非謂語動詞語法功能

1、非謂語動詞語法功能英語句法需遵循一個總原則：一個句子有且僅有一個謂語。當(dāng)一個句子必須要出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上動詞才能完整表達(dá)一個意思時，為了不違反總原則，英語里有四種處理方式：(1)切分轉(zhuǎn)化為兩個或多個句子。eg. She is a girl. She likes singing. 她是是一個喜歡喜歡唱歌的女孩子。(2)將其中一個謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)保留作為主句，其余謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)更改為從句。(3) 添加and，but，or 等連詞將句子變?yōu)椴⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)。(4)將其中一個含謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)變成非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。將其中一個含謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)變成非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語不定式（不定式（to do)to do)分詞分詞動名詞動名詞(

2、-ing)過去分詞過去分詞(-ed)現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)- ing - ing 分詞分詞-ed-ed 分詞分詞語法功能語法功能 作主語作主語1、不定式作主語表示一次性的、具體的動作。 不定式作主語時，常用it 作形式主語，即用句型：To swim with you was very enjoyable. It is + adj.+ (for / of sb. ) to do sth. 如：Its important for us to learn English well. Its kind of you to help us.用用“of”還是還是“for”，怎樣區(qū)分：，怎樣區(qū)分：當(dāng)形

3、容詞修飾邏輯主語本身時用of，當(dāng)修飾真正的主語(不定式)的時候用for.2、動名詞作主語常表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的動作。如：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk分析：a good form 暗示泛指一般的行為，用動名詞作主語，選B。注意：下面兩個句型是用動名詞：注意：下面兩個句型是用動名詞：Its no good / use doing sth. / Its useless doing sth. 語法功能語法功能 作賓語作賓語 1.只能接-i

4、ng 作賓語的動詞喜歡忙著想象喜歡忙著想象, 忍不住想要結(jié)束練習(xí)忍不住想要結(jié)束練習(xí)enjoy doing sth.喜歡做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做；imagine sb. doing sth.想象做某事cant help doing sth.忍不住做某事；feel like doing sth.想要做某事；finish doing sth.完成做某事；practice doing sth.練習(xí)做某事錯過保持介意錯過保持介意, 建議值得考慮建議值得考慮miss doing sth.錯過做某事； keep (on) doing sth.保持（繼續(xù)）做某事；mind doing

5、 sth. 介意做某事suggest doing sth.建議做某事；be worth doing sth.值得做某事； consider doing sth.考慮做某事2.只能接to do 作賓語的動詞決定想做需要計劃，同意能做被用來做的事決定想做需要計劃，同意能做被用來做的事decide to do sth.決定做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做某事；need to do sth. 需要做某事；plan to do sth.計劃做某事；agree to do sth.同意做某事；afford to do 能做某事； be used to do 被用來做迫不及

6、待下決心迫不及待下決心, 做過去常常未能做的事做過去常常未能做的事cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事；make up ones mind to do 下決心做某事used to do 過去常常做某事；fail to do 未能做某事接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞請求與命令請求與命令ask sb. to do sth. 請求某人做某事； tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事想要期待邀請，建議鼓勵想要期待邀請，建議鼓勵want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事； expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事；invite sb. to do st

7、h. 邀請某人做某事； advise sb. to do sth. 建議某人做某事答應(yīng)警告答應(yīng)警告,允許提醒和幫助允許提醒和幫助promise sb. to do 答應(yīng)某人做某事；warn sb. not to do sth.警告某人別做某事allow sb. to do sth.允許某人做某事；remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事語法功能語法功能 作賓語補(bǔ)足語作賓語補(bǔ)足語 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事1、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，常和表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞see，not

8、ice, watch, hear, listen to, feel，find (三看，兩聽，感覺，發(fā)現(xiàn)）等動詞后與一個名詞（代詞）構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。Dont you see a girl running towards us?I heard her coughing as I passed her room last night.When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed.2、

9、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語通常放在表示“致使”等意義的詞(catch, keep, get, have, leave, set等）的賓語后。（make除外） If a person was caught stealing salt, he would be thrown into prison. Please dont keep the machine running while you are away. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. Dont leave those things undone.根據(jù)漢語選擇正確的答案1 We heard her s

10、inging next door. （我們聽到她在隔壁唱歌。）2 We often heard her sing next door. （我們常常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。）3 We heard the song sung by her next door. （在隔壁我們聽見這首歌被她唱過。）4 We heard the song being sung next door. （我們聽見在隔壁有人正唱這首歌。）to sing , singing, sing, sung, being sung語法功能語法功能 作表語作表語1、不定式、動名詞作表語，表示主語的內(nèi)容。如：My job is teaching

11、/ to teach English. (其中teaching / to teach English 是my job的內(nèi)容)另外，在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove/ turn out (被證明是)，remain (仍然是，尚待)等連系動詞后，可用不定式作表語不定式作表語。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy. 2、分詞作表語一些表示情感、情緒的動詞，常用分詞形式作表語?，F(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)特征，過去分詞過去分詞表示主語的狀態(tài)。常用動詞：surprise (使某人吃驚)，surprising (令人吃驚的)， surprised (主

12、語)感到吃驚的類似動詞有：excite (激動)，astonish (驚奇)，shock (震驚)，scare (驚恐)，disappoint (失望)，move（感動），如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.語法功能語法功能 作定語作定語 不定式、動名詞和分詞不定式、動名詞和分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義。（1）不定式作定語）不定式作定語與其他短語作定語一樣，一般都放在被修飾的詞之后，通常表示一個將來的動作。不定式作定語時，不定式與被修飾詞之間存在的關(guān)系復(fù)雜，有的是主謂關(guān)系, 有的是動賓關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系主

13、謂關(guān)系(1) We must find a person to do the work. (2) There is no one to take care of her. (3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up. 動賓關(guān)系動賓關(guān)系 如果不定式與被修飾的詞在邏輯上存在動賓關(guān)系，不定式里的動詞是及物動詞及物動詞的，后面不要再加賓語，因為前面的被修飾詞是它的賓語；是不及物動詞不及物動詞的，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞讓它變成及物動詞，只有這樣，它才能帶上前面的賓語。(1) He has a lot of books to

14、read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at. (3) Do you have anything else to say? (5) She has nothing to worry about. （2）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和被修飾的名詞具有“主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系”，即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動式時，被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動作；現(xiàn)在分詞用被動式時，被修飾的名詞正在承受其動作, 即與名詞是“動賓關(guān)系動賓關(guān)系”。例如：1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise. （=wh

15、o are playing)2)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.3) The building being built (= which is being built) will be completed next year. 補(bǔ)充：補(bǔ)充：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式可根據(jù)英語被動語態(tài)推出將被動語態(tài)“be+過去分詞”中的be動詞改為現(xiàn)在分詞being即可，即改為“being+過去分詞”，如：being taken, being given, being found, being studied等。 （3）過去分詞作定語）過去分詞作定

16、語與其修飾的名詞有“動賓關(guān)系動賓關(guān)系”，表示一個被動或完成的動作，相當(dāng)于一個被動的定語從句。Some of the experiments _C_ in the book are easy to perform. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe 2) It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher learning_ _A_ in China.A. established B. being establishedC. to

17、 be established D.having been established注意：分詞作定語與不定式作定語的區(qū)別注意：分詞作定語與不定式作定語的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進(jìn)行之意；過去分詞表示被動與完成；而不定式表示即將發(fā)生的動作。例如：The question discussed (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.The question being discussed (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question to be

18、 discussed (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.語法功能語法功能 作狀語作狀語能作狀語的有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞過去分詞, 作什么樣的狀語往往取決于它們的位置和在句中的意義。1、不定式做狀語、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. (表結(jié)果)To make himself heard, he raised his voice. (表目的) All of us are surprised to se

19、e his rapid progress. (表原因)注意：注意：不定式短語放在句首多作目的狀語，在句末多作原因狀語，結(jié)果狀語。2、分詞做狀語、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式：1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （條件狀語） 2).Coming into the room, he found his father angry. （時間狀語）3). Being tired, they went on working. （讓步狀語） 4). Having been hit by the big boy on the nos

20、e, the little boy began to cry. （原因狀語）5).He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. （伴隨狀語）3、現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別、現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示“正常出現(xiàn)的、自然而然的或意料之中”的結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果狀語時通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一種結(jié)果。1). European football is played in 80 countries , _A_ it the most popular sp

21、ort in the world . A. making B. makes C. make D. to make2). He hurried to the station only _ A _ that the train had left . A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 4、分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題、分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個邏輯主語，且邏輯主語是名詞時，要用名詞所有格s形式，如果是代詞，要用代詞所有格形式, 分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立

22、主格結(jié)構(gòu)。也可以變成狀語從句。1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 【F】2) His being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 【T】3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 【T】邏輯主語同句子的主語一致情況：邏輯主語同句子的主語一致情況：Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. Playing all day, you will waste your

23、valuable time. Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. Being a League member, he is always helping others. 5. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞分詞。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句，例如：1. Weather permitting, well go outing tomorrow.2. All things considered, the plan should be put off.3. He rushed into the room, his face covered

24、 with sweat.As there was nobody, he had to go alone.There being nobody, he had to go alone.If time permits, I will go to see you.Time permitting, I will go to see you.As the work had been finished, he went to bed.The work finished, he went to bed.不定式不定式(to do)動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing)一般式進(jìn)行式完成式主動形式to doto be d

25、oingto have done被動形式to be doneto have been done一般式完成式主動形式doinghaving done被動形式being donehaving been done過去分詞(done)非謂語動詞三種形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)非謂語動詞三種形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)每種形式不同時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的含義：每種形式不同時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的含義：不定式：不定式：1）一般式（to do/to be done）：表目的和將來, 不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后 。例如：To pass the exam, he worked hard at his lessons.為了能通過考試，他刻苦讀書。 We plan

26、 to pay a visit.我們計劃拜訪。(“拜訪“發(fā)生在謂語動作“計劃“之后）He wanted the letter to be typed at once.2） 進(jìn)行式（to be doing）：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩裝作在努力工作。(動作work 和動作pretend 同時發(fā)生)He seems to be saying something . 3）完成式（to have done/to have been done）：不定式的完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例

27、如：I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔撒謊了。(撒謊“l(fā)ie”這個動作在后悔regret這個動作之前)動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞：動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞：1）一般式（doing/being done）：表示主動，正在進(jìn)行。A flying bird attracted his attention.一只飛鳥吸引了他的注意。表示主動和進(jìn)行。The meeting being held now is of great importance. 現(xiàn)在正在召開的會議很重要。2）完成式（having done/having been done）強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這個電影。(“看“