英語(yǔ)_埃及_木乃伊ppt

1、Egyptian MummificationFirst:First:Why they mummifiedWhy they mummified people peopleThe ancient The ancient Egyptians believed Egyptians believed that after death that after death their bodies would their bodies would travel to another travel to another world during the world during the day, and at

2、night day, and at night they would return they would return to their bodies.to their bodies.Purpose of Egyptian MummificationPurpose of Egyptian MummificationIn order for the persons spirit to live forever, it had to be In order for the persons spirit to live forever, it had to be able to recognize

3、and return to the body. If a spirit could able to recognize and return to the body. If a spirit could not recognize the body it belonged to, it would die.not recognize the body it belonged to, it would die.我能我能復(fù)活？復(fù)活？This is why the This is why the Egyptians wanted to Egyptians wanted to preserve the

4、 bodies preserve the bodies of the dead in as of the dead in as lifelike a state as lifelike a state as possible. possible. Mummification Mummification guaranteed eternal guaranteed eternal life for the spirit.life for the spirit.SecendSecend: :The Mummification The Mummification ProcessProcessAt Fi

5、rst, the At First, the ancient Egyptians ancient Egyptians buried the bodies in buried the bodies in the desert. The the desert. The desert made the desert made the corpse(corpse(尸體）尸體）to be to be dehydrationdehydration（脫脫水水） , , to became a to became a realistic mummy. realistic mummy. Stage one: e

6、mbalmingStage one: embalmingEmbalming is the Embalming is the stage were Egyptians stage were Egyptians start to taking the body start to taking the body and drying it out.and drying it out.Then，they mummifiedThe entire process took 70 days to complete. The entire process took 70 days to complete. S

7、everal embalmers conducted the task in the Several embalmers conducted the task in the special embalming shop or per special embalming shop or per nefernefer. . The chief embalmer was known as the The chief embalmer was known as the heryhery sheshtasheshta. He wore a jackal mask to . He wore a jacka

8、l mask to represent Anubis, the god of represent Anubis, the god of mummification. mummification. After the body had been shaved and washed After the body had been shaved and washed with wine and spices, all of the parts that with wine and spices, all of the parts that might decay were removed. migh

9、t decay were removed. Then :The embalmers first removed the brain The embalmers first removed the brain through the nose using a long hook.through the nose using a long hook.The long hook was used to stir up the brain until it was The long hook was used to stir up the brain until it was liquefied. T

10、hen the embalmers would turn the body face liquefied. Then the embalmers would turn the body face down to allow the brain to ooze out down to allow the brain to ooze out ( (滲出滲出) )the the nostrils(nostrils(鼻孔）鼻孔）. . The Egyptians were so The Egyptians were so rough on the brain rough on the brain be

11、cause they didnt because they didnt realize its importance. realize its importance. They thought its sole They thought its sole purpose was to produce purpose was to produce snot!snot!Next:Next:they would remove the they would remove the soft, moist body parts soft, moist body parts that would cause

12、 decay. that would cause decay. A deep incisionA deep incision（切口）（切口） was made in the left was made in the left side of the abdomenside of the abdomen（腹）（腹） to remove the to remove the internal organs:internal organs:the lungsthe lungs（肺）（肺）, the stomach, the , the stomach, the liverliver（肝（肝 )and

13、the intestines()and the intestines(腸）腸）. .In some cases they removed the heart, but in In some cases they removed the heart, but in others they left it, because it was considered to others they left it, because it was considered to be the seat of the soul that testified on behalf of be the seat of t

14、he soul that testified on behalf of the deceased during judgment before the gods.the deceased during judgment before the gods.The body was stuffed with bundles of strong drying salt called natron.It was then completely covered with It was then completely covered with natronnatron and placed and plac

15、ed on a slanted couch so that any fluids that dripped out as on a slanted couch so that any fluids that dripped out as the body was drying could be collected and buried along the body was drying could be collected and buried along with it.with it.While the body was drying, the internal organs While

16、the body was drying, the internal organs were also dried and preserved with were also dried and preserved with natronnatron. .They were then wrapped in strips of linen and They were then wrapped in strips of linen and put into separate containers called put into separate containers called canopiccan

17、opic jars. jars.The Egyptians believed that all body parts would be The Egyptians believed that all body parts would be magically reunited in the afterlife and the body would magically reunited in the afterlife and the body would become whole again, just like the god Osiris.become whole again, just

18、like the god Osiris.According to Egyptian According to Egyptian mythology, the god Osiris was mythology, the god Osiris was murdered by his jealous murdered by his jealous brother Set and hacked into brother Set and hacked into pieces. The goddess Isis pieces. The goddess Isis reassembled the pieces

19、 and reassembled the pieces and Osiris Osiris was magically restored, was magically restored, and went on to become and went on to become thethe god of the afterlife.god of the afterlife.The stoppers of the The stoppers of the canopiccanopic jars were shaped like the heads of jars were shaped like t

20、he heads of the four sons of the god Horus. Each son protected the organ the four sons of the god Horus. Each son protected the organ placed inside his respective jar. placed inside his respective jar. DuamutefDuamutef, who had the head , who had the head of a jackal, guarded the jar that contained

21、the stomach. of a jackal, guarded the jar that contained the stomach. QebehsenufQebehsenuf, who had the head of a falcon, watched over the , who had the head of a falcon, watched over the intestines. intestines. HapiHapi, the baboon-headed son of Horus, protected , the baboon-headed son of Horus, pr

22、otected the lungs, while human-headed the lungs, while human-headed ImsetiImseti was in charge of was in charge of protecting the tecting the liver.CanopicCanopic jars jars were usually were usually stored in a stored in a chest that chest that was later was later placed in the placed in th

23、e tomb with tomb with the mummy.the mummy.After 40 days, the body was completely dried. The skin After 40 days, the body was completely dried. The skin became shrunken, wrinkled, and leathery. The bundles became shrunken, wrinkled, and leathery. The bundles of of natronnatron were removed from the b

24、ody cavity. The were removed from the body cavity. The mummy was cleaned one more time and rubbed with mummy was cleaned one more time and rubbed with sacred oils to soften the skin.sacred oils to soften the skin.The mummys head and body were packed with herbs, The mummys head and body were packed w

25、ith herbs, sawdust, and linen soaked in scented oil so that they could sawdust, and linen soaked in scented oil so that they could regain the shape they had in life. Stones or small onions regain the shape they had in life. Stones or small onions were placed under the eyelids to restore a lifelike w

26、ere placed under the eyelids to restore a lifelike appearance. Once this was done, the mummy could be appearance. Once this was done, the mummy could be covered with necklaces, rings and bracelets made of gold covered with necklaces, rings and bracelets made of gold and gems.and gems.In one Egyptian

27、 In one Egyptian mythmyth, the god Horus had his eye , the god Horus had his eye miraculously restored after losing it in a battle with the miraculously restored after losing it in a battle with the evil god Set. The Eye of Horus, called a evil god Set. The Eye of Horus, called a wedjatwedjat, is ,

28、is associated with healing and protection. A wax or associated with healing and protection. A wax or bronze plate with a bronze plate with a wedjatwedjat carved on it was placed carved on it was placed over the embalming incision to magically heal the gash over the embalming incision to magically he

29、al the gash in the afterlife.in the afterlife.The entire body was then covered in shrouds and bound The entire body was then covered in shrouds and bound with strips of linen until the mummy had returned to its with strips of linen until the mummy had returned to its original size. This was a compli

30、cated job and could take as original size. This was a complicated job and could take as long as a week.long as a week.Now, they complete the mummification*#&*$#%&*#$#&*#*&“惡有惡報(bào)，惡有惡報(bào)，善有善報(bào)，不善有善報(bào)，不是不報(bào)，時(shí)辰是不報(bào)，時(shí)辰未到！未到！”Do Do you you kwon kwon what what he he says?says? Put the mummy in the

31、 tombSmall magical amulets Small magical amulets （護(hù)身符 ）were inserted between were inserted between the layers of the bandages to further protect the mummys the layers of the bandages to further protect the mummys spirit on its way to the afterlife. As each layer was added, spirit on its way to the a

32、fterlife. As each layer was added, it was coated with resin to hold the wrappings together it was coated with resin to hold the wrappings together with a waterproof seal.with a waterproof seal.After the After the wrapping was wrapping was finished, the head finished, the head of the mummy was of the

33、 mummy was covered with a covered with a portrait mask, just portrait mask, just to make sure that to make sure that the spirit would the spirit would recognize it.recognize it.The masked The masked mummy was mummy was then placed then placed in a series of in a series of gilded gilded wooden wooden

34、 coffins coffins （棺（棺材）材）and put and put into a into a sarcophagussarcophagus（石棺）（石棺）. .On the day of the funeral, the mummy was brought to On the day of the funeral, the mummy was brought to the tomb, where priests performed the Opening of the the tomb, where priests performed the Opening of the Mouth Ritual touching the eyes, nose, and mouth of Mouth Ritual touching the eyes, nose, and mouth of the coffin with a sacred tool. This ritual reactivated the coffin with a sacred tool. This ritual reactivated