語法資料動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。2.主句是一般將來時(shí), 時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如：Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.3.在以here, there開頭的句子里，go, come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。4. 在表示“要

2、注意使”“務(wù)必/保證使”等含義的“l(fā)ook out, see (to it), make sure, make certain, take care, take notice, take the responsibility, watch out”等結(jié)構(gòu)的后邊的that從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。如：I will see (to it) that you dont get lost.5. 在I hope, I bet等后面的that從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。如：I hope she likes the flowers.6.既定的時(shí)間如生日、日歷、課時(shí)安排、交通時(shí)刻表等，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來動(dòng)

3、作。如The meeting starts at five o'clock. The train leaves at three this afternoon. 7.在賓語從句中，表示客觀事實(shí)或真理，一律用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如： The teacher taught us yesterday that the moon circles the earth. Somebody told me that you are a writer. 二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is w

4、orking as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。4. 與hope, wonder連用，表婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣I am hoping you will give us some advice.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影

5、響或結(jié)果，或說話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）用兩種時(shí)態(tài)來表述發(fā)生在過去的某一動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過去時(shí)只表達(dá)過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大

6、。2）漢語中的“了”、“過”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá)，如：I have seen that film.（我看過那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過”，就不可用完成時(shí)而必須用一般過去進(jìn)來表達(dá)。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。) 不能說：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.4.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has g

7、one to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.5.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如不能說：He has finished the work for three hour

8、s.要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時(shí)了?！笨刹捎?）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延續(xù)法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)一去）的動(dòng)作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been

9、 raining for two days.2.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。3. It is/will be the first (second) time that +從句中要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。五、一般過去時(shí)表達(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：They were still wo

10、rking when I left.3.用在兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示過去將來動(dòng)作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.5. 與hope, wonder連用，表婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣I was hoping you will give us some advice.七、過去完成時(shí)1.表示在過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all rig

11、ht up till this morning.2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)來表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the m

12、atch.4It was the first (second) time that +從句中要用過去完成時(shí)。5.在含有hardly/scarcelywhen，no soonerthan結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。（注意：主句一般倒裝）如： Hardly had I entered the room，when I heard a loud noise. No sooner had he reached the door than he came back.八、一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式：1.will/shall do （側(cè)重將來行為

13、，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事）2.be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)3.be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時(shí)間連用)4.be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)5. be to do（馬上要發(fā)生或表命令）注意： 1 was/were going to 可以表示將來，也可以表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖，常與but連用。如：I was going to finish my article last night, but my friend arrived.2 was/were to +完成體表示過與將來的計(jì)劃和安排沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，常與but 連用。如：We wer

14、e to have left at 6 the following day, but it rained.九、將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語，when, before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型1.常見句式是：主語（受動(dòng)者）be過去分詞（by施動(dòng)者）例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主語get過去分詞其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last su

15、mmer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by施動(dòng)者”3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。例如：She lent me a bike.1) I was lent a bike (by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語被動(dòng)式謂語不定式的被動(dòng)式其它成分例如；These magazin

16、es are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.6. 動(dòng)詞詞組的被動(dòng)態(tài)，如：Such a state of things cannot be put up with. (詞組被當(dāng)作一個(gè)動(dòng)詞使用，其后的介詞或副詞不能略去)。7. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞 結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)變被動(dòng):He took great care of his books.-His books were taken great care of. -Great care was taken of his bo

17、oks.二、主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。 The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。The meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式形容詞。常見動(dòng)lo

18、ok,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被動(dòng)式，如：His answer(was) proved right.3.不定式在某些形容詞之后，且與主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。常見形容詞有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：Th

19、e problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.沒有形容詞時(shí)，雖然不定式與主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但必須用被動(dòng)式。三、容易誤用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況：1. I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷?/p>

20、代詞不可作主語。2. We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語。3. He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。4. She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by

21、her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in, belong to, own, have, hate, fail, contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是通過特殊的謂語動(dòng)詞形式來表達(dá)的愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測(cè)或建議等語氣，它不表示客觀存在。一 虛擬語氣在單句中的用法常用來表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止，采用固定的倒裝句式。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China! Be happy!   Heaven forbid!        

22、0;         God bless you! Suffice it to say thatFar be it from me to + do sth.二、虛擬語氣在復(fù)合句中的用法：1、虛擬條件句:條件狀語從句是非真實(shí)情況,在這種情況下要用虛擬語氣.1）、條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不一致,其句型為:If 主語+過去時(shí),主語+should(could, would, 或might)+動(dòng)詞原形,如:If I were you, I would study hard.If it rained, I would not be

23、here now.If I were you, I would not be playing now.2）、條件從句與過去事實(shí)不一致,句型為:If 主語+had+過去分詞,主語+should(could, would, 或might)+have+過去分詞,如:If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.3）、條件從句與將來事實(shí)不一致,句型為:If 主語+should/were to

24、+ do, 主語+ should(could, might, would)+ 原形 動(dòng)詞If主語+過去時(shí)(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)條件句一樣).If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.注意問題:1）、If條件句中絕對(duì)不可出現(xiàn)"would".2）、 根據(jù)句中的時(shí)間狀語,有時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)"

25、;混合虛擬"的情況,即主句可能是現(xiàn)在的情況,條件句也許是發(fā)生在過去的情況,但都是遵守上述句型. 例：If we had left a little earlier, we would not be walking in the rain now.3）、在條件句中如果出現(xiàn)were, had, should可省去if,將主語與這些詞倒裝,例如:Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.S

26、hould it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.Were it not for/ Had it not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.2、名詞性虛擬語氣:在表示命令,建議要求,驚嘆時(shí)的名詞性從句中需用虛擬語氣,基本句型:主語+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形,v. + that (should) + v ; n + that(should) + v; adj. + that(should) + v 如: Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o

27、9;clock.We suggested that the meeting should not be held.It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.That is their demand that their wages be increased.It is important that everyone (should) attend the meeting. (vital, necessary, advisabl

28、e, strange, surprising)但it is strange/surprising/unbelievablethat(should) 句型中如果表示過去的事情可以用should have done的形式。如：it is strange that he should have failed in the election.注意:在這種句子中絕不出現(xiàn)"would" "must" "could"等.3、虛擬語氣在一些特殊詞中的使用1）、wish后的賓語從句: 與現(xiàn)在愿望不一致 主語+過去時(shí); 與過去愿望不一致 主語+had+過

29、去分詞; 與未來愿望不一致 主語+would(could)+原形.I wish I were you. I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.2）、It's (about/high) time句型: 當(dāng)It's time后用that從句時(shí)應(yīng)該為: 主語+過去時(shí),例如:It's time that you went to school. 3）、If only引起的感嘆句相當(dāng)于"How I wish+賓

30、語從句"If only he could come! 他要能來就好了.If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了.4）、would rather, had rather, would sooner, would as soon 后接省略that的從句，表示“希望，但愿，情愿，寧愿”需使用虛擬,表示過去的情況用過去完成時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在與將來的情況用過去時(shí),如:I'd rather you posted the letter right away. I'd rather you had returned the book yesterday.4、含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣.1）、 But for/Without+主句Without you, I would never know him.But for your cooperation, we wouldn't have done the work so well.2）、 , otherw