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1、第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 匯率風險匯率風險(Exchange Rate Risk ) nExchange rates change over time.nIn many situations people or organizations are exposed to exchange rate risk, because the value of the individuals income, wealth, or net worth changes when exchange rates change unexpectedly in the future. ExampleExample: 2010年年

2、12月月20日中國某出口商向美國出口一批貨物,日中國某出口商向美國出口一批貨物,貿(mào)易合同貨物總價為貿(mào)易合同貨物總價為US$100萬美元,雙方約定在萬美元,雙方約定在2011年年6月月20日交付貨款。日交付貨款。 2010年年12月月20日即期匯率為:日即期匯率為:US$1=RMB¥6.6745,試分別計算下列情況下出口商的人民幣收入。試分別計算下列情況下出口商的人民幣收入。 I. 2011年年6月月20日即期匯率為日即期匯率為US$1=RMB¥6.47 II.假如假如2011年年6月月20日即期匯率為日即期匯率為US$1=RMB¥6.87nSome individuals want to re

3、duce their risk exposure by hedgingan action to reduce or eliminate a net asset or net liability position in a foreign currency. nOther individuals may actually want to take on risk exposure in order to profit from exchange rate changes, by speculatingan action to take on a net asset or net liabilit

4、y position in a foreign currency. nA net asset position in the foreign currency is called a long position; a net liability position is called a short position. 第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 遠期外匯交易遠期外匯交易一一、遠期外匯交易的概念、遠期外匯交易的概念(Forward Foreign Exchange Transaction)nA forward foreign exchange contract is an agreement to excha

5、nge one currency for another on some date in the future at a price (the forward exchange rate) set now. n(P47)nDo not confuse the forward rate with the future spot rate.nThe forward exchange market is particularly convenient for large customers.二、遠期匯率的兩種報價方式:二、遠期匯率的兩種報價方式:1、直接報價、直接報價(Outright Rate)與

6、現(xiàn)匯報價相同,即直接將各種不同交割期限的與現(xiàn)匯報價相同,即直接將各種不同交割期限的期匯的買入價與賣出價表示出來。這種方法通常期匯的買入價與賣出價表示出來。這種方法通常使用于銀行對一般顧客的報價上。在日本、瑞士使用于銀行對一般顧客的報價上。在日本、瑞士等國,銀行同業(yè)之間的期匯買賣也采用這一報價等國,銀行同業(yè)之間的期匯買賣也采用這一報價方法。方法。以某日英鎊兌美元的匯率為例:以某日英鎊兌美元的匯率為例:spot rate:1US$1.68101.68201-month forward:1US$1.67801.68002-months forward:1US$1.67501.67703-months

7、 forward : 1US$1.67301.67502、用遠期差價(、用遠期差價(Forward Margin)報價報價n期匯匯率與現(xiàn)匯匯率之間存在的差價,稱為遠期期匯匯率與現(xiàn)匯匯率之間存在的差價,稱為遠期差價。差價。升水升水(at premium):表示期匯比現(xiàn)匯貴。:表示期匯比現(xiàn)匯貴。貼水貼水(at discount):表示期匯比現(xiàn)匯便宜。:表示期匯比現(xiàn)匯便宜。平價平價(at par):表示兩者相等。:表示兩者相等。n采用報遠期差價來代替直接報期匯匯率的主要采用報遠期差價來代替直接報期匯匯率的主要好處在于,當現(xiàn)匯匯率變動時,遠期差價常常好處在于,當現(xiàn)匯匯率變動時,遠期差價常常保持不變,故

8、以升水或貼水來報價,比改動期保持不變,故以升水或貼水來報價,比改動期匯匯率省事。匯匯率省事。n在實務(wù)中,銀行報出的遠期差價值常用點數(shù)表在實務(wù)中,銀行報出的遠期差價值常用點數(shù)表示,每點(示,每點(pointpoint)為萬分之一,即為萬分之一,即0.00010.0001。例一:例一: 在蘇黎世(在蘇黎世(Zurich)外匯市場上,美元即期)外匯市場上,美元即期匯率為:匯率為:USD1=CHF1.1000, 三個月美元升水三個月美元升水500點,六月期美元貼水點,六月期美元貼水450點。則在直接標價法下,點。則在直接標價法下, 三月期美元匯率為:三月期美元匯率為: USD1=CHF(1.1000+

9、0.0500)=CHF1.1500 六月期美元匯率為:六月期美元匯率為: USD1=CHF(1.1000-0.0450 )= CHF1.0550例二,例二,在倫敦外匯市場上,美元即期匯率為在倫敦外匯市場上,美元即期匯率為 GBP1=USD1.9500GBP1=USD1.9500, 一月期美元升水一月期美元升水300300點,二月期美元貼水點,二月期美元貼水400400點。則在間接標價法下,點。則在間接標價法下, 一月期美元匯率為:一月期美元匯率為: GBP1=USD GBP1=USD(1.9500-0.03001.9500-0.0300)=USD1.9200=USD1.9200 二月期美元匯率

10、為:二月期美元匯率為: GBP1=USD GBP1=USD(1.9500+0.04001.9500+0.0400)=USD1.9900=USD1.9900nForward Premium F=(f- -e)/e三、遠期外匯交易的應(yīng)用三、遠期外匯交易的應(yīng)用nBecause the forward exchange contract establishes a position in foreign currency, it can be used to hedge or to speculate. 1、Hedging Using Forward Foreign ExchangenHedging

11、involves acquiring an asset in a foreign currency to offset a net liability position already held in the foreign currency, or acquiring a liability in a foreign currency to offset a net asset position already held. (P47) nIn financial jargon,hedging means reducing both kinds of “open” positions in a

12、 foreign currencyboth “l(fā)ong” positions (holding net assets in the foreign currency) and “short” positions(owing more of the foreign currency than one holds).ExampleExample: 假設(shè)某美國公司購買了一批商品,并應(yīng)于假設(shè)某美國公司購買了一批商品,并應(yīng)于3個月后支個月后支付付10萬英鎊。如果這意味著英鎊的凈負債頭寸(這或許是萬英鎊。如果這意味著英鎊的凈負債頭寸(這或許是由于該公司沒有其他英鎊資產(chǎn)或負債),那么該公司便面由于該公司沒有

13、其他英鎊資產(chǎn)或負債),那么該公司便面對著外匯風險。對著外匯風險。 買入三個月遠期英鎊買入三個月遠期英鎊10萬,獲得英鎊資產(chǎn)頭寸萬,獲得英鎊資產(chǎn)頭寸lThere are usually a number of ways to hedge a position that is exposed to exchange rate risk.lSee footnote 2(P48).n外匯投機指根據(jù)對匯率變動的預(yù)期,有意保持外匯投機指根據(jù)對匯率變動的預(yù)期,有意保持某種外匯的多頭(某種外匯的多頭(Long Position)或空頭(或空頭(Short Position),希望從匯率變動賺取利潤的行為。),

14、希望從匯率變動賺取利潤的行為。2、Speculating Using Forward Foreign Exchange 例:若某日東京外匯市場上,即期匯率為:例:若某日東京外匯市場上,即期匯率為:USD1=JPY100.30-100.40, 某投機商預(yù)測美元會貶值,某投機商預(yù)測美元會貶值,于是于是賣出三個月期匯賣出三個月期匯100萬美元,約定的遠期匯率為:萬美元,約定的遠期匯率為: USD1=JPY98.50, 3個月后市場即期匯率為:個月后市場即期匯率為: USD1=JPY80.30-80.40,試計算該投機商的盈虧。,試計算該投機商的盈虧。 遠期市場:賣出遠期市場:賣出100萬美元,得萬美

15、元,得 即期市場:買進即期市場:買進100萬美元,付萬美元,付 獲利:獲利:1810萬日元萬日元 (1)預(yù)測某幣價格將下跌,先賣后買(賣空)預(yù)測某幣價格將下跌,先賣后買(賣空)9850萬萬日元日元8040萬萬日元日元 例:若某日蘇黎世外匯市場上,即期匯率為:例:若某日蘇黎世外匯市場上,即期匯率為:USD1=CHF1.3010-20, 某投機商預(yù)測美元會升值,于某投機商預(yù)測美元會升值,于是是購進三個月期匯購進三個月期匯100萬美元,約定的遠期匯率為:萬美元,約定的遠期匯率為: USD1=CHF1.3050, 3個月后市場即期匯率為:個月后市場即期匯率為: USD1=CHF1.6050-1.606

16、0,試計算該投機商的盈虧。,試計算該投機商的盈虧。 遠期市場:買進遠期市場:買進100萬美元,付萬美元,付 即期市場:賣出即期市場:賣出100萬美元,得萬美元,得 獲利:獲利:30萬瑞士法郎萬瑞士法郎 (2)預(yù)測某幣價格將上升,先買后賣(買空)預(yù)測某幣價格將上升,先買后賣(買空)130.50萬萬CHF160.50萬萬CHFn(P51)nWe hypothesize that speculators pressures on supply and demand should drive the forward exchange rate to equal the average expected

17、 value of the future spot exchange rate. 第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 國際金融投資與利率平價理論國際金融投資與利率平價理論一、國際金融投資一、國際金融投資(International Financial Investment)的兩種方式的兩種方式nNote:nDecisions about international investments depend on both returns and risks. The text focuses on calculating returns. 1. home currency the foreign currency 2.

18、 buy the foreign asset, and earns returns in foreign currency. 3. foreign currency home currency International Financial InvestmentnCovered International Investment(抵補的國際抵補的國際投資投資)nUncovered International Investment(非抵補的非抵補的國際投資國際投資)International Financial Investment二、抵補的國際投資與套補的利率平價二、抵補的國際投資與套補的利率平

19、價nCovered International Investment假設(shè)在本國金融市場上一年期存款利率為假設(shè)在本國金融市場上一年期存款利率為i,i,外國金融市外國金融市場上同種利率為場上同種利率為if,即期匯率為即期匯率為e(e(直接標價法),直接標價法),f f為一年為一年期遠期合約的遠期匯率。期遠期合約的遠期匯率。投資者投資投資者投資1 1單位的本國貨幣在本國總收益為:單位的本國貨幣在本國總收益為:投資者投資投資者投資1 1單位的本國貨幣在外國總收益為:單位的本國貨幣在外國總收益為:u顯然,選擇哪種投資取決于這兩種方式收益率的高低。顯然,選擇哪種投資取決于這兩種方式收益率的高低。1+1+i

20、 if/ef/e(1+1+ if )uAn investor can compare the return on a covered international investment to the return on a home investment using the covered interest differential (CD,抵補的利息差抵補的利息差). CD = (1 + if) f/e - (1 + i)nif :foreign interest rate i:domestic interest rate e:the spot exchange rate f:the forw

21、ard exchange rateu如果該值為正,如果該值為正, 投資到外國更有利。投資到外國更有利。u如果該值為負,如果該值為負, 投資到本國更有利。投資到本國更有利。nA useful approximation is: CD = F + (if - i) F:the forward premium (discount if negative) on the foreign currency. F=(f-e)/e CD = (1 + if)f/e - (1 + i)= f/e + iff/e - 1 - i CD = f/e + iff/e - if -1+ if - i 又 F=(f-e

22、)/e = f/e - 1 CD = F + if F + if i CDF +( if i)nIf CD is not zero (or within a small range close to zero, determined by transactions costs), then international investors can engage in covered interest arbitrage(抵補套利)(抵補套利) buying a countrys currency spot and selling it forward, while making a net pr

23、ofit from the combination of the interest rate difference and the forward premium or discount. Covered Interest Arbitrage (P54)nExample Example ( (P68P68) ): nThe following rates are available in the markets: Current spot exchange rate: $0.500/SFr Current 30-day forward exchange rate: $0.505/SFr Ann

24、ualized interest rate on 30-day dollar-denominated bonds: 12% (1.0% for 30 days) Annualized interest rate on 30-day Swiss franc-denominated bonds: 6% (0.5% for 30 days)a. Is the Swiss franc at a forward premium or discount? b. Should a U.S.-based investor make a covered investment in Swiss franc-den

25、ominated 30-day bonds, rather than investing in 30-day dollar-denominated bonds? Explain.c. Because of covered interest arbitrage, what pressures are placed on the various rates? If the only rate that actually changes is the forward exchange rate, to what value will it be driven?nAnswer :a. The Swis

26、s franc is at a forward premium. Its current forward value ($0.505/SFr) is greater than its current spot value ($0.500/SFr).b. The covered interest differential = (1 + 0.005)(0.505) / 0.500) - (1 + 0.01) = 0.005 (Note that the interest rate used must match the time period of the investment.) There i

27、s a covered interest differential of 0.5% for 30 days (6 percent at an annual rate). The investor should make this covered investment. Although the interest rate on SFr-denominated bonds is lower than the interest rate on dollar-denominated bonds, the forward premium on the franc is larger than this

28、 difference, so that the covered investment is a good idea. c. Prices of U.S. bonds U.S. interest rates Prices of Swiss bonds Swiss interest rates Spot exchange rate Forward exchange rateIf the only rate that changes is the forward exchange rate, this rate must fall to about $0.5025/SFr. With this f

29、orward rate and the other initial rates, the covered interest differential is close to zero. (0.5025-0.5)/0.5+(0.005-0.01)=0 or: (0.5025-0.5)/0.5(360/30)+(6% -12% )=0nCovered interest arbitrage should drive the covered interest differential to be essentially zero.nA profitable covered differential i

30、s usually gone within a minute. (P55)nWe referred to the condition as covered interest parity(CIP,套補的利率平價套補的利率平價). Covered Interest ParityTwo Ways to Think of CIP nCD = F + (if - i) = 0 F + if = i The domestic return equals the overall return on a covered foreign investment. (對外幣資產(chǎn)進行抵補投資的總收益與投資于本幣資(

31、對外幣資產(chǎn)進行抵補投資的總收益與投資于本幣資產(chǎn)的收益相同。)產(chǎn)的收益相同。)Two Ways to Think of CIPnCD = F + (if - i) = 0 F = i - ifThe forward premium on the foreign currency equals the difference between the domestic interest rate and the foreign interest rate. 遠期差價由兩國利率差異決定。遠期差價由兩國利率差異決定。 如果國內(nèi)利率高于國外利率,遠期外匯必然升水;如果國內(nèi)利率高于國外利率,遠期外匯必然升水;

32、 如果國外利率高于國內(nèi)利率,遠期外匯必然貼水。如果國外利率高于國內(nèi)利率,遠期外匯必然貼水。高利率國貨幣在期匯市場上必定貼水;高利率國貨幣在期匯市場上必定貼水; 低利率國貨幣在期匯市場上必定升水。低利率國貨幣在期匯市場上必定升水。n(P55)nCovered interest parity(F = i if)links together four rates the current forward exchange rate, the current spot exchange rate, and the current interest rates in the two countries.

33、nIf one of these rates changes, then at least one other also must change to reestablish covered interest parity. nExample The interest differential: unchanged Spot exchange rate: Forward exchange rate ? Forward exchange rate: 三、非抵補的國際投資與非套補利率平價三、非抵補的國際投資與非套補利率平價n非抵補的國際投資非抵補的國際投資( Uncovered Internati

34、onal Financial Investment )假設(shè)在本國金融市場上一年期存款利率為假設(shè)在本國金融市場上一年期存款利率為i,i,外國金融市場上外國金融市場上同種利率為同種利率為if,即期匯率為即期匯率為e(e(直接標價法),直接標價法),eex為預(yù)期的一為預(yù)期的一年后的現(xiàn)匯匯率值。年后的現(xiàn)匯匯率值。投資者投資投資者投資1 1單位的本國貨幣在本國總收益為:單位的本國貨幣在本國總收益為:投資者投資投資者投資1 1單位的本國貨幣在外國總收益為:單位的本國貨幣在外國總收益為:u顯然,選擇哪種投資取決于這兩種方式收益率的高低。顯然,選擇哪種投資取決于這兩種方式收益率的高低。1+1+i ieex/e

35、(1+/e(1+ if)uAn investor can compare the expected return on a uncovered international investment to the return on a home investment using the expected uncovered interest differential (EUD,預(yù)期未抵預(yù)期未抵補利率差補利率差). nEUD =(1 + if) eex/e -(1 + i) eex : expected future spot exchange raten如果該值為正,那么對外幣計值的資產(chǎn)進行未抵如

36、果該值為正,那么對外幣計值的資產(chǎn)進行未抵補投資的預(yù)期總收益將會更大。補投資的預(yù)期總收益將會更大。n如果該值為負,在國內(nèi)投資的總收益會更大。如果該值為負,在國內(nèi)投資的總收益會更大。nA useful approximation: EUD=Expected appreciation (depreciation if negative) of the foreign currency +(if i)Or: EUD= Expected appreciation (depreciation if negative) of the foreign currency +if i nThe box on “The Worlds Greatest Investor” (P58)provides a profile of George Soros, who has made (and sometimes lost) billions of dollars with large uncovered or sp

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