(完整word版)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全-句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并,推薦文檔

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全- 句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并I.簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1781 句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來(lái)的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說(shuō)法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问?。A 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207 1209）：He has finished his university studiesHis university studies have been finishedThey put him to deathHe was put to deathAn Englis

2、hman teaches him EnglishHe is taught English by an EnglishmenB 肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?，也可由否定形式變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑篒 am doubtful of his honestyI am not sure of his honestyFew understand itNot many understand itHe is sometimes sillyHe is not always cleverIt is tidy It is not untidy He always objectedHe never

3、 agreedHe failed to comeHe did not comeShe told the story with tearsShe told the story not without tearsOnly he knows it Nobody else knows itHe lacks courageHe is without courageHe is very tiredHe is not a little tired He will always remember your kindnessHe will never forget your kindnessC.反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句與陳述

4、旬之間的轉(zhuǎn)換反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句（Rhetorical Question段可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鲅?Is that the way to treat your wife？That is not the way to treat your wifeCan I say anything？I cannot say anythingWhere can you ever see a gho？stYou can never see a ghost anywher eWho cares about you？Nobody cares about youWhy should I apologize？I should not ap

5、ologizeD 不同詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)換幾乎任何詞類都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類?？梢允牵?動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：Our enemy is strengtheningOur enemy is gaining strengthThey agreed not to criticize each othe rThey made an agreement not to criticize each othe r It smells goodIt has a good smellJohn disgraces our familyJohn is a disgrace to our family2動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：

6、He neglects my adviceHe is negligent of my adviceHe fears nothingHe is afraid of nothingThis letter expresses his gratitudeThis letter is expressive of his gratitudeThey widened and lengthened the stree tThey made the street wide and long 3動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：He succeeded in advising MaryHe advised Mary succe

7、ssfullyThey enjoyed celebrating the festivalThey celebrated the festival joyfullyThis story surpasses others in beautyThis story is surpassingly beautiful4名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：He is a man of wealthHe is a wealthy manHe is a husband with no hear，t she is a wife with a long tongueHe is a heartless husban，d she

8、is a long-tongued wife“ Here lies the only wile of JohnLee ”“ Here lies John Lee's only wif e ”This policy is of great importanceThis policy is very important There was once a monster with three head sThere was once a three-headed monster5名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：Please handle it with carePlease handle it care

9、fullyIn all probability ， it will rain this evening Most probably ， it will rain this evening Our troops entered the city in triumphOur troops entered the city triumphantly6形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：After a careful analysis， the food proves poisonousCarefully analysed， the food proves poisonousHe hates hard workHe

10、 hates to work hard7介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：I like him for his unselfishnessI like him because he is unselfishI will wait until his return I will wait until he returns 圖解：n.簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合旬之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1782 一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此： Sitting down ， he read the letterHe sat down and he read the lette rThe guest leaving， I w

11、ent to bed The guest left， and then I went to bedBeing tired of life ， he refuses to see any friends or relative s He is tired of life ， so he refuses to see any friends or relative s He ran away to avoid punishmen tHe ran away， or he would be punishedHe has to work hard to maintain his big familyHe

12、 has to work hard， otherwise he cannot maintain his big familyOut of a desire to please her mothe，r he sent her things from time to timeHe sent things to her mother from time to time， for he desires to please her Besides selling rice， he teaches arithmetic in the evenin gHe sells rice， and besides h

13、e teaches arithmetic in the evenin gWith all his efforts ， he failed He made all efforts， but he failedBy his good manners， he wins her hear tHe has good manner，s therefore he wins her hear tThe boy is rewarded for his braveryThe boy is brave， so he is rewarded圖解：m.簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1783 一個(gè)詞或是短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、

14、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：A 名詞從句I cannot tell the time of his arrival I cannot tell when he will arrive I believe your statementI believe what you stateI insisted on his studying artI insisted that he should study artI was informed of his behaviourI was informed of how he behavedI wish you to be always happy

15、I wish that you will be always happyI think it fit for you to take over the business I think it fit that you take over the business I learn of his successI learn that he has succeede dHis arrival is a great eventThat he has arrived is a great even tHow to get rid of poverty is a big problem It is a

16、big problem how we can get rid of poverty圖解：B 定語(yǔ)從句He is a self made manHe is a man who has succeeded by his own effortsIt has become an independent countr yIt has become a country that is no more controlled by anotho rI want to live and die in my native village I want to live and die in the village

17、where I was bornShe wears a sea blue skirtShe wears a skirt which is as blue as the se aWe need an atom smashing machineWe need a machine that can smash atom sI have nothing to sayI have nothing that I wish to sayThe evil done lives after the doersThe evil that men do lives after them圖解：C.狀語(yǔ)從句The ch

18、ildren quarrelled over the property on the death of their fathe rThe children quarrelled over the property as soon as their father die dAfter 20 years of service， he retiredWhen he had served 20 year，s he retiredHe died in his native placeHe died where he was bornHe stayed at home because of illnes

19、sHe stayed at home because he was illIn spite of my advice， he persisted in going out with herAlthough I advised him ， he persisted in going out with herYou may drink to your heart's contentYou may drink as much as you likeWithout any water， this plant cannot liveUnless it gets some wate，r this

20、plant cannot liveHe is too tired to work any moreHe is so tired that he cannot work any moreI will inform the police to punish him I will inform the police so that he may be punished注： 1782 中大部分短語(yǔ)不僅可以變?yōu)椴⒘械姆志?，也可以變?yōu)闋钫Z(yǔ)從句。圖解：IV.復(fù)雜旬與復(fù)合旬之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1784 He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gambl

21、e aga inAfter he gained a lot of money in gambling， he wished to gamble againHe may be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts sch oolIf he is interested in art， he should go to some fine arts schoo lRecede one step and they will proceed thre eIf you recede one step， they w

22、ill proceed threeHe is poor， but he is proudAlthough he is poor， he is proudHe has failed， yet he has done his bes tAlthough he has failed， he has done his bes tWe must keep silent or father will get angryWe must keep silent lest father should get angr yHe must live a regular life， otherwise he will

23、 fall ill Unless he lives a regular life， he will fall ill He is a very good teache，r so the students like himThe students like him， because he is a good teach erThey have said all they wish to say， therefore they understand each other thorough lyAs they have said all they wish to say， they understa

24、nd each other thoroughl y圖解：V.直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1785 說(shuō)話人講的話可以用兩種方式來(lái)引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語(yǔ)。因此 He said， “I am very ill ”為直接引語(yǔ)。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)引用，則稱為間接引語(yǔ)。因此He said that he was very ill.為間接引語(yǔ)。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語(yǔ)，例如he,可稱為第一主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)，如 I及he,稱為第 二主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)，或間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要注意。A 大寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)直接引語(yǔ)放在引號(hào)

25、之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語(yǔ)末加句號(hào)、 問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)， 但在間接引語(yǔ)中卻不加這些。 間接引語(yǔ)必須由 that， whether （ if ）或疑問(wèn)詞（ who， why ， when 等）開頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語(yǔ)中問(wèn)句可能有倒裝語(yǔ)序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面），但在間接引語(yǔ)中，問(wèn)句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z(yǔ)序：I say，“ He will come ”I say that he will comeI say： “ When will he com？e ”I ask when he will comeB 引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞引話動(dòng)詞可以是say， remark， obser

26、ve， claim ， explain， con- firm ； ask， enquire， question；answer， reply ； declare， announce； beg， urge， sugges，t reques，t demand； order， command； object， deny， admit， agree， argue； warn， threaten； think ， reflect ， consider； write, cable, phone, telex； shout, laugh, sneer等等。若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則當(dāng)引語(yǔ)由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，

27、第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。但若引話動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)，由過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)等。I say( or will say ) to him， “ John arrive(s or will arrive ， arrived) on SundayI say( or will say ) to him that John arrives( or will arrive ， arrived) on SundayI said to him ， “John arrive(sor will arrive ， arrived) on SundayI said to him th

28、at John arrived( or would arrive ， had arrived) on SundayC.引話動(dòng)詞與連詞1 如果間接引語(yǔ)為陳述句， 它前面通常都有：say that， know that， tell him that， statethat,2 如果它是問(wèn)句， 它前面通常有：as(k him)whethe(r or if) ， inquire(of him) whether，demand (of him) whether, wonder whether, want to know whether； 或 ask (him) + W (即疑問(wèn)詞，如 who, whom,

29、when, why, which) , inquire (of him) +W, 3.如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有： exclaim that, cry out with joy that,4 如果間接引語(yǔ)為祈使句， 它前面通常有： demand that， ask that， request that， advise that, order that,且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should.此外間接引語(yǔ)還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短 語(yǔ)，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：1 I said， “ You are a nice boy”I said that he was a nice boyI thought ， “

30、 You will fail again ”I thought that he would fail again 2 I said， “ Are you a nice bo？y ”I asked whether he was a nice boyI thought to myself ， “ Will he fail again？ ”I asked myself whether he would fail againI enquired of him ， “Who knows ？it ”enquired of him who knew it 3 I said， “ What a nice bo

31、y you a！re ”I exclaimed that he was indeed a nice boyI said， “ Hurra！h We have won the battle ”I cried with joy that we had won the battleHe said，“ Curse ！it You are a fool ”He exclaimed with an oath that I was a foolHe said，“ Brav！o You have done something wonde r ful ”He applauded me， saying that

32、I had done something wonderfu l4 I said to him， “ Be a nice boy ”I advised that he should be a nice boyI advised him to be a nice boyI said to him ， “See me at the stati on”I requested that he should see me at the statio nI requested him to see me at the statio nD 代詞此外還要注意，把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引

33、語(yǔ)中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語(yǔ)一致的代詞。I said， “ I can do it ”I said that I could do itHe said， “ I must go ”He said that he must goYou said， “ I know ”You said that you knewWe said， “ We can do it ”We said that we could do itThey said， “ We must go ”They said that they must goI said “ We can do ”itI said

34、 that we could do it( We 中包括 I )如果在直接引語(yǔ)中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)一致的人稱：I told him ， “ You are righ t ”I told him that he was rightI told you ， “You are righ t ”I told you that you were rightHe told me， “You are righ t ”He told me that I was rightHe told us， “ You are righ t ”He told us that we wer

35、e rightWe told them， “ You are righ t ”We told them that they were right ”To somebody 也可看作是賓語(yǔ)：He said to me( =told me)，“ You are righ t ”He said to me that I was rightHe explained to them， “ You have gone the wrong wa y ”He explained to them that they had gone the wrong way引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語(yǔ)中可能需要

36、說(shuō)出來(lái)：They asked me when I would get married I said， “ You will learn it very soonI said that they would learn it very soon.如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中，它可以保持不變：I told you ， “ He is craz y ”I told you that he is crazyHe told me，“ She is craz y ”He told me that she was crazyWe told him ， “ They are craz y ”W

37、e told him that they were crazyHe told me, “He is crazy"（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）He told me that a certain person was craz y還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語(yǔ)中，可以為任何 “格 ” ，而不僅僅是主格：He told me， “ I will ask my brother to take me tohte pictures ”He told me that he would ask his brother to take him to the picture sHe declar

38、ed “ We must urge them to return our territory ！to ”usHe declared that we must urge them to return our territory to usE .時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）可能和直接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)說(shuō)話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：He said， “ Mary is very busy now ”He said that Mary was very busy thenHe said， “ Mary came yesterda y ”He s

39、aid that Mary had come the day befor（e or the previous day）He said， “ Mary came five days ago ”He said that Mary had come five days before（ or five days earlier）He said， “ Mary will come tomorrow ”He said that Mary would come the following day（ or the next day）He said， “ Mary will come in five days！

40、 ”He said that Mary would come five days afterwards（ or later）F.第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞的位置在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語(yǔ)有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：Said Steveng "”Comments Dr. Lee, “”Boasted Asia Bank president John Bus h "”第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語(yǔ)前面外，還可放在其他位置：He said， “ O！h I have done my best ”“ O！h ” he sa，id “ I have done my be st ” （但不說(shuō)sai

41、d he）“Oh I have done my best " he sdi （但不說(shuō) said he）“ O！h I have done my best ” （如果大家都清楚這話是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說(shuō)出。）在第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：He said， “O，h I have done my bes；t I have made every effort But all in vain ” “O，h ” he sa，id “ I have done my be；stI have made every effort But all in vain ”

42、 “O，h I have done my bes，t ” he sa；id “ I have made every effo，rt But all in vain ”如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)，最好把它放在主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語(yǔ)后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：After a short space of silence he sai，d “ I'll consider this problem ” “ I'll consider this problem， ” he said after a shosrtpace of silence如果主語(yǔ)和引話

43、動(dòng)詞放在直接引語(yǔ)的中間或后面，作主語(yǔ)的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面或前面（若主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：I think sohe said or Leo said, said Leo）.（彳艮少說(shuō) said he）“Everything is OK " she saySor Amy says, says Amy).(彳艮少說(shuō) says sheVI.簡(jiǎn)單句的合并1786 兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：He saw John He greeted himHe saw John and h

44、e greeted himI called on Mary Mary was ill I called on Mary ， but Mary was ill He has not a single penny He has to beg He will be starvedHe has not a single penny， so he has to be，g otherwise he will be starved兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，這樣來(lái)合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。1變成名詞從句：He has arrived I know it I know that he has arrivedHe may have an acciden t I am afraidI am afraid that he may have an acciden tHow many were killed？ I am not sureI am not sure how many were killedHo