專四語法第1節(jié)-語法基本概念

1、第一節(jié) 語法基本概念一 單詞 句子都是由單詞組成的。英語單詞可根據(jù)詞類或詞性Parts of Speech分類如下：名詞 Noun 代詞Pronoun動詞Verb 形容詞Adjective數(shù)詞 Numeral 副詞 Adverb實詞Notional Word冠詞 Article 介詞 Preposition連詞 Conjunction 感慨詞 Interjection虛詞Form Word二 短語 具有一定意義但不構(gòu)成從句或句子的一組詞，叫做短語Phrase。短語的種類很多，除了名詞短語、動詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞短語外，還有不定式短語Gerundial Phrase、分詞短語Particip

2、ial Phrase、介詞短語Prepositional Phrase、獨立短語Absolute Phrase等。三 句子 謂語動詞是句子的必要成分之一。由于動詞有5種不同的種類，故構(gòu)成5種不同的基本劇情Basic Patterns of Sentences。1. 主語謂語動詞不及物動詞Every minute counts. 分秒必爭。2. 主語謂語動詞及物動詞賓語You should look out for pickpockets. 你應(yīng)當提防扒手。3. 主語系動詞表語Truth is the daughter of time. 時間見真理。4. 主語謂語動詞間接賓語直接賓語Please

3、 pass me the dictionary. 請把字典遞給我。5. 主語謂語動詞賓語賓語補語All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只用功不玩耍，聰明的孩子也變傻。 四 句子成分必須的成分：主語、謂語可能有的成分：賓語、補語、修飾語定語、狀語、同位語1. 主語（1） 主語Subject一般在句子開頭，是句子的“陳述對象”，通常由名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞、相當于名詞的詞組或從句、引用充當。如：The students all love their English teacher. 這些學(xué)生都喜歡他們的英語老師。They go to schoo

4、l by bus. 他們乘公共汽車上學(xué)。Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多電視對你的眼睛是有害的。What we need is a good rest. 我們需要的是好好休息一下?！癐 love you”is often heard on Valentines Day. 情人節(jié)時，經(jīng)常聽到有人說“我愛你”。（2） 形式主語與真實主語Formal Subject and Real Subject主語是不定式短語、動名詞短語或分句時，常會放在句尾，用it代替它原來的位置，這個it稱為形式主語，放在句尾的原主語為真實主語。如：It is v

5、ery hard to get to sleep. 入睡很難。不定式短語為真實主語，it為形式主語Its a pity that you cant come. 你不能來真是件遺憾的事。句子為真實主語，it為形式主語2. 賓語賓語Object是行為動作的對象，一般可分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，充當賓語的可以使名詞、代詞、名詞化的形容詞、動名詞、動詞不定式、介詞短語或句子。如：I bought a ticket for Milan. 我買了一張去米蘭的車票。I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你談話很高興。They decided to close the border. 他們決定

6、封閉邊境。A rabbit ran out from under the table. 桌底下跑出來一只兔子。We hoped that all would come well. 我們希望一切都會好轉(zhuǎn)?！緦Ｋ恼骖}】In “How much do you think he earns?” how much is _ of the sentence. A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement 譯文：在“How much do you think he earns?”一句中，how much在句子中充當什么成分？分

7、析：在這個句子中，do you think為插入語，在How much he earns中，he是主語，earns是謂語動詞，引導(dǎo)詞How much作earns的賓語。因此選C。（1） 直接賓語與間接賓語Direct Object and Indirect Object 英語中的授予動詞Dative Verb,有“給予”、“告知”、“拒絕”等類似意義的動詞要求接雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語指所給予或告知的“事物”；間接賓語指接受或被告知事物的“人”。間接賓語可置于直接賓語之后，但前面需加介詞to或for。Please show me your passport. 請把護照給我看一下。

8、(me為間接賓語，your passport 為直接賓語。)The arrangement saved lots of time for us. 這個安排省了我們很多時間。lots of time為直接賓語，us為間接賓語。On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽車上，他經(jīng)常把座位讓給老人。his seat為直接賓語，an old person為間接賓語。 3 形式賓語與真實賓語Formal Object and Real Object 作賓語用的短語或從句之后接有賓語補語時，必須將用作賓語的短語或從句放在補語之后，用

9、it代替它的原位置；這個it稱謂形式賓語，放在補語之后的賓語為真實賓語。如： I think it wrong to waste time. 我認為浪費時間是不對的。不定式短語是真實賓語，it是形式賓語，wrong是賓語補語。3.表語 位置上，表語Predicative總位于系動詞之后，與系動詞一起構(gòu)成系動詞的謂語；意義上，表語通常說明主語的身份、特征或狀態(tài)。名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語或句子可充當表語。如： They are brother and sister. 他們是兄妹。What I want to say is this. 我想說的就是這個。This is

10、 what I want to say. 這是我想說的。Her father is sixty-five. 她父親65歲。The proof of the Pudding is in the eating. 布丁好不好，吃了才知道。4.補語 補語Complement是起補充說明作用的成分，用以彌補主語或賓語意義的不足。補語可分為主語補語Subject Complement和賓語補語Object Complement,一般由名動名詞、形容詞、介副詞、不定式、分詞充當。如： They considered that a downright lie. 他們認為那是徹頭徹尾的謊話。賓語that的補語

11、I found everything in good condition.我看到一切都并然有序。(賓語everything的補語) That man has never been seen to smile.從沒見那個人笑過。(主語that man的補語) Foreigners are called Lao Wai.外國人被稱為“老外”。(主語Foreigners 的補語) *注意: 后跟名詞作賓語補語的動詞有call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容詞作賓語補語的謂語詞有keep, find, get, think, make 等。動詞不定式作賓語補語時，當

12、謂語動詞為感官動詞如feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at等、使役動詞如let, have, make等，動詞不定式不帶to。5.定語 定語(Attribute)起修飾限定名詞或代詞的作用,單詞用作定語時，一般置于所修飾的名詞之前;短語和從句用作定語時,一般置于所修飾的名詞之后。可分為前置定語和后置定語?？捎米鞫ㄕZ的有名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語、從句等。His father is a doctor.他父親是一名醫(yī)生。Mr. Green has two sons.格林先生有兩個

13、兒子。The girl under the tree is Kate.在樹底下的那個女孩是凱特。The man downstairs couldn't sleep well.樓下的那個人不能睡好覺。That's the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。6.狀語狀語(Adverbial)是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。根據(jù)其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、程度和伴隨狀語等。如:I often get up at 5:30 in the morning.我常

14、常在早上5:30起床。Pandas only live in China.熊貓僅生活在中國。You should put the book where it was.你應(yīng)該把這本書放回原來的地方。 We'll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.這個星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.大雨滂沱,造成洪水泛濫。7.同位語當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置,其中一個句子成分用來說明和解釋另一個句子成

15、分時，前者就叫做后者的同位語(Appositive)。同位語一般緊跟在其所說明的名詞之后。可以用作同位語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和句子等。His brother John is a famous musician.他的哥哥約翰是一個有名的音樂家。Are you three all right? 你們?nèi)齻€好了嗎?Their plan, going abroad, did not come true.他們出國的計劃沒有實現(xiàn)。We heard the news that our team had won.我們聽到消息說我們隊贏了。Your last question,

16、“Why didn't he speak to us?” can best be answered by you .你的最后一個問題-他為什么不和我們說話?-最好由你來答復(fù)。 【專四真題】All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPTA. Only one problem still remains-the food.B. She bought herself a pair of new shoes.C. My friends 

17、all understand and support me.D. She liked her current job, teaching English.譯文:下面哪個句子沒有同位語成分?分析:A項破折號后面的the food補充說明主語only one problem,是非限制性同位語;C項中的代詞all是my friends的同位語;D項逗號后的動名詞teaching English補充說明her current job,是它的同位語。B項含有buy sb. sth. 的雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),herself是b

18、ought的間接賓語,a pair of shoes是直接賓語，句中沒有同位語。 五.句子類型1. 從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，句子可分為：(1)簡單句(Simple Sentence):只有一個主語部分和一個謂語部分。如 Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是邁向成功的第一步。(主語Confidence in yourself,系動詞is,表語the first step.)(2) 并列句(Compound Sentence):包括兩個或兩個以上的簡單句，中間常由連詞連接，如:Fields have eyes

19、, and woods have ears.隔墻有耳。(and連接兩個簡單句)(3) 復(fù)合句(Complex Sentence): 由主旬(Main/Principal Clause )和從句(Subordinate Cause)構(gòu)成，內(nèi)含一個或一個以上的從句。其中，主句是能夠獨立存在并能表達一個完整意思的分句;而從句則是依附主句,在主句中充當一個句子成分的分句，一般由連詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞所引導(dǎo)。從句在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、同位語等句子成分，主要的從句有:主語從句(Subject Clause),如:What he needs is that book.他需要的是那本書。

20、表語從句(Predicative Clause),如：Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他們追求的是名利。賓語從句(Object Clause)，如:Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你們已經(jīng)決定了提名誰當候選人嗎?定語從句(Attributive Clause)，如:This is the thing I want to say.這就是我要說的。狀語從旬(Adverbial Claus)，如:Strike while the iron is

21、hot.趁熱打鐵。同位語從句(Appositive Clause)，如:Word came that he had been abroad.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。(4) 并列復(fù)合句(Compound Complex Sentence):由一個復(fù)合句和另一個簡單句或復(fù)合句由并列連詞(可用分號代替and)連接而成的句子。如:The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.警察狐疑地打量著我，問我要干什么。(“簡單旬+and+復(fù)合句"復(fù)合句中的從句what I wanted 為asked的直接賓語,m

22、e 為間接賓語)2.從說話人說話的目的來看,句子可分為:(1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentence)用來表達事實或表達意見，句尾永遠是句號。如 ： I saw him just now.我剛剛看見他了。(肯定)History will not repeat itself.歷史不會重演。(否認)(2)疑問句(Interrogative Sentence)用來提出疑間，句尾永遠是問號。如:Did you see him just now? 你剛剛見到他了嗎?(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence)用無to不定式作動詞，表示請求，命令、允許等

23、，句尾通常是句號，但有時也用感慨號表示指令不可違抗。祈使句中的主語是you時,經(jīng)常省略，也可將是you或其他說話對象說出來表區(qū)分，但謂語動詞不可添加s。如:Please come in.請進來。(表允許)Dont touch it.不要動它。(表命令)Everybody stand up.每一個人請起立。(stand不可用stands)Nobody move! 不許動。(move不可用moves)(4感慨句(Exclamatory Sentence)表示強烈感情或情緒的句子稱為感慨句,句尾常用感慨號! 常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有:what(a/an)+a.

24、+n.(+主語+謂語+其他成分);how +a./ad.(+主語+謂語)。也可以用how dare/dared (+主語+謂語)表示說話人的憤怒。除此，口語中還可以用陳述句、祈使旬、疑問句表達感慨。如:What a beautiful voice she has!=How beautiful a voice she has!她嗓子多好??！How smart she is! 她多么聰明啊!How dare you open my letters! 你竟敢拆我的信!配套練習(xí)：1. In “

25、what do you think will be discussed in the meeting next week?”, the italicized word is Of the sentence.A. the subject B. the complement C. an object D. an attribute2. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement?A. Have you got everything ready for your journey?B. Dont mar

26、ried young.C. This fruit can be eaten raw.D. Alone and broke, Hamas struggles to rule.3. In the sentence “She walks out of the house, followed by a little boy”, the past participle is used asA. an attribute B. an adverbial C. a complement. D. a predicative4. In the sentence “His ambition to become a

27、n astronaut deserve our support”, the italicized part is used asB. an attribute B. an appositive C. a complement D. an adverbial5. The following sentences have an indirect object EXCEPTA. Our teacher tells us some stories.B. Mr. Smith gave a watch to me.C. My grandma told him the truth last night.D.

28、 We consider him to be a good teacher.6. All of the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPTA. My wife herself has begun her own business.B. This word, dyeing, is often misspelled.C. Her book Color and Design was published last week.D. Health, and not money, is what I want.7. Which of the follo

29、wing infinitives(不定式)functions as an adverbial?A. Her chief desire is to educate her child well.B. He woke up to find everybody gone.C. I have nothing to say on this question.D. He asked me to talk about English study.8. In the sentence “He has a wish to travel round the whole country”, the italiciz

30、ed part is C. an attribute B. an adverbial C. a complement D. an appositive 9. In “I saw a thief stealing something”, the italicized part isA. A predicative B. an attribute. C. a complement D. an adverbial10. In the sentence “The basket full of some fruits belongs to the old woman”, the italicized p

31、art is A. an appositive B. an attribute C. an adverbial D. an object11. Which of the following contains an adverbial of cause?A. He failed to lift the rock in spite of all his exertions.B. To draw the map properly, you need a special pen.C. For all her wealth, she never wastes money on luxury goods.

32、D. With all this work to do, I dont know whether I can go out.12. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete “ the teacher came”?A. Often B. Nearly C. Eventually D. Almost13. In the sentence “He did everything possible to help us”, the italicized word is used to modifyA. The subjectB.

33、The predicateC. The objectD. The infinitive phrase 14. In “How much do you think she drinks?” how much is of the sentence.A. the subject B. the object C. the complement D. the adverbial15. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. What delightful weather we are having!B. How empty and pedanti

34、c a thinker he is!C. What shame to deceive the girl!D. How sunny the weather is!16. In “He will come to learn driving from you”, the infinitive indicatesA. causeB. purposeC. resultD. direction17. In “We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families”, “for” is used to indicateA. purposeB. cau

35、seC. directionD. result18. Which of the following sentences has a formal subject?A. It was 5 oclock when he come here.B. It is no use trying it again.C. It was yesterday that I met her.D. I find it easy to get on with her.19. In “She felt sick from tiredness”, the italicized word is used to indicate

36、A. comparisonB. purposeC. causeD. direction20. Which of the following sentences has an object complement?A. I will buy you a present. B. Mum gave me a necklace.C. Im going to paint it pink.D. Tom is teaching children Japanese.21. Which of the following italicized parts explains PURPOSE?A. He is such

37、 an honest man that we all believe in him.B. Please open the window so that we can breathe fresh air.C. I returned home in a hurry, only to find my house broken into.D. He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.22. In the sentence “Its no use crying over spilt milk”, the italicized p

38、hrase is?A. an adverbialB. a complementC. the objectD. the subject23. Which of the following italicized parts explains CAUSE?A. The temperature varies from 30 degrees to minus 20.B. I work hard so as to get promoted.C. For all his efforts, he didnt pass the exam.D. I was frightened at the terrible s

39、ight.24. The sentence that expresses COMPLAINT isA. How did you find the new product?B. Dont you like playing badminton?C. When will you go this weekend?D. Couldnt you be a little bit quiet?25. In “Can you show me your photo？”, the italicized part is the of the sentence.A. object complementB. direct

40、 objectC. subject complementD. indirect object26. Which of the following prepositional phrases is used as attributive?A. Just make yourself at home.B. He arrived after me.C. Hand me the book on the desk.D. My busiest time is from nine to ten.27. All the following sentences have a passive meaning EXC

41、EPTA. We must be prepared for the worst.B. How did the window get broken.C. A note was passed up to the speaker.D. I wont have my house turned into a hotel.28. In the sentence “This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world”, the italicized word is A. an objectB. an attributeC. a pr

42、edicativeD. a complement29. Which of the following reflective pronouns functions as an appositive?A. She prided herself on her cooking.B. I havent been myself for weeks.C. He travelled to London by himself.D. She wanted to see Tom himself.30. All of the following italicized parts are used as a subje

43、ct EXCEPTA. It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.B. It is no good reading without full understanding.C. We consider it our duty to obey the regulations.D. It is important that we should guarantee the quality of the products.31. The object in the sentence “She wishes to learn Eng

44、lish from you” is A. sheB. EnglishC. from youD. to learn English from you32Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject? 12-57AWe never doubt that her brother is honestBThe problem is not who will go but who will stayCYou must give it back to whoever it belongs to. DIt is clear that the crim

45、e was done deliberately33In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is_. 10-61 A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject34. Which of in the following phrases indicates a subject-predicate relationship? A. The arrival of the tourists B. The l

46、aw of Newton C. The occupation of the island D. The plays of Oscar Wilde 35. Which of the following reflexive pronouns used as an object? 14-60 A. I spoke to the president himself. B. You must pull yourself together. C. Linda herself will play the violin D. Frank is not quite himself today. 36. In &

47、quot;How much do you think he earns?",“how much” is _ of the sentence. 09-64 A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement37. In the sentence "The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning", the italicized word is used to modify _. 11-62A. the objectB. the verbC

48、. the subjectD. the prepositional phrase38. Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship? A. He was reading Marys Letter in the room. B. You can buy mens shoes in this shop. C. Mrs. Blakes passport was lost. D. The enemys defeat brought the war to an end. 39. Whi

49、ch of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement? 14-53 A. The front door remained locked. B. The boy looked disappointed. C. Nancy appeared worried. D. He seemed to have no money left. 40. Which of the following reflexive pronouns (反身代詞) is used as an appositive同位語.A. He promise

50、d himself rapid progress B. The manager herself will interview Mary. C. I have nothing to say for myself.D. They quarreled themselves red in face. 41. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主語從句)? 11-60A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.B. He has to face the

51、 fact that there will be no pay rise this year.C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.D. It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.42.Which of the following italicized parts modifies an adverb? 1462 A. Do it right now. B. That was a very funny film. C. I rat

52、her like my teacher. D. We walked about 6 miles. 43. Which of the following prepositional phrases can function as an adverbial? 12-62 AAre you sure of Simon's disappearance? BThe man with a beard is talking to the manager.CEvery precaution was taken against the failure of the planDDespite the ra

53、in, everyone enjoyed the trip44.Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause? 12-61AI got a job as soon as I left universityBAs there was no answer, I wrote again CYou must do the exercises as I show youDWealthy as he is，Mark is not a happy man45.Which of the following

54、 is a compound word (復(fù)合詞)?  _.  13-53 A. Nonsmoker.  B. Deadline.C. Meanness. D. Misfit.  46.The following are all dynamic verbs(動態(tài)動詞) EXCEPT  _.    13-65A.

55、0;remain.  B. turn.  C. write.   D. knock.  47. Which of the following is NOT an imperative sentence?  _.  1362 A. Let me drive you home, shall I?  B. You will mind you