Translation skills

1、Translation skills曹萍曹萍翻譯理論復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句的翻譯翻譯中的詞匯翻譯理論復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句的翻譯順譯法；重組法；分譯法；帶有逗號(hào)的一般分隔結(jié)構(gòu)某些句型中動(dòng)賓分隔定語從句的分隔復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句的翻譯 英漢兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有不同的特點(diǎn)，漢語重意合，句子內(nèi)部以及上下文之間多靠語義來連貫，因此句子一般比較短，多并列句；句子層次不明顯。而英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)重形合，句子成分常用連接詞語來表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，所以句子可以寫得比較長(zhǎng)，多從句。英語句子中主從關(guān)系很多，體現(xiàn)出不同的層次。復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句的翻譯 分析英語長(zhǎng)句，都是由基本結(jié)構(gòu)擴(kuò)展而來，其所以長(zhǎng)，一是由于有較多的修飾成分和并列成分，二是由于有各種短語或從句充當(dāng)句子成分，大

2、句子套小句子，從而形成枝杈橫生的“參天大樹”。復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句的翻譯 翻譯英語長(zhǎng)句時(shí)，要通過句法分析弄清原句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷出句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句，并找出句子的主要成分。還要進(jìn)一步弄清主要成分和修飾成分之間的種種關(guān)系，判斷出各修飾成分的歸屬以及句中代詞不達(dá)意所指代的對(duì)象。在正確分析和理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，翻譯時(shí)還要注意運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語表達(dá)手段使譯文通、達(dá)、雅 一、順譯法漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣是多用小句子，多用較短的前置修飾語，詞序相對(duì)穩(wěn)定并通常按時(shí)間順序或邏輯順序來安排詞語和句子的先后位置。因此，在翻譯英語長(zhǎng)句時(shí)通?？刹捎谩皵嗑洹焙汀白冃颉钡姆椒?。如果原句所敘述的一連動(dòng)作基本上按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后安排或原

3、句的內(nèi)容按邏輯關(guān)系安排時(shí)，翻譯時(shí)則可按照原文順序譯出。 一、順譯法1、Bei Hai Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial gardern in the Liao,Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.北海公園原是遼、金、元、明、清歷代封建皇帝的“御花園”?？偯娣e68.2公頃。順譯法2、For these forms pollution as for all the others, the destructive chain of cause and effect foes back

4、to a prime cause: too many cars , too many factories, too many detergents, too many pesticides, more and more trails left by supersonic jets, inadequate methods for disinfecting seqers, too little water, too much carbon monoxide.這些形式的污染像所有其它形式的污染一樣，其破壞性的因果關(guān)系鏈可歸根于一個(gè)主要的原因：太多的汽車、太多的工廠，太多的洗滌劑，太多的殺蟲劑，越來越

5、多的噴氣式飛機(jī)留下的尾氣，不足的污水消毒處理方法，太少的水源，太多的一氧化碳。順譯法3、Fossil fuels another 5.2 billion metric tons of CO into the air each year, while the burning of tropical forests emits roughly 1.8 billion metric tons of CO2both contributing to a buildup of carbon dioxide that will soon trigger the greenhouse effect.另外，礦物

6、燃料每年釋放52億公噸二氧化碳進(jìn)入大氣，同時(shí)熱帶森林的快燃燒大約釋放出18億公噸二氧化碳這兩方面都對(duì)二氧化碳的集結(jié)產(chǎn)生作用，因而會(huì)很引發(fā)溫室效應(yīng)。順譯法4、Average fees for both boarding and day schools rose about 4 percent in the year ending in September 1993, after increases of 8.5 percent the previous year and more than 12 percent in each of the previous two years.住宿學(xué)校和走讀學(xué)

7、校的平均費(fèi)用至1993年9月止，上升了40%；而在前1年費(fèi)用增長(zhǎng)率為8.5%，在再前2年費(fèi)用增長(zhǎng)率每年都超過12%。順譯法5、Asked recently why the British spend less lavishly on luxuries than the Italians or the French, Philippe Leopold-Metzger, who was then the London head of the French jeweler Cartier, had a ready reply: House prices and school fees.最近有人問，為

8、什么英國(guó)人在奢侈品上花錢沒有意大利人和法國(guó)人氣派，對(duì)此，菲利普利奧波德梅茨格，原法國(guó)珠寶商卡蒂埃倫敦地區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)人早有回答：因?yàn)榉课莸膬r(jià)格和學(xué)校的費(fèi)用。順譯法6、The United Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)說他確信安理會(huì)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)與伊拉克達(dá)成的有關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)武器核查人員的協(xié)議。二、重組法所謂“重組”：就是脫離原句的層次和結(jié)構(gòu)安排，按漢語敘事論理的習(xí)慣重新組合句子。運(yùn)用重

9、組法來翻譯可以擺脫原文語序和句子形式的約束，使譯文自然、流暢，更加符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。當(dāng)原句的表達(dá)次序與漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同時(shí)，則可打破原文詞不達(dá)意序和結(jié)構(gòu)，按照時(shí)間順序和邏輯順序重組句子。例如：重組法1、We have demonstrated the strength of our commitment to it today by the signatures that you, Mr. Premier, and I have set upon it.今天，總理先生和我簽署這項(xiàng)協(xié)議，表明我們對(duì)協(xié)議承擔(dān)義務(wù)的決心。重組法2、When the march was planned by a co

10、alition of civil-rights, union and church leaders, nothing quite like it had ever been seen.游行由民權(quán)組織、工會(huì)和宗教界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人共同組織，那樣的場(chǎng)面是前所未有的。重組法3、Einstein once turned down an offer of $1000 a minute to speak on the radio.有一次，電臺(tái)請(qǐng)愛因斯坦作廣播講演，每分鐘給報(bào)酬1000美元，他都拒絕了。重組法4、Computer language may range from detailed low level

11、close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to a wide range of computers 計(jì)算機(jī)語言有低級(jí)的也有高級(jí)的。前者比較繁瑣，很接近于特定計(jì)算機(jī)直接能懂的語言；后者比較復(fù)雜，適用范圍廣，能自動(dòng)為多種計(jì)算機(jī)所接受。重組法5、We faced the questioning 1978, as to some extent we still

12、 do today: can two nations as different as ours-yours one of the oldest civilizations on earth, mine one of the youngest; yours a socialist state and mine committed to capitalism; yours a developing country and mine a developed one-can two nations surmount and indeed draw upon these differences to b

13、uild an unprecedented and distinctive relationship in world affairs?我們?cè)?978年乃至今天在某種程序上面臨的問題仍然是：我們兩國(guó)迥然不同，貴國(guó)是地球上最老的文明古國(guó)之一，而我國(guó)是最年輕的國(guó)家之一；貴國(guó)是社會(huì)主義國(guó)家，而我國(guó)致力于資本主義；貴國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而我國(guó)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家；像這樣的兩個(gè)國(guó)家是否能夠超越這些差異并利用它在世界事務(wù)中建立一種前所未有的、獨(dú)具特色的關(guān)系？重組法6On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the

14、hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. 一進(jìn)門， 我就想起了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索著走到壁爐前，撿起了碎片。我想把這碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起來了。 三、分譯法：分譯是翻譯英語長(zhǎng)句時(shí)常用的方法。所謂“分譯”，就是將長(zhǎng)句中的某些成分從句子主干中拆開，另作處理。運(yùn)用分譯法可以使譯文層次清楚、簡(jiǎn)練明確。當(dāng)原句中的從句或修飾語與主句間的關(guān)系不十分密切時(shí)，可以按照漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣把從句或短語化為句子，分開來敘述。例如：分譯法1、Five score years ago, a great American

15、, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.一百年前，一位美國(guó)偉人簽署了解放宣言。今天，我們就站在他的紀(jì)念像下。分譯法2、The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible- about one in four.大約有四分之一的美國(guó)青年人沒有閱讀能力。這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。分譯法3、This land, which once barred the way of trave

16、lers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder.這個(gè)地方現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成了冬夏兩季的休假勝地，風(fēng)光景物，蔚為奇觀；而從前旅游者都只能到此止步。分譯法4、David Hill, a partner in Echelon, says, “When learning is made exciting, it is more easily retained”.大衛(wèi)希爾是埃切倫公司的合伙人。他說：“當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)變得令人興奮時(shí)，就更加容易持續(xù)下去?！狈肿g法5、Aunt Lucy is fift

17、y years old, due for retirement and has been offered an outside job which, with her pension will give her nearly twice her secretarys salary.露西嬸嬸已經(jīng)五十歲，該退休了，但外面已經(jīng)有人聘她擔(dān)任別的工作，新職的待遇加上養(yǎng)老金將比她當(dāng)秘書的薪水多一倍。帶有逗號(hào)的一般分隔結(jié)構(gòu)Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most ef

18、ficiently-this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done is not being civilized.即使善于驅(qū)使別人去為自己打仗,并且告訴怎樣打才最有效這畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過的事也不能稱其為文明行動(dòng).帶有逗號(hào)的一般分隔結(jié)構(gòu)As they grow old, people also accumulate belongs for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy-both of which are essential in turning

19、 out and throwing away and sentiment.人們隨著年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個(gè)原因，一是缺乏體力和精力（兩者在清理和扔掉無用物是不可或缺），二是感情上的原因帶有逗號(hào)的一般分隔結(jié)構(gòu)Such an interaction occurs, for example, when the technologist, in applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem, reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model, thus

20、pointing the way for further basic research.這種相互促進(jìn)的例子之一是，當(dāng)技術(shù)專家把純科學(xué)上的某一特定概念用于解決一個(gè)實(shí)際問題時(shí)，他可能回發(fā)現(xiàn)這一概念（理論模型）不夠完整或局限性，這樣就為進(jìn)一步開展基礎(chǔ)研究指明了方向帶有逗號(hào)的一般分隔結(jié)構(gòu)There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, a

21、s there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course

22、 of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning , of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.在座的諸位中，大概不會(huì)有人整天都沒有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上是完全一樣的某些句型中動(dòng)賓分

23、隔In the United States there are other customs in addition to a disregard of titles that visitors accustomed to considerable attention and service at home may find insulting at first.除了不注重使用頭銜外，美國(guó)還存在其他一些風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，會(huì)令初訪美國(guó)的客人產(chǎn)生屈辱之感因?yàn)檫@些來訪者長(zhǎng)久以來習(xí)慣了在國(guó)內(nèi)倍受重視，并享有周到的服務(wù)某些句型中動(dòng)賓分隔If I were abroad, Id travel around the

24、country as much as I could and try to find as many people as possible, not only to practice the language on but to have discussions with, and Id hope to make some real friends.定于從句的分隔Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with hamlet hamburger Bars, the Lear

25、Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.定于從句的分隔The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling. Activities.四長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析1The road we have l

26、ong been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with treat speed , but at its end lies disaster.學(xué)生譯文：我們一直在走的這條路容易以為很好走，這條路是一條平坦的高速公路。我們可以高速前進(jìn)，但災(zāi)難卻在盡頭。正確譯文：我們一直在走的這條路，從表面上好象很好走，這是一條路平坦的高速公路。我們可以高速前進(jìn)，但走到盡頭卻要遭受災(zāi)難。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析2. We rely more than any other major economy on

27、 the goods and services that we exports, the investment that we attract and we make abroad.學(xué)生譯文：和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)相比，我們更依賴商品和服務(wù)出口及投資和引資。正確譯文：我們對(duì)商品和服務(wù)出口及對(duì)投資和引資的依賴超過了世界上其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析3. The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the laborer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darknes

28、s.學(xué)生譯文：農(nóng)村是一個(gè)人們從早到晚都要干活的地方， 勞動(dòng)者并不是生活在陽光下，而是生活在貧困和黑暗之中。正確譯文：在農(nóng)村，人們從早到晚都要干活， 勞動(dòng)者并不是沐浴在陽光下，而是生活在貧困和黑暗之中。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析4.The southern part of the city is the main business section of the city. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of

29、 the city building.學(xué)生譯文: 市區(qū)南部主要是商業(yè)區(qū)，條狀的公園環(huán)繞三面三面，四大廣場(chǎng)有草坪和樹木，打破了市區(qū)建筑的一般格局。 正確譯文：市區(qū)南部主要是商業(yè)區(qū)，三面有公園環(huán)繞，區(qū)內(nèi)四大廣場(chǎng)有草坪和樹木，打破了市區(qū)建設(shè)的單調(diào)格局。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析5.My mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flash books, and a chill from within fills me with dread. 學(xué)生譯文: 我的思緒回到了黑暗的甬道，回想起許多痛苦的往事，從外面來的寒冷，不禁使我毛骨悚

30、然。正確譯文：我思緒萬千，惶惶忽忽進(jìn)入了一條條幽暗的甬道，回想起許多痛苦的往事，心里一陣冰涼，不禁感到毛骨悚然。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析6. As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase “environmental law” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from many lawyers. 學(xué)生譯文：在60年代初左右，“環(huán)保法”這個(gè)詞可能會(huì)讓人感到納悶，即使許多律師也是如此。正確譯文：早在60年代初，甚至許多律師接觸到環(huán)保法這個(gè)詞時(shí)， 大半也會(huì)感到納悶。長(zhǎng)句錯(cuò)例翻譯分析7They saw a slender man of more than avera