非謂語動詞用法及練習題

1、非謂語動詞（動詞不定式、過去分詞、動名詞&現(xiàn)在分詞） 不定式幾乎可以充當除謂語以外的所有成分，動名詞起名詞的作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用。非謂語動詞在同一成分中用法的辨析：1做主語：一般來說，不定式和動名詞成份相同時，表示客觀性、一般性行為多用動名詞表示，而表示一次性、具體性行為則多用不定式。eg.Looking after children is her job. To clean the classroom is his job today.2做賓語：eg.I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today bec

2、ause I don't feel well.(1)有些動詞只能接不定式做賓語，這些動詞接上不定式，含有明顯的主觀性和將來性意義。如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)，等等。eg.He refused to speak on the radio. He desired to see you

3、(2)有些動詞只接動名詞做賓語，這些動詞接上動名詞，含有明顯的"依據(jù)往事或經(jīng)驗來作出理解和判斷"的意思。mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短語動詞：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，preventfrom，set about，ca

4、n't help，be/get used to等短語：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等(積累！) eg.The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.She can't stand having nothing to do at home.His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give u

5、p smoking.All the family insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.It's no good learning without practicing. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.She doesn't feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days.(3).有些動詞后面既可接不定式，又可接動名詞，其意義基本相同，區(qū)別不大。如；like，love，hate，delay，co

6、ntinue，attempt，afford(提供)，preferomit(省略)，begin，start.eg.The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for(or：paying for)the advanced education that young Albert needed.I prefer staying (to stay) at home on Sunday.注意：begin和start本身為進行時，或后面動詞為心理變化意義的動詞時，須接不定式。When we came in, they were beginning to h

7、ave supper.After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(4).有些詞后面既可以接不定式亦可接動名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū)別，須特別注意：Aremember，forget，regret接動名詞，表示完成意義(=having done)，接不定式，表示將來意義：-?？迹lease remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere befor

8、e.Don't forget to write to me soon.I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔干事)I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遺憾=be sorry)Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean

9、 doing：意味著，就是I am sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.Cstop：stop to do停下來，要干另一件事，不定式作目的狀語；stop doing停止干，動名詞作賓語。After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.After walking s

10、ome time, they stopped to have a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，試圖干事；try doing：試著干事He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experi

11、ments again and again.Ewant，need，require接動名詞表示被動意義，表示"需要、該"；接不定式，表示"想，要干"-?？?！The room wants cleaning. The bike requires repairing.These young trees require looking after.The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants to see you. You don't need to leave s

12、o early.Fgo on：go on to do繼續(xù)干和原來不同的另一件事，不定式作目的狀語。go on doing繼續(xù)干原來同一件事，動名詞作賓語。After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.G動詞advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接單賓語時用動名詞，接復合賓語時用動詞不定式。Doctors advise giving up smoki

13、ng to benefit one's health.The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health.She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.=She doesn't allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her room.Parking is forbidden here.=Any cars not permitted to park here.3做賓補：不定式可以表示一次性、具體性行為，以及將來

14、意義的行為?，F(xiàn)在分詞可以表示當時正在發(fā)生的進行意義的行為，亦可表示-個持續(xù)時間的延續(xù)性的行為動作。過去分詞可以表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)，及物動詞的過去分詞亦有被動意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞仍是主動意義。When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.They had the lights burning all night long.I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.The mot

15、her will have the doctor examine her son again. Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.4做表語：不定式和動名詞做表語解釋主語內(nèi)容，且可以和主語顛倒，意思仍然通順，回答w

16、hat的問題。它們有時存在經(jīng)常性和一次性行為的區(qū)別，分詞做表語表明主語的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，不能和主語顛倒，可以回答how的問題。Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (Cleaning offices is her job.)Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)The news is very exciting.(How is the news?) They are very tired after a long walk

17、.The door is locked now. The children are well dressed these days.5做定語：不定式做定語與先行詞有動賓、主謂和解釋先行詞內(nèi)容等關(guān)系。在時態(tài)上常是將來意義，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語是現(xiàn)在時或進行時態(tài)意義；過去分詞做定語則是完成時態(tài)意義。此外，不定式做定語時只能后置，不可前置，而單個分詞做定語可前置，分詞短語做定語則須后置。動名詞做定語，須前置，且要重讀，它表明先行詞的用途。而分詞做定語表明先行詞的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。a swimming boy=a boy who is swimminga swimming pool=a pool for s

18、wimmingthe boiling water=the water that is boilingdrinking water=water for drinkingToday I have a letter to write.Please find a man to help us.It is a good chance to practise your spoken English.I like reading books written by Lu Xun.The woman standing over there is our English teacher.The house to

19、be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.6做狀語：不定式和分詞做狀語各有不同分工。動詞不定式多做目的、結(jié)果和原因狀語，且多放在句末；分詞可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式狀語，多置

20、于句首，做伴隨狀語，多放在后面。單獨的動名詞不能做狀語，在介詞后形成介詞短語，從而做狀語。(1)目的狀語：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客觀性和將來性特征。不定式前還可加上in order，so as來加強說話的口氣。但so as to通常不用于句首。The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.(2)時間狀語：分詞作時間狀語

21、相當于時間狀語從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語一般位于句首，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，有時現(xiàn)在分詞前可以加上時間連詞。如果分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成體形式。過去分詞作時間狀語與謂語動詞構(gòu)成同時性和被動意義。分詞前有時加上時間連詞。Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=When we have) made

22、 full preparations, we are ready for an examination.Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolat

23、ed from the outer world.When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.(3)原因狀語：不定式作原因狀語往往用于形容詞之后,這些形容詞通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分詞作原因狀語相當于原因狀語從句。一般位于句首。I am sorry to hear th

24、at you are not well. I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted.Having (=Since they had) be

25、en asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.(4)條件狀語：通常用分詞來表示，相當于條件狀語從句。一般位于句首。Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are d

26、ivided), we fall.Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.(5)結(jié)果狀語從句：不定式作結(jié)果狀語通常用于so+形容詞或副詞+as to，such+名詞+as to，tooto，enough to和only to等結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語表示謂語動詞的結(jié)果。He arrived late to find the train gone. His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy。I worked late into the n

27、ight, only to find I had not finished half of the job.He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbours.I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.(6)讓步狀語：通常有過去分詞來表示，而且前面通常有表示讓步意義的though。Though wounded, the soldier mana

28、ged to get to the village safely.Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.(7)伴隨或方式狀語：分詞作伴隨狀語通常位于句尾，表示謂語動詞正在所處主動或被動的狀態(tài)。Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.She came running towards us. They walked along the streets, talking and laughing

29、.He went into the house, followed by some children.He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.1、 考點分析：通過對歷年高考英語非謂語動詞考題的歸納和比較可以看出，每年差不多有三分之二的非謂語動詞考題可能涉及以下“關(guān)系”：主動與被動關(guān)系以及動作的先后關(guān)系。如果同學們在做題時能充分注意這兩大“關(guān)系”，并據(jù)此進行分組排除，然后結(jié)合其他非謂語動詞的相關(guān)知識，攻克非謂語動詞這一難點也就變得很容易了。（一）利用主動和被動關(guān)系這里說的主動與被動關(guān)系，指的是非謂語動詞所表示的動作與其邏輯主語之間是主動

30、關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系。若是主動關(guān)系，非謂語動詞就用主動式；若是被動關(guān)系，非謂語動詞就用被動式。下面分三類舉例說明：1.涉及不定式的主動與被動式(1) I feel greatly honored _ into their society. (北京卷)A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomedC。be (feel) honored習慣接不定式，故可排除B和D；又I與welcome之間為被動關(guān)系，故用不定式的被動式。(2) The message is very important, so it is supposed _ as s

31、oon as possible. (陜西卷)A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sendingA。be supposed后習慣上不接動名詞，而接不定式，其意為“應該做某事”，故可排除C和D；又因為“消息”與“傳達”之間為被動關(guān)系，故用被動式。2.涉及動名詞的主動與被動式At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being op

32、ened and closed D. to open and closeC。由于desks與open和close的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故要用被動式，可排除D；又因為用于介詞of后作賓語，所以要用動名詞，不用不定式或過去分詞，故可排除A和D，故選C。3.涉及現(xiàn)在分詞的主動與被動式_ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. (北京卷)A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. SeenA。首先要排除B和C，因為B為不定式，它用于句首時，通常是表示目的，在此不合句

33、意；而C為動詞原形，選它會構(gòu)成祈使句，一是句意不通，二是這樣會導致前后兩句之間沒有連詞而出錯。在剩下的A和D之間，只能選seeing，不能選seen，因為句子主語是 I與see之間為主動關(guān)系，而非被動關(guān)系。【注意】由于過去分詞本身可以表示被動，所以過去分詞不用被動式，同時它也沒有被動式。請看幾道相關(guān)的考題：(1) The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南卷)A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow downB。由于trees與blow do

34、wn之間為被動關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。blown down in the storm在此用作定語，修飾the trees，相當于定語從句which were blown down in the storm。(2) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speakC。由于English與speak之間為被動關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。(3) We finished the run in les

35、s than half the time _. (江西卷)A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allowsC。由于time與allow之間為被動關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。in the time allowed意為“在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)”。（二）利用動作的先后關(guān)系動作的先后關(guān)系在選項中的直接體現(xiàn)為一般式還是完成式。一般說來，當非謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前時，非謂語動詞原則上要用完成式。1.涉及不定式的動作先后關(guān)系Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _ birds kept in cages in order to hav

36、e the pleasure of setting them free. (重慶卷)A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have boughtB。“be said+不定式”是一個很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，其意為“據(jù)說”。其中的不定式是用一般式還是完成式，取決于該不定式所表示的動作是發(fā)生在謂語動作之前還是之后。根據(jù)句意可知，buy birds肯定發(fā)生在過去，或者說發(fā)生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，選B。2.涉及動名詞的動作先后關(guān)系I hear theyve

37、promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ when we talked on the phone. (江西卷)A. to promote B.having been promoted C.having promoted D. to be promotedB。由于動詞mention后接動詞作賓語時，習慣上要用動名詞，不用不定式，故可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句意可知，句中的he與promote之間為被動關(guān)系，故要用被動式，同時，由于“被提拔”與“提到”之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用動名詞的完成被動式，即答案選B。3.涉及現(xiàn)在分詞的動作先后關(guān)系(

38、1) _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (陜西卷)A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To showC。根據(jù)句意可知，“我們”與“帶去參觀”之間為被動關(guān)系，故應用非謂語動詞的被動式，可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句中的then可知，前后動作有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動作要用完成式，故選C。(2) _ to reach them on the phone, we sent an

39、email instead. (重慶卷)A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failedD。根據(jù)語境分析，“用電話了解”與“發(fā)電子郵件”兩個動作之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動作要用完成式?！咀⒁狻坑捎谶^去分詞本身可以表示完成，所以過去分詞不用完成式，同時它也沒有完成式。請看一道相關(guān)的高考題：It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. (浙江卷)A. finding B. being found C. to find D. foundD。由于things與f

40、ind之間為被動關(guān)系，故排除A和C。根據(jù)句意，應是這件有趣的事先被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，后才被人們談?wù)?，但由于過去分詞沒有完成式，故用一般式表示完成，故選found。 非謂語動詞考題五種常見設(shè)題陷阱 陷阱一：形式上是考查非謂語動詞，但實質(zhì)上是考查省略句1. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water【析】答案選A。unless watered可視為unless they are watered之省略。又如：Unless changed. th

41、is law will make life difficult for farmers.這項法令除非進行修改，否則將給農(nóng)民的生活造成困難。2. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed【析】答案選A。No matter how frequently performed可視為No matter how frequently th

42、ey are performed之省略。3. I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good. A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds【析】答案選D。Sound good為It sounds good之省略。陷阱二：形式上是考查非謂語動詞，但實質(zhì)上是形容詞的用法1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. A. interested B. i

43、nteresting C. interest D. to interest【析】選A。過去分詞interested在此已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，interested in意為“對感趣”。2. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising【析】答案選B。由于與形容happy并列，故可排除C和D。又因為是用以說明主語Tony的心情，故用surprised，不用surpring。陷阱三：形式上是考查非謂語動詞，但實質(zhì)上是考查某

44、種句式1. Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend?A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit【析】答案選A。Why not為英語中常用句式，用于提出建議，其后只接動詞原形，不接不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞。注意不能選D，但是若D改為Why dont you visit也可以選。2. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ i

45、tyouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget【析】答案選A。此處的better實為youd better之省略。根據(jù)英語習慣，had better之后只能接動詞原形，故選A。陷阱四：形式上是考查非謂語動詞，但實質(zhì)上是考查祈使句1. Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming【析】答案選A。此處考查祈使句的用法，故用動詞原形(from aaayygram

46、maraaa)。2. What should I do with this passage? _the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out【析】答案選C。此處考查祈使句的用法，故用動詞原形。其實，此題也可視為You should find out之省略。陷阱五：形式上是考查非謂語動詞，但實質(zhì)上是考查并列句1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and_

47、down to eat our picnic lunch.A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat【析】答案選D。由句中的and可知，此句為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，且空格處填sat，與其前的謂語動詞found并列。2. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told【析】選D。句中的并列連詞 but表明整個句子為并列句，同時表明but前應是一個獨立的句子，而不能是一個

48、非謂語動詞短語(所以不能選A或C)，又因為though為從屬連詞，用以引導讓步狀語從句，它與連接并列句的并列連詞 but不“兼容”，所以也不能選B。3. First _ the rice by washing it, then _ it in boiling water. A. prepare, cook B. preparing, cooking C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking【析】答案選A。題干部分為兩個并列的祈使句，故均用動詞原形。Work：1. The managers discussed the plan that they would

49、like to see_ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out2. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_

50、whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen4. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it注：此題沒有正確答案。如答案選C，須去掉it。5. In order to gain a bigger share in the interna

51、tional market, many state-run companies are striving_ their products more competitive.A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made6. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_ if a mirror was broken.A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck C. was sure to be struck D. was su

52、re to strike7. Though_ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in8. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known9. _ to sunlight for too much

53、time will do harm to one's skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed10. Prices of daily goods_ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying11. In some parts of London, missing a bus means_ for another hour.A. w

54、aiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting12. When_, the museum will he open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed13-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made14. Having a trip abroad is c