四級(jí)必備語(yǔ)法(1)

1、動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)時(shí)態(tài) 1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.     Ive been writing letters for an hour.    Ive been sitting in the garden.2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作     Id been worki

2、ng for some time when he called.    We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.    By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.    In another months time shell have been studying here for

3、 three years.4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)已發(fā)生的事.    I shall have finished this one before lunch.    Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.語(yǔ)態(tài)    可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:    He was said to be jealous of her success &#

4、160;  It was said that he was jealous of her success.    能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見(jiàn)的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.    It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.    The ship is supposed to

5、have been sunk.    擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:    Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)    雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)    雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹?/p>

6、語(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).    He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.    Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.    賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):    She was called Big Sister by everybody.    T

7、hen he was made a squad leader.    He was considered quite qualified for the job.    The room was always kept clean and tidy.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞    Vi + adv    The plane took off two hours late.    Vi + prep    They looked ro

8、und the Cathedral.    Vi + prep (有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))    Shes looking after her sisters children.    The children were always well looked after    Vi + adv + prep    I began to look forward to their visits.    Vt + O + adv&#

9、160;   Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.    The children were brought up by their mother.    They took him on.    Vt + adv + O (無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))    I am trying to give up smoking.    Vt + O + prep

10、    We talked Donald into agreement.省略    在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是it b),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.    When taken according to the directions, the drug

11、 has no side effects.    While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.    Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.    If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.    Though reduced in numbers, they

12、 gained in fighting capacity.    This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.    Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out    She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.    She worked extremely hard

13、though still rather poor in health.    Fill in the application as instructed.    Whenever known, such facts should be reported.    The documents will be returned as soon as signed.    He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring

14、feats unless trained very young.    Once having made a promise, you should keep it.    If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.    Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.    If possible, I should like to have two copies o

15、f it.    As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.    在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.    He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary    We should think more of the collective than of ourselves. 

16、60;  They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).    He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.    heir training is free, as is all education.    We will, as always, stand on your side.  

17、60; 錯(cuò)誤的省略    His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.    While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.    一致    如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more

18、than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.    Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.    An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.    The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team. 代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致 

19、60;  each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待    Each of us has something to say.    Is everybody ready?    Somebody is using the phone.    Neither of us has gone through regular training.    Has either

20、of them told you?    some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)    some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.    none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說(shuō)話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):    None of the books are easy enough for us    None of us seem to have though

21、t of it.    None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.    None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.    None of this worries me.    all 和most 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞 (all of the, most of the ), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).    由and 或 both

22、and 連接名詞詞組時(shí), 后用復(fù)數(shù); 由not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或 or 連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.    Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.    My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.    Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.

23、60;   Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.    如果一個(gè)句子是由there 或here引導(dǎo), 而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè), 謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.    There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.    Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some pape

24、r for you.    people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).    Cattle are grazing on the pasture.    The police are looking for him.    有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待, 有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來(lái)決定.    His family isnt very large. 

25、60;  His family are all music lovers.    The committee meets twice a month.    The committee are divided in opinion.    The audience was enormous.    The audience were greatly moved at the words.    有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

26、詞的數(shù):    This new series is beginning next month.    These new series are beginning next month.    This species is now extinct.    These species are now extinct    表示時(shí)間, 重量, 長(zhǎng)度, 價(jià)值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式 (當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可

27、以的):    Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.    One hundred li was covered in a single night.其他問(wèn)題    書名, 國(guó)家名用單數(shù):    Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.    學(xué)科名, 如mathematics, economics用單

28、數(shù). many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:    Many a person has had that kind of experience.     More than one person has involved in the case.    a number of 后接復(fù)數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù):    A number of books have been published

29、on the subject.    The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.    one of those 后用單數(shù). 在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：    Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.  &#

30、160; 當(dāng)one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：     He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment     非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞    不定式    形式            主

31、動(dòng)形式                         被動(dòng)形式 一般式 to do                      &

32、#160;     to be done 完成式 to have done               to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing   完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing       完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài)

33、)同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.    I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).    (比較: I am glad to see you.)    He is said to have written a new book about workers.    He pr

34、etended not to have seen me.    進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.    You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.    We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.    He pretended to be listening att

35、entively.    完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.    The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.    We are happy to have been working with you.被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.    It is an honour for me to be

36、 asked to speak here.    She hated to be flattered.    He wanted the letter to be typed at once.    This is bound to be found out    There are a lot of things to be done.    She was too young to be assigned such work. &#

37、160;  功用: 不定式可以作主語(yǔ) (a), 賓語(yǔ) (b), 表語(yǔ) (c), 定語(yǔ) (d) 或是狀語(yǔ) (e).    a. To scold her would not be just.    b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.    c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture    d. Do you have anything to d

38、eclare?    e. We have come to learn from you.    不帶to 的不定式:    在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.    John made her tell him everything.    這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為

39、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式    She was made to tell him everything.    在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.    Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.    They cannot but accept his term.    在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.    John let fly a t