶著特定的信息為目的重點(diǎn)再讀，這稱為scan(searching reading，often looking f

21、or a particular thing)。此時(shí)要特別注意題于中每個(gè)問題的主語、疑問詞及重要的謂語，重點(diǎn)注意以下詞語：not，unless，without：，on the otherhand，except，rather than，although，as well，always，never，all等等。弄清試題是客觀性試題還是主觀性試題，據(jù)此回憶或重讀并查找相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)，對(duì)答案有個(gè)初步的確定。4全面理解，歸納推理在實(shí)際閱讀中，有時(shí)作者未把意圖說出來，考生要根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括(中心思想，

22、加標(biāo)題等)和推理判斷，是閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)。深層理解是一種刨造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文，要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想象，隨意揣測；它要求考生對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基礎(chǔ)。5分析驗(yàn)證，確定答案縱觀全文，驗(yàn)證答案是解答閱讀理解題的最后一步。帶著每個(gè)小題已初步確定的答案(對(duì)于感覺把握不大、有些困難的小題復(fù)讀全文)逐一核實(shí)各題的答案，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎邏輯，是否前后照應(yīng)。有些答案從局部看是對(duì)的，但從整體看就可能不對(duì)或不完全對(duì)。這樣通過分析驗(yàn)證，就保證了答案的準(zhǔn)確無誤。主要考

23、查的題型有：1主旨大意題主旨大意題要求考生掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意，它的一般范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題、大意或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文奄進(jìn)行高度的概括或總結(jié)。標(biāo)志性句子常見的有：Which sentence best expresses the main idea?Which of the following best summaries the passageThe passage is mainly about.The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose isThe central idea of the parag

24、raph is thatThe best titleheadline for this passage isWhat is the main topic of this passage?The passage deals mainly withis mainly aboutis primarily concerned with對(duì)于這類考題，考生應(yīng)做到： (1)尋找主題句(topic：sentence)從而抓住全段的中心思想。一般說來，每一個(gè)段落有一個(gè)中心思想，尤其是議論文和說明文更為典型。代表本段中心思想的句子叫做主題句，其常見位置是段首第一句或第二句，但也有可能在段尾或段中。 (2)概括全文

25、尋找文章的中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的，各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。 高考典題 (2008山東)Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert(警報(bào)) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.Text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young pe

26、ople. The wireless industrys trade association, CTIA, estimates(估計(jì)) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvement to the nations emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Co

27、mmunications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the info

28、rmation they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan.Participation in the alert system by carrierstelecommunications companiesis voluntary, but it has received sol

29、id support from the wireless industry.The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist at

30、tack or natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats,” which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be reserved for child abduction(綁架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.The service could be in place by 2010.66.

31、 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting StudentsB. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless IndustryC. Cell Phone Alerts of Natural DisastersD. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon【文章大意】本文是一篇新聞?lì)愇恼?。美國?lián)邦政府打算利用手機(jī)短信免費(fèi)為公眾進(jìn)行信息警報(bào)，這非常是快捷、有效的方式，并即將成為可能?！敬鸢附馕觥看鸢笧镈。主旨大意題。文章第一

32、段即是主旨所在。選項(xiàng)A縮小了文章內(nèi)容表達(dá)的范圍；選項(xiàng)B不是本文所要表達(dá)的中心內(nèi)容，明顯不正確；選項(xiàng)C太片面，根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中a terrorist attack or natural disaster一句可以排除。方法提煉：通讀全文，便可知本題答案。2細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章某一段落中某一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的重要事實(shí)的理解能力，一般包括在原文中可以直接找出答案的直接理解題和需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上轉(zhuǎn)換的語義轉(zhuǎn)化題。標(biāo)志性句子：Which of the following statements is true (false)?Which of the followi

33、ng is (not) mentioned?Which of the following shows the right order of?Which is the correct order of the following events?What does the author mention?What is (not) mentioned in the passage?What do we know about?From the passage , we learn that.According to the passage，the writerThe writer says做這種類型的

34、題往往需要運(yùn)用檢索閱讀法(scanning)，即要注意題干中的標(biāo)識(shí)語，帶著問題有的放矢地在閱讀材料中尋找某一特定信息(如：日期、數(shù)字、專有名詞、原因和特點(diǎn)等)的具體位置。題干中的標(biāo)識(shí)語是快速尋找答題依據(jù)的“路標(biāo)”，最常見的就是用引號(hào)標(biāo)識(shí)的關(guān)鍵詞或標(biāo)明了標(biāo)識(shí)語所在的具體行數(shù)。高考典題 (2008浙江)Adrians “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldnt hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for

35、 the hearing-impaired (聽覺受損的)，he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor, she sent him to private classes

36、where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.Later on, Adrians parents decided to send him to a regular school. But the headmaster tried to prevent them from doing so, saying regular school couldnt take care of a special needs students. His parents were determined to take the risk and push him

37、hard to go through his work everyday because they wanted to prove that, given the opportunity, he could do anything. Adrian made the grade and got accepted. It was a big challenge. The pace （節(jié)奏）was faster so he had to sit at the front of the class and really pay attention to the teacher, which wasnt

38、 always easy. But he stuck to it and did a lot of extra work after school.The efforts made by Adrian and his parents paid off. Adrian graduated with good grades and got into a top high school. He also achieved a lot in life outside school. He developed a love for the outdoors and went to Nepal to cl

39、imb mountains. He even entered the World Yacht Race 05/06- being the first hearing-impaired Asian to do so.But none of these achievements would have been possible without one of the most important lessons from his mother.” “If you believe in yourself and work hard, you can achieve great results.” Sh

40、e often said.41. How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?A. By speaking. B. By using sign languageC. By reading lips D. By making loud noises【文章大意】：這是一篇關(guān)于一位聽障青年（ a hearing-impaired young man）自強(qiáng)不息的勵(lì)志故事,其中包括了母親的嘔心瀝血，永不言棄的決心。本文呼吁家庭和社會(huì)應(yīng)對(duì)殘疾人有關(guān)愛之心，同時(shí)也在無形當(dāng)中起到了鼓勵(lì)青少年永不言敗，自強(qiáng)不息。 【答

41、案解析】：B。分析：此題考查文章的細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的第一段的第二句話可得出答案。方法提煉：做此類細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是由題目而找對(duì)文中的關(guān)鍵信息。3推理判斷題推理判斷題要求考生在理解文章中直接陳述的觀點(diǎn)或描述的事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意(implied meaning)，得出符合作者意愿的結(jié)論，即根據(jù)作者暗示的內(nèi)容，推斷出合理的結(jié)論。標(biāo)志性句子：It can be inferred from the passage thatWhat does the author probably mean by?What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?W

42、here would this passage most probably appear?The passage following this one would most probably discussFrom the last paragraph，we infer thatBy the first sentence of the passage，the author means thatWhats the attitude of the author towards?What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?在解答推理性問題時(shí)，

43、應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題是需要針對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning方法，迅速在閱讀材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想做推斷時(shí)，先根據(jù)主題思想，再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)與例證(opinion and fact)、原因與結(jié)果(cause and effect)、主要觀點(diǎn)與次要觀點(diǎn)(main idea and supporting idea)。高考典題 (2008福建)For years we have been told that encouraging a childs self-respect is

44、 important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car.T

45、he implication(含義) of saying “You are the prettiest girl in class,” or talking about thegoals she succeed but not her overall effort, is that you love her only when she looks the best, scores she highest, achieves the most. And this carries over to the classroom.Social psychologist Carrol Dweck, PhD

46、, tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.“Praising attributes(品質(zhì)) or abilities makes a fal

47、se promise that success will come to you because you have that quality, and it devalues effort, so children are afraid to take on challenges, ” says Dweck, now at Stanford University, “They figure theys better quit while theyre ahead.”62. The author quoted(引用) Dr. Dwecks words in the last paragraph

48、in order to make the article _. A. better-known B. better-organized C. more percussive D. more interesting63. We can infer from the passage that _.A. praise for efforts should be more encouragedB. praise for results works better than praise for effortsC. praising a childs achievements benefits his o

49、r her success in lifeD. praising a childs abilities encourage him or her to take on challenges62. C 推理判斷題。從第四段引用Dr. Dwecks 的話，讓人看到這種表揚(yáng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致孩子們退縮，害怕挑戰(zhàn)，從而使文章更具震撼力。63. A推理判斷題。從第三段She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than t

50、hose praised for being “smart”.可知。方法提煉：做此類題時(shí)，要注意抓住關(guān)鍵詞、短語、句子或段落，透徹理解文章內(nèi)容，由作者字里行間的意思去推斷出字里行間之外的意義。在閱讀英語材料這類真實(shí)語言活動(dòng)的過程中，遇到生詞本屬正常，但我們并不是每次遇到生詞就一定要去查詞典的。正確理解、掌握所讀材料中單詞或短語的含義是理解全文意思的基礎(chǔ)，在閱讀過程中根據(jù)選材、背景及上下文等線索推測出生詞詞義也是真實(shí)語言活動(dòng)中的一項(xiàng)重要技巧。(1)通過定義、解釋來推測詞義通常在文章的字里行間，對(duì)生詞以定語(從句)、表語甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的方式引出并加以解釋說明。高考示例Througho

51、ut the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artistsNo matter what objects they select，artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before1The underlined word“poetrymost probably means A

52、.an object for artistic creationB. a collection of poemsC. an unusual qualityD .a natural scene思路點(diǎn)撥：詞義猜測題。由where no one has ever seen or experienced it before可知poetry在此是指一種不同尋常的品質(zhì)。答案C。方法提煉：定語從句是對(duì)其所修飾的詞的說明解釋。同位語從句是對(duì)該詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明的作用。 (2)通過對(duì)比關(guān)系來推測詞義此法又稱為“反義法”，即利用反義詞來說明生詞的意義。如反義詞hot and cold；perfect and impe

53、rfect，甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。能夠體現(xiàn)這種關(guān)系的詞很多，主要有表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but，while，on the one handon the other hand，for one thingfor another和眾多反義詞。高考示例The house looked quite normal outside，but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display2Which of the definitions is closest in

54、meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?A. Messy and untidyB. Rich and expensiveCComfortable and calmingDForeign and unusual思路點(diǎn)撥：詞義猜測題。由文章第三段第一句話中的“but”轉(zhuǎn)折詞，可知前后意思形成對(duì)比，再根據(jù)“fascinating objects on display”可推斷出來。答案D。方法提煉：but是前后意義上的轉(zhuǎn)折。 (3)通過因果關(guān)系推測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義.

55、 因果關(guān)系的語境，通常由because，so that，sosuchthat等連詞體現(xiàn)。高考示例I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“ to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurtWe do it with the best of intentions3The underlined expression make a big“ to do” over means A. show much concern aboutB

56、. have a special effect onC1istjobs to be done forDdo good things for思路點(diǎn)撥：由“我”的較大的孩子對(duì)客人的評(píng)價(jià)的反應(yīng)可以知道，我們成年人往往更多地關(guān)注較小的孩子因?yàn)樗菀资艿絺?，而沒有意識(shí)到這種關(guān)注可能會(huì)傷害較大孩子的感情。在句中的make a big“to do”over the younger one應(yīng)該表示“更關(guān)注更小的孩子”。 答案A。方法提煉：表示因果關(guān)系的because為上文提供了關(guān)鍵信息。 (4)通過同類關(guān)系來推測詞義同類部分可以是當(dāng)作同位語的詞、短語或從句等。同類關(guān)系常由such as，like，for example，for instance等連詞列舉同類詞匯來體現(xiàn)。高考示例The researchers led by Professor Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Trieste found that when the dogs were shown their ownersa positive experience-their tailswagged energetically to the right sideWhen they