英文科技寫作句型和詞匯表達總結(jié)(2010-)

1、一.寫作時態(tài)以前的研究：過去時，自己研究中做過的事：過去時，其他都用：現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能解釋理由用助動詞：can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究結(jié)果的評論不確定語氣：appear, seem, it is likely that, 二.詞匯和常用表達結(jié)構(gòu)1.圖表所示、發(fā)現(xiàn)、揭示等as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident from from Fig.2, from the results, by observing Fig.2, based on the above

2、analysis,Fig shows that, the results show, It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed that ,As described below, as seen from, as e

3、xplained above, as evident from, exhibitit follows that 由此斷定，由此得出結(jié)論point out cast doubt on：對產(chǎn)生懷疑2.得到、獲得、obtain, get, attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,完成，實現(xiàn): complete, accomplish, realize, 通過什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth, by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid

4、 of use, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply, 影響Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect on, 發(fā)生，開始，occur, take place, happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to begin with, at the beginning, 顯然、明顯，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, a

5、s seen, conspicuous, striking, dramatically 解釋，說明，考慮Explain, account for, allow for，take account for/of, be indicative of (表明，說明) Considering, take into account, with/without/in consideration of, regarding, concerning, 描述、提出、說明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize

6、, depict, annotate, appear, take on, plot, demonstrate, propose, put forward, put forth, 比較大小、多少Less than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比較的，相當(dāng)?shù)?經(jīng)驗的Empirical, experimental,做，執(zhí)行等，Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement, 一致性：Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with,

7、agree well with, show good agreement, in full agreement with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide with, concord with, fit well with 研究，調(diào)查Study, investigate, explore, exploratory examine, make an investigation on/of/into, carry out a research達到，To rea

8、ch this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, beyond, out of reach, 驗證，假設(shè)Validate, verify, justify，hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis, assume to be, it is assumed that postulate 公設(shè)增加、上升、減少、下降Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up

9、 to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (隨增長/增加)完全地，基本地，詳細地，具體地，深入的,類似地，Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details, Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,

10、similarly, inadequately, notably, overly(過度地、極度地), Experimentally, 改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate, 相關(guān)，包括，大約大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to, Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for, Around, about, approximately, 決定：determine, decide, depend on

11、,rely on目的、試圖：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at, 經(jīng)歷，保持: hold, keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,導(dǎo)致：cause, induce, lead to, result in, originate from, arise from, 根據(jù)，基于：accordi

12、ng to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the basis of, in view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with reference to, in reference to 除了：other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in addition, additionally, 理論上，事實上：in principle, in practice

13、, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically, 從某種程度上：To some extent, to a large/certain extent, in a way, in a sense, to some degree, in some sense, from the viewpoints of , from the perspective of, 得出結(jié)論：draw a conclusion, come to/reach a conclusion, 推斷,猜測：Infer，derive from, deduce, speculate, 認為

14、，當(dāng)作Consider as, regard as, refer to as, 建立模型establish, create，build，run/do the simulationin the case of : 在情況下遵循趨勢：obey, follow trend, tendency，組成consist of , contain, be composed of, include,強調(diào)：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on 集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centere

15、d on 設(shè)定為 to set to be 辨別、區(qū)分：discern，differentiate，identify as, 其他專業(yè)詞匯表達small batch production, small quantity production, high volume production, mass production,metal-formed product, micro-formed part, reproducibility: 再現(xiàn)性、重復(fù)性experimental determination, in particular, especially,評估，評價：evaluate, ass

16、ess,扮作：act as, 分離，隔絕，separate from, isolate, set apart from缺少：in the absence of by convention：按照傳統(tǒng)，慣例，使成為： make sth sthno longer（不再）but rather(相反的) be typical of (典型的) 成反比：inversely scale with 涉及，牽涉到：involve, cover,拓展：extend into最近，新近more recently，到目前為止，迄今 to date,解釋、提示原因或結(jié)果的轉(zhuǎn)接詞：attribute to, becaus

17、e, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in general, consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since, as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, contribute to, thanks to, lead to, the reason is, that is because, devoted to,

18、accordingly, as a consequence of, arise from起邏輯演進作用的轉(zhuǎn)接詞：遞進關(guān)系，不但而且等Furthermore, in addition, besides, first, second, third, finally, lastly, moreover, incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for instance, take an instance of , likewise/as such(同樣), agai

19、n（此外）, at root, as well as, as follows, in the following, below, based on, above, above-mentioned, aforementioned, as with(正如，與一樣，就來說)，as noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel, as stated( 如上所述) meanwhile：同時 對比詞，表示邏輯演進方向即將改變?nèi)绲堑?But, however, instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite

20、 of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparison, whereas, while, even though, although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparison to與聯(lián)系，聯(lián)合：in association with 同時，同樣的， at the same time, in the same way, in the s

21、ame time 對應(yīng)關(guān)系 A vs. B versus 三.英文研究論文中的表達句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more insight into, holds for all three materials，四.英文科技論文中的語言技巧，不可不看a)如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性通常在敘述了前人成果之后，

22、用However來引導(dǎo)不足，比如However, little information.      little attention.      little work.      little data      little researchor     few studies      few inve

23、stigations.      few researchers.      few attempts.or     no      none of these studieshas (have) been less        done on .        fo

24、cused on        attempted to        conducted        investigated        studied  (with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have) 

25、60;  failed to consider    ignored    misinterpreted    neglected to    overestimated, underestimated    misleadedthus, these previous results are  inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversi

26、al.Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist .這種引導(dǎo)一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強調(diào)自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarce              rare              less

27、accurate      there is still dearth ofWe need to  aim to  have to      provide more documents              data          

28、0;   records              studies      increase the datasetFurther studies are still necessary.            essential.為了強調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介

29、紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等比如：1)時間問題如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足2)物性及研究手段問題如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，然后說對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。3)研究區(qū)域問題首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究，然后強調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足4)不確定性雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點，這種uncertainties, ambiguities，值得進一步澄清5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗證如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒

30、有前人的工作進行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據(jù)提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證實這種結(jié)果。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the .It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposedmethod (approach).b) 提出自己的觀點We aim toThis paper reports on      provides results 

31、0;    extends the method.      focus onThe purpose of this paper is toFurthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss.c) 圈定自己的研究范圍前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內(nèi)容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：1)時間尺度問

32、題如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時間范圍的問題。We preliminarily focus on the older (younger).或者有兩種時間尺度的問題 (long-term and short term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種2) 研究區(qū)域的問題和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)d) 最后的原場在前言的最后，還可以總結(jié)性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的幫助?；蛘哒f，further studies on . will be summarized in our nextstudy (or elsewhere)總之，其目的就是讓讀者

33、把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments).關(guān)于詞匯以及常用結(jié)構(gòu)，要經(jīng)?？偨Y(jié)，多讀多模仿才能融會貫通。-怎樣提出觀點在提出自己的觀點時，采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that.2)對于自己很自信的觀點,可用We believe that.3)在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that.4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward(discover, observe

34、.) . "for the first time".來強調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to.)Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed torsulted from.Or This is probably a consequence ofIt seems that . can account for (interpret) this.Or It is pisible that it stem fr

35、om.-連接詞與邏輯寫英文論文最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有：1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨立常見的連接詞語有, However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results,In order to, despite, For example, Compared withother res

36、ults, thus, therefore.用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點表達得有層次，更加明確。比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻，最早的文獻可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that.再接下來，可用Afterwards, CC.如果還有，可用More recent studies by DD.如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開AA pput forward that.In contrast, BB believeor Unlike AA, BB suggestor On the c

37、ontrary (表明前面的觀點錯誤，如果只是表明兩種對立的觀點，用in contrast)， BB.如果兩種觀點相近,可用AA suggestSimilarily, alternatively, BB.Or Also, BBor BB allso does .表示因果或者前后關(guān)系，可用Consequently, therefore, as a result,表明遞進關(guān)系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。2) 段落的整體邏輯經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要

38、注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份.Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have tobe addressed.The first question involves.The second problem relates toThe third aspect deals with.上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third.Finally,當(dāng)然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補充說明。3) 討論部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法把

39、要討論的問題分為幾個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)論。補充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點，另一部份詳細介紹過程以及論述的依據(jù)。這樣專業(yè)外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點，比較專業(yè)的討論他可以把它當(dāng)成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業(yè)人士可以進一步研究。為了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念時，最好加以個括弧，給出較為詳細的解釋。如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決1) 在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表2) 在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreciation的含義，用來提醒讀者?？傊?，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。-一定要注意絕對不能