醫(yī)學英語教程課文翻譯Unit

1、Unit 1Reading A The Human complex A Never failing Source of Wonderment(人類的復雜性一個永遠不會失去驚嘆的話題)“ In my view, ” wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1814 , “no knowledge can be more satisfactory to a man that of his own frame, its parts, their functions and actions. ” Distinguished thinkers before and since Jeffers

2、on have held this belief, but curiously, it is not one that the average person wholeheartedly shares.Mans attitude toward his own bodyhis single most precious possessionis decidedly ambivalent. At one and the same time he isfascinated by it and fearful of it, partly in echo of ancient taboos, partly

3、 in the conviction that the body is too complicated to understand.( “在我看來，”托馬斯杰佛遜于1814年寫道：“對人來說，沒有什么知識會比了解自身的架構(gòu)、部件、功能和作用更能使他滿足。”包括杰佛遜在內(nèi)的杰出思想家均持有這個觀點，但有趣的是，這個觀點并不為普羅大眾所由衷地接受。人們對自己的身體，這個對他自身來說最為寶貴的財富，態(tài)度其實是充滿矛盾的。一方面，人們被肉體的奧妙所深深著迷，另一方面，卻又對其深感敬畏，這在一定程度上與遠古的忌禁遙相呼應(yīng)，也在一定程度上反映了人們確信肉體過于復雜而難以理解。)The possible a

4、pproaches to a study of the body are legion.To the cynic, the body is no more than a tenement of clay; to the poet, a palace of the soul; to the physician, an all-too-ailing hulk. The psychiatrist sees it as a housing for the mind and personality. The geneticist sees it as a perpetuator of its own k

5、ind.The biologist sees it as an organism which can alter the future as a result of the experience of the past.( 研究人體的途徑可謂紛繁多樣。對憤世嫉俗者來說，人體賤為粘土陋室；對吟詩作賦者來說，人體尊為靈魂的宮殿；對救死扶傷者來說，人體悲為脆弱多病的軀殼。 精神病學家視其為思想和性格的居所。遺傳學家當其為自我繁衍的機器。生物學家視其為能借過往的經(jīng)驗來改變未來的生命體。)All the specialized scientific views of the body are valid

6、. All, however, must start from the same premise: an awareness of the bodys basic structure and functionsits anatomy and physiology. And the bedrock principle of our present understanding of the body is that all living matter is composed of cells basically similar in structure and function.（所有有關(guān)人體的專

7、業(yè)科學的觀點都是有意義的，然而，所有的這些都必須從同一個前提開始：那就是對研究人體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的解剖學和生理學的認識。我們對身體的了解的基本原則是，所有生物都是由結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基本相似的細胞構(gòu)成的。）A Swarm of Tiny Specialists(一幫微縮的專家)Studies of the cellwhat it is , what it does and how it reproduces itself have revealed it to be a fantastically complex world in itself. One of the major wonders o

8、f the cell is the disparity between its minuteness and the prodigiousness of its activity. Each cell is so tiny that millions of them may be found in a half-inch cube of human body tissue. Yet each comprises an almost unimaginably busy chemical laboratory with a highly ordered division of labor.（關(guān)于細

9、胞的研究細胞是什么，它是干什么的和如何復制的已經(jīng)顯露出細胞本身那令人難以置信的復雜世界。細胞的一個主要的神奇之處在于其體積的微細與其活性之間的巨大差距。每個細胞是如此渺小，以至于數(shù)以萬計的細胞有可能被發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個半英寸立方體大小的人體組織中。然而，每個細胞都堪比一個繁忙到難以想象的并有著高度的分工的化學實驗室。）The cell has two main parts: a nucleus, containing the genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and a surrounding semifluid cytoplasm.Bound

10、ing the cytoplasm is the cell membrane, which keeps the cell contents in and undesirable material out, yet permits passage of both proper nutrients and wastes. The nucleuscell headquartersgoverns the major activities of the cytoplasm; its finest hour, however, comes at reproduction time, when chromo

11、somes containing DNA split. It is in the cytoplasm, that the cells day to day business is carried on. Each of its various components, or organelles, is a specialist of surpassing skill. one type breaks down the food given entry by the cell membrane and converts it into energy .Another provides the s

12、ite for the synthesis of proteinalong with reproduction, a major function of mostcells. Another packages the manufactured protein for transport wherever needed in the body.（細胞有兩個主要部分：含有遺傳物質(zhì)脫氧核糖核酸（DNA）的細胞核，以及周圍呈半流質(zhì)的細胞質(zhì)。包圍著細胞質(zhì)的是細胞膜，它包含著細胞內(nèi)容物并將不需要的物質(zhì)隔離在外，然而它允許營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和代謝廢物通過。細胞核細胞的指揮部調(diào)控細胞質(zhì)的主要活動；然而，它最重要的時候是

13、當細胞分裂，染色體內(nèi)的DNA分裂時。細胞日復一日的工作是在細胞質(zhì)中完成的。各種組件或細胞器，都是一個個卓越的技術(shù)專家。其中細胞器的一種功能是分解進入細胞膜的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成能量。另一個功能是提供結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)的場所伴隨著細胞復制的始終，大多數(shù)細胞的主要功能。再一個是組裝功能蛋白質(zhì)，并將其運輸?shù)缴眢w的各個所需部位。）To operate efficiently, the cell thus requires specific help from the body as a whole: food to provide raw material for the release of energy

14、, oxygen to help break down the food, water to transport inorganic substances like calcium and sodium.Once its needs are satisfied, the cell itself provides the intricatemechanism for maintaining the balance essential to keep it in kilterin short, to keep the body alive and healthy.（為了高效的運轉(zhuǎn)，因而細胞需要得到

15、身體的幫助：食物提供可釋放能量的原材料，氧氣幫助分解食物，水分轉(zhuǎn)運無機物，比如鈉、鉀。一旦這些需要得到滿足，細胞本身就會提供復雜的機制，使其維持正常運作必須的平衡狀況總之，能保持身體的活力和健康。）Cells share certain common characteristics, but most of the bodys cells develop specialized features and abilities. The cells that form bone collect calcium salts; these cells are locked together in so

16、lid chunks, immobile. By contrast, the white cells of the blood, which fight off invading bacteria, roam freely about the body.Other cells make special chemicals for the bodys usethe hormones produced in the endocrine glands, or the digestive enzymes poured into the intestine from the pancreas. Stil

17、l other cells from theincredibly thin membranes in the lung or kidney that permit the filtering or exchange of dissolved body fuels and wastes.（細胞共享某種相同的特性，但是大部分的人體細胞發(fā)展出了特殊的特征和能力。那些構(gòu)成骨的細胞能收集鈣鹽；這些細胞聚集在一起形成穩(wěn)定的塊狀固體。相反的，血液中那些可以抵抗侵略細菌的白細胞，卻能在身體內(nèi)自由流動。其它細胞能產(chǎn)生特殊的化學物質(zhì)供身體使用內(nèi)分泌腺產(chǎn)生激素，而胰腺產(chǎn)生的消化酶注入腸道。還有在肺或腎里形成非常薄的

18、膜，使其它細胞可以被允許過濾或交換已被溶解的身體燃料和廢物。）According to their particular features and their intended functions, cells form different types of tissue: bone, muscle, blood, nerve tissue, connective tissue and epithelium. The cells that make up each of these are not identical, but belong together by reason of unde

19、rlying similarities.(根據(jù)它們獨自的特點和所要求的功能，細胞構(gòu)成了不同類型的組織：骨組織，肌肉組織，神經(jīng)組織，結(jié)締組織和上皮組織。 構(gòu)成這些組織的細胞是各不相同的，但因潛藏的相似點而同屬一類。 )For example, the cells of bowel muscle are rounder and shorter than the long, spindly cells of leg muscle, yet both kinds contract forcefully when stimulated by a chemical or electrical impuls

20、e.The cells that make up bone tissue differ sufficiently to make brittle bone in one place and spongy, resilient cartilage in another, yet all store the salts which give bone its calcifiedstructure.The loose network of cells that supports the fatty padding under the skin and the dense capsule of cel

21、ls that holds the knee joint in place are both forms of connective tissue. All nerve cells, varied as they may be, receive and conduct electrochemical impulses. All blood cell, varied as they may be, float freely in a circulating fluid, plasma.（例如，腸道肌肉的細胞，比長而細的腿部肌肉的細胞更圓、更短，當受到化學或電刺激時兩種細胞都會有力地收縮。 構(gòu)成骨

22、組織的細胞有相當程度的不同，可在一處形成脆骨，而在另一處形成疏松而有韌性的軟骨；然而，所有儲存鹽類的細胞，使骨成為鈣化的結(jié)構(gòu)。 在皮下的支持脂肪墊料的疏散網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀細胞和保持膝關(guān)節(jié)在對應(yīng)的地方的密集膠囊狀細胞，都參與構(gòu)成了結(jié)締組織。所有的神經(jīng)細胞，各有不同，接受傳導電化沖動。所有的血細胞，各有不同，在循環(huán)流體血漿中，自由地漂浮。）The most versatile cells are those of the various kinds of epithelium.Forming the bodys external coatingthe skinepithelial cells protect

23、 things inside from things outside. They also form the lining of the mouth, stomach and bowel, the inner surface of blood vessels, and the membranes that permit the lungs to breathe and the kidneys to excrete. Over the cornea of the eye they become a sort of transparent windshield, to permit the fre

24、e entry of light to the retina. Other epithelial cells secrete a protective mucus to keep intestines, lungs and nasal passages from drying out.Still othersmanufacture powerful hormones that regulate the bodys chemical reactions.（最萬能的細胞是那些各種各樣的上皮細胞。構(gòu)成人體的外套皮膚，上皮細胞保護里面的物質(zhì)不受外界侵害。 它們還構(gòu)成嘴巴、胃、腸的黏膜、血管的內(nèi)表面和允

25、許肺呼吸和腎排泄的膜。 眼睛的角膜，它們變成一種外部的擋風玻璃，允許光束自由地進入到視網(wǎng)膜。 其他的上皮細胞分泌保護性的粘液保持腸、肺和鼻腔不至于變干。）Interlock and Overlap(連鎖和重疊)The tissues comprise the structural materials of the bodys organ systems. These, in turn, may be compared to a number of corporations with interlocking directorates. Indeed the interdependence of

26、 the organ systems has led to some disagreement over how many there are. The venerable Grays Anatomyused by medical students for more than 100 yearslists 10 systems: nervous, digestive, respiratory, vascular, urogenital, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, joints and external covering. Other authorities

27、categorize joints and bones together because they are so closely related, or separate the sense organs from the nervous system, or lump all the internal organs respiratory, digestive, endocrine and urogenitalunder the resounding title of splanchnological system.（組織構(gòu)成了人體器官系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)。相應(yīng)的，也許可以將他們比作一些有連鎖董事

28、會的公司。事實上，這個相互依存的器官系統(tǒng)多少引發(fā)了一些爭論。令人崇敬的格雷先生的解剖學在過去被醫(yī)學生使用了超過一百年列出了十個系統(tǒng)：神經(jīng)的，消化的，呼吸的，血管的，泌尿生殖的，內(nèi)分泌的，骨骼的，肌肉的，關(guān)節(jié)和表皮的。而另一些權(quán)威則是因為關(guān)節(jié)與骨的緊密聯(lián)系而將其劃歸在一類，或?qū)⒏杏X器官從神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中分出單列，或干脆把所有內(nèi)臟器官合在一起，冠以內(nèi)臟系統(tǒng)這一聲勢浩大的名稱。）Far more important than their labels is the fact that the systems interact; the breakdown of one can damage or dest

29、roy the others. Ideally, of course, all systems would do their jobs perfectly all the time. Unfortunately, nature permits no such perfection. All of them suffer from malfunctions at one point or another. The wonder is that breakdowns are the exception rather than the rule.（比起它們的分類遠為重要的事是這個系統(tǒng)之間的相互影響；一個系統(tǒng)的故障能夠破壞甚至毀壞其它系統(tǒng)。當然，最理想的是所有的系統(tǒng)都能一直完美地完成它們的工作。不幸的是，大自然不允許如此完美。它們總在一方面或其它方面發(fā)生功能障礙。好在這些故障的出現(xiàn)只是例外而不是常規(guī)。）Within the healthy body itself there is no absolute criterion