定語從句精講

1、（一）定義在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句 所修飾的名或代詞叫作先行詞，定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞的后 面；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞被稱為關(guān)系詞。The stude nts Who don' t study hard） will not pass the exam.先行詞定語從句關(guān)系詞的作用：代替先行詞充當(dāng)成分起連接作用關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系代詞 that、which、as、who whom whose關(guān)系畐U詞 where、why、when（二）用法1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法（1）that指人或物，在從句中作主語或賓語。A pla ne is a machi ne that can

2、fly.主語The girl that we saw yesterday is Jimssister.賓語（2）Which指物，在從句中作主語或賓語。They planted the trees which didnt need much water.（主語）The fish which we bought were not fresh. （賓語）（3） who/ whom指人，who在從句中作主語、賓語，whom!乍賓語。The boy who broke the window is called Michael.（主語）The person to whom you just talked

3、is Mr. Li.（賓語）（4）whose指人或物，在從句中作定語。This is the book whose cover is blue.I would like a room whose win dow looks out over the sea.(5) as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。1) 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用于下列句式：Such +名詞+ as.像.一樣的the same +名詞+ as.和.同樣的其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。Eg: We have found such materials as are

4、 used in their factory.我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。(as作主語)These houses are sold at sucha low price as people expected.這些房子以人們期望的低價(jià)出售。(as作賓語)He is not the same man as he was.他和過去不同了。(as作表語)2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as指整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容。Eg: As everybody kno ws, Shakespeare is a famous writer.2. 關(guān)系副詞的用法在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞時(shí)，就 要

5、分別用關(guān)系副詞 whe n, where, why來引導(dǎo)，在從句中作狀語。 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which ”結(jié)構(gòu)即 when 二 on(in,during, )+ whichwhere =on(in,in front of, )+ whichwhy = for + whichEg: I remembered the day when (on which) I first came to the school.Beiji ng is the place where (in which) I was born.Is this the reas on wh

6、y (for which) he refused to help you?注意：關(guān)系代詞vs關(guān)系副詞選擇關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞首先要判斷先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑喝粝刃性~在 從句中做主語、賓語或定語 (whose )則選擇關(guān)系代詞，若在從句中做狀語，則選擇關(guān)系副Eg: r II n ever forget the days whe n I worked with you in the city.r II n ever forget the days that I spe nt with you in the city.3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)從句中的介詞會移到關(guān)系代詞之前，此時(shí)關(guān)系

7、代詞用which, whom,whose.(1) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”型This is the compa ny in which I used to work.I would like you to expla in the reas on for which you were abse nt.Last mon th, part of the province was struck by floods, from whoseeffects the people are still sufferi ng.(2) “代詞/數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)Here are the quest

8、i on s,some of which(=of which some )hought too difficult for you.Last Sun day I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were En glish no vels.Chi na has thousa nds of isla ndsthe largest of whichs Taiwa n.(3) 關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定根據(jù)定語從句中動詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。Eg:I bought a great many booksp n which I spe nt

9、all my money that I saved.依據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。Eg:I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in thecoun try.根據(jù)句子所表達(dá)的意思來確定。Eg:The colorless gaswithout which we cannot live is called oxyge n.4. 關(guān)系代詞只用that不用which的情況(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是 all，everything，something, nothing，anything，much， little，few等不定代

10、詞時(shí)。我不能為你做什么That is all that I want to say那就是我想要說的。(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。Eg: This is the first book that I have read.This is the most important book that I have read.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被 the very，the only，the same, the las等修飾時(shí)。Eg: This is the very book that bel ongs to him.Mr.Smith is the on ly foreig ner that

11、 he kno ws.(4) 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞要用that.Eg: Do you know the things and pers ons that they are talk ing about(5) 先行詞被 every, some, no, all, any, little, much few 等修飾時(shí)。Eg: I' ve read all the books that you lend me.(6) 當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞 who或which時(shí)。Eg: Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that

12、won the gold medal?5. 只能用which不用that的情況1、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，逗號后面Eg: Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.2、介詞后面，定語從句中作介詞的賓語。Eg: This is the housein which he once lived.6. 只用who的情況(1) 先行詞是 one, ones時(shí)。Eg： One who breaks the law will be puni shed.(2) 先行詞是anyone, those指人)時(shí)。Eg: T

13、hose who break the law will be puni shed.(3) 先行詞后有很長的狀語時(shí)。Eg: I met a girl in the park yesterday who came from the USA.There be句型中指人用 who.Eg: There is a girl who wants to see you outside.7. Whose用法及轉(zhuǎn)換形式(1) whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語 。Eg: That' s the child whose father is a teacher.(2) whose引導(dǎo)定語從句

14、，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物Eg: Do you know the woma n whose husba nd is a doctor?This is a book whose cover is gree n.whose的先行詞指物時(shí)，可用of which代替，但詞序不同，即 whose+名詞 =the +n. + of which=of which + the + n.Eg: He lives in the room whose window faces south.=He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.=He l

15、ives in the room, of which the win dow faces south.(4) whose的先行詞 指人時(shí)，可用of whom代替，即whose+ 名詞=the+n. +of whom=of whom +the +n.Eg: I will talk to those stude nts whose homework hasntbee n done.=I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn 'beendone.=I will talk to those stude nts of whom

16、 the homework has n 'bee n done.8. as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1) which與as都可以代替整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容做主語、賓語， which不 能放句首。 當(dāng)與such或the same連用時(shí)，一般用 asEg: Such books as you tell me are interesting.I have the same pla n as you(have).as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首，as本身有“正如，正象，”之意，與之連用的詞有 know, see, expect, announ ce, point ou等。Eg: As we all know / is known to us, the earth is round.9. 定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。(1)先行詞是one of+ n.復(fù)數(shù)，從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Eg: He is one of stude nts who are good at En glish. 先行詞是the (only) one of +n.復(fù)數(shù)，從句謂語用單數(shù)。Eg: He is the one of stude nts who is good at En glish in our class.10