組織學(xué)07神經(jīng)組織上ppt課件

1、第第7 7章章神經(jīng)組織神經(jīng)組織Nervous Tissue神經(jīng)組織神經(jīng)組織nervous tissuenervous tissue 由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成 為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要組織成分組織成分 愛因斯坦愛因斯坦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞nerve cellnerve cell 約約10121012個(gè)，也稱神經(jīng)元個(gè)，也稱神經(jīng)元neuronneuron，接受刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)激動(dòng)接受刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)激動(dòng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞neuroglial cellneuroglial cell 數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的10105050倍，對(duì)神經(jīng)元倍，對(duì)神經(jīng)元起

2、支持、維護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用起支持、維護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用胞體：大小外形不一，胞體：大小外形不一，5 5100 100 m m 細(xì)胞核：位于胞體中央，大而圓，常染細(xì)胞核：位于胞體中央，大而圓，常染色質(zhì)多，著色淺，核仁大色質(zhì)多，著色淺，核仁大細(xì)胞質(zhì)：尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維，還有細(xì)胞質(zhì)：尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維，還有GCGC、線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐素線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐素細(xì)胞膜：含受體、離子通道，為可興奮細(xì)胞膜：含受體、離子通道，為可興奮膜，接受刺激、處置信息、產(chǎn)生并傳膜，接受刺激、處置信息、產(chǎn)生并傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)激動(dòng)導(dǎo)神經(jīng)激動(dòng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類圖圖13神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠

3、質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞尼氏體尼氏體Nissl bodyNissl bodyLMLM：強(qiáng)嗜堿性，粗塊狀或小顆粒狀：強(qiáng)嗜堿性，粗塊狀或小顆粒狀EMEM：RERRER和游離核糖體和游離核糖體功能：合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的構(gòu)造蛋白、功能：合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的構(gòu)造蛋白、合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類、神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類、神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)細(xì)胞傳送的化學(xué)信息載體，為小分子細(xì)胞傳送的化學(xué)信息載體，為小分子物質(zhì)物質(zhì)神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)：肽類，調(diào)理神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)：肽類，調(diào)理神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的反響質(zhì)的

4、反響 突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)原纖維神經(jīng)原纖維neurofibrilneurofibrilLMLM：在鍍銀染色切片中，呈棕黑色細(xì)絲，：在鍍銀染色切片中，呈棕黑色細(xì)絲，交錯(cuò)陳列成網(wǎng)，并伸入樹突和軸突交錯(cuò)陳列成網(wǎng)，并伸入樹突和軸突EMEM：由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是由：由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是由神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲功能：構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架，微管還功能：構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架，微管還參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末

5、梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞樹突樹突dendritedendrite每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹突，從樹突干每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹突，從樹突干發(fā)出許多分支，樹突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的構(gòu)造與發(fā)出許多分支，樹突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的構(gòu)造與胞體類似胞體類似在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起，稱樹在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起，稱樹突棘突棘dendritic spinedendritic spine功能：極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激的功能：極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激的外表積外表積突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞

6、體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞軸突軸突axonaxon每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突，由軸丘發(fā)出，每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突，由軸丘發(fā)出，此區(qū)無尼氏體，染色淡此區(qū)無尼氏體，染色淡比樹突細(xì)，直徑均一，有側(cè)支呈直角分比樹突細(xì)，直徑均一，有側(cè)支呈直角分出。軸突末端的分支較多，構(gòu)成軸突出。軸突末端的分支較多，構(gòu)成軸突終末終末胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚，產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚，產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)激動(dòng)激動(dòng), , 沿軸膜向終末傳送沿軸膜向終末傳送圖圖4突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干

7、細(xì)胞 胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸 慢速軸突運(yùn)輸：胞體內(nèi)構(gòu)成的神經(jīng)慢速軸突運(yùn)輸：胞體內(nèi)構(gòu)成的神經(jīng)絲、微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸絲、微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸 快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸：由胞體向軸突快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸：由胞體向軸突終末快速保送含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的小終末快速保送含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的小泡泡 快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸：軸突終末的代快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸：軸突終末的代謝產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、謝產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、病毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w病毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)

8、末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類：按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類：多極神經(jīng)元多極神經(jīng)元multipolar neuronmultipolar neuron：一個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹突最多一個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹突最多雙極神經(jīng)元雙極神經(jīng)元bipolar neuronbipolar neuron：一：一個(gè)樹突和一個(gè)軸突很少個(gè)樹突和一個(gè)軸突很少假單極神經(jīng)元假單極神經(jīng)元pseudounipolar pseudounipolar neuronneuron：從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起，然：從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起，然后呈形分為兩支，周圍突分布到后呈形分為兩支

9、，周圍突分布到周圍器官，接受刺激，為樹突；構(gòu)造周圍器官，接受刺激，為樹突；構(gòu)造與軸突類似和中樞突進(jìn)入與軸突類似和中樞突進(jìn)入CNS, CNS, 傳出激動(dòng)，為軸突傳出激動(dòng)，為軸突圖圖1神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類：按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類：覺得神經(jīng)元覺得神經(jīng)元sensory neuronsensory neuron：又：又稱傳入神經(jīng)元稱傳入神經(jīng)元afferent neuronafferent neuron，多為假單極神經(jīng)元多為假單極神經(jīng)元運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元m

10、otor neuronmotor neuron：又稱：又稱傳出神經(jīng)元傳出神經(jīng)元efferent neuronefferent neuron，普通為多極神經(jīng)元普通為多極神經(jīng)元中間神經(jīng)元中間神經(jīng)元interneuroninterneuron：主要：主要為多極神經(jīng)元，位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之為多極神經(jīng)元，位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之間，加工和傳送信息；占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)間，加工和傳送信息；占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)9999以上以上神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞圖圖5按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型：按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型

11、：高爾基高爾基I I 型神經(jīng)元型神經(jīng)元Golgi type I Golgi type I neuronneuron：是具有長(zhǎng)軸突：是具有長(zhǎng)軸突( (可長(zhǎng)達(dá)可長(zhǎng)達(dá)1 1米米以上以上) )的大神經(jīng)元的大神經(jīng)元高爾基高爾基II II 型神經(jīng)元型神經(jīng)元Golgi type II Golgi type II neuronneuron：是具有短軸突：是具有短軸突( (僅數(shù)微米僅數(shù)微米) )的小神經(jīng)元多的小神經(jīng)元多神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類：按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)

12、的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類：膽堿能神經(jīng)元乙酰膽堿膽堿能神經(jīng)元乙酰膽堿去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元去甲腎上腺去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元去甲腎上腺素素 胺能神經(jīng)元多巴胺、胺能神經(jīng)元多巴胺、5-5-羥色胺羥色胺 氨基酸能神經(jīng)元氨基酸能神經(jīng)元-氨基丁酸、甘氨基丁酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸氨酸、谷氨酸 肽能神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)肽：腦啡肽、物肽能神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)肽：腦啡肽、物質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素 一氧化氮一氧化氮NONO也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neural stem ce

13、lls) (neural stem cells) 分布：腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦海分布：腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦海馬馬形狀：類似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形狀：類似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物：巢蛋白標(biāo)志物：巢蛋白(nestin)(nestin)功能：在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)元、功能：在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞， 交交換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)構(gòu)造構(gòu)造胞體胞體樹突樹突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞突觸突觸synapsesynap

14、se：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳送信息的部位經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳送信息的部位最常見一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元最常見一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的樹突、樹突棘或胞體銜接，分別構(gòu)成軸的樹突、樹突棘或胞體銜接，分別構(gòu)成軸- -樹、軸樹、軸- -棘或軸棘或軸- -體突觸體突觸分類：分類： 化學(xué)突觸以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳送信息的媒介化學(xué)突觸以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳送信息的媒介 電突觸縫隙銜接，傳送生物電流電突觸縫隙銜接，傳送生物電流 突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)圖圖6神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 構(gòu)造：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后

15、成構(gòu)造：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成分構(gòu)成 突觸前成分突觸前成分: :即突觸小體，為神經(jīng)元的軸突即突觸小體，為神經(jīng)元的軸突終 末 ， 呈 球 狀 膨 大 ； 內(nèi) 有 突 觸 小 泡終 末 ， 呈 球 狀 膨 大 ； 內(nèi) 有 突 觸 小 泡synaptic vesicle synaptic vesicle ，含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)，含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì)；突觸前膜較厚，含鈣離子通道質(zhì)；突觸前膜較厚，含鈣離子通道 突觸后成分：突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的突觸后成分：突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的受體受體圖圖7-9突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元圖圖10

16、-15 在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除突觸部位以外，都神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除突觸部位以外，都被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣，以保證被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣，以保證信息傳送的專注性和不受干擾信息傳送的專注性和不受干擾 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞：有四中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞：有四種，在種，在HEHE染色切片中，除室管膜細(xì)胞染色切片中，除室管膜細(xì)胞外，不易區(qū)分，用不同的鍍銀染色法外，不易區(qū)分，用不同的鍍銀染色法那么能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌那么能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室

17、管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞astrocyteastrocyte體大，呈星形多突起體大，呈星形多突起, , 核圓或卵圓形，核圓或卵圓形，胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲白構(gòu)成的中間絲功能：功能：支持和絕緣支持和絕緣突起末端可擴(kuò)展構(gòu)成腳板，在腦和脊突起末端可擴(kuò)展構(gòu)成腳板，在腦和脊髓外表構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜；在血管周圍構(gòu)髓外表構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜；在血管周圍構(gòu)成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜，參與構(gòu)成血成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜，參與構(gòu)成血- -腦屏障腦屏障分泌神運(yùn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子分泌神運(yùn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子組織損傷時(shí)，細(xì)胞

18、增生構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)瘢痕組織損傷時(shí)，細(xì)胞增生構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)瘢痕圖圖16突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 血血- -腦屏障腦屏障blood-brain barrierblood-brain barrier構(gòu)成：延續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間有構(gòu)成：延續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間有嚴(yán)密銜接；基膜；神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜嚴(yán)密銜接；基膜；神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜功能：阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦，選功能：阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦，選擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)物經(jīng)過，維持擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)

19、物經(jīng)過，維持腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定圖圖17、18突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞oligodendrocyteoligodendrocyte分布：神經(jīng)元胞體附近及軸突周圍分布：神經(jīng)元胞體附近及軸突周圍胞體較小，突起較少；突起末端擴(kuò)展成胞體較小，突起較少；突起末端擴(kuò)展成扁平薄膜，包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突構(gòu)成髓扁平薄膜，包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突構(gòu)成髓鞘鞘功能：是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘構(gòu)成細(xì)胞功能：是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘構(gòu)

20、成細(xì)胞突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞microgliamicroglia最小，胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓，核小、染色深；最小，胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓，核小、染色深；突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支，外表有許多棘突突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支，外表有許多棘突由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演化而成，在中樞由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演化而成，在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞，具神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞，具有吞噬作用有吞噬作用突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末

21、梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元室管膜細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞ependymal cellependymal cell襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面，構(gòu)成單襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面，構(gòu)成單層上皮，即室管膜層上皮，即室管膜ependymaependyma呈立方或柱狀，游離面有微絨毛，少數(shù)呈立方或柱狀，游離面有微絨毛，少數(shù)細(xì)胞有纖毛；部分細(xì)胞的基底面有細(xì)細(xì)胞有纖毛；部分細(xì)胞的基底面有細(xì)長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液于脈絡(luò)叢參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液于脈絡(luò)叢突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神

22、經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞Schwann cellSchwann cell 參與參與PNSPNS中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成，于有髓神中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成，于有髓神經(jīng)纖維和無髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施萬細(xì)胞經(jīng)纖維和無髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施萬細(xì)胞的形狀和功能有所差別的形狀和功能有所差別施萬細(xì)胞的外外表有基膜施萬細(xì)胞的外外表有基膜分泌神運(yùn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子分泌神運(yùn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子, , 促進(jìn)受損傷的神經(jīng)促進(jìn)受損傷的神經(jīng)元存活及其軸突再生元存活及其軸突再生突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞

23、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞satellite cellsatellite cell 是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁平是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁平或立方形細(xì)胞或立方形細(xì)胞核圓，染色質(zhì)較濃密；細(xì)胞外外表有基核圓，染色質(zhì)較濃密；細(xì)胞外外表有基膜膜圖圖19突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬細(xì)

24、胞施萬細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng) 神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)纖維nerve fibernerve fiber由神經(jīng)元由神經(jīng)元的長(zhǎng)軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成成 分類：分類： 有髓神經(jīng)纖維有髓神經(jīng)纖維 myelinated nerve fibermyelinated nerve fiber 無髓神經(jīng)纖維無髓神經(jīng)纖維 unmyelinated nerve fiberunmyelinated nerve fiber突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元PNS的有髓

25、神經(jīng)纖維的有髓神經(jīng)纖維施萬細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外；相鄰施萬細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外；相鄰施萬細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)施萬細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)(Ranvier node)，相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的一段神經(jīng)，相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的一段神經(jīng)纖維稱結(jié)間體纖維稱結(jié)間體(internode)，一個(gè)結(jié)間體，一個(gè)結(jié)間體的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬細(xì)胞的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬細(xì)胞圖圖20-26突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 施萬細(xì)胞的構(gòu)造分三層：中層為髓鞘施萬細(xì)胞的構(gòu)造分三層：中層為髓鞘myelin sheathmyelin sheath，以髓鞘為界胞，以髓鞘為界胞質(zhì)分為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)分為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)極薄，光鏡下難分辨；外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略質(zhì)極薄，光鏡下難分辨；外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略厚，核位于其中厚，核位于其中 髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞構(gòu)成，電髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞構(gòu)成，電鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀；含大量髓鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀；含大