獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)歸納

1、英語(yǔ)中的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)歸納獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念一：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語(yǔ)，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)作為邏輯謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 它的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在句中的功能就相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有自己主語(yǔ)的非限制性狀語(yǔ)從句。 三：雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，并不是真正的獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時(shí)間等，在句中通常起狀語(yǔ)作用。 四：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用

2、于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。五：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分，一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語(yǔ)的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動(dòng)作。1）名詞代詞形容詞 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open2）名詞代詞現(xiàn)在分詞 Winter comi

3、ng，it gets colder and colder 3）名詞代詞過去分詞 More time given，we should have done it much better4）名詞代詞（主格）不定式 No one to wake me up ,I might be late for the first class.5）名詞代詞十介詞短語(yǔ) We walked out, one behind the other. 我們一個(gè)接一個(gè)地走了出來。 6）名詞代詞十副詞 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away7）名詞代詞名詞 He fought t

4、he wolf，a stick his only weapon他和狼搏斗著，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名詞（代詞）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 9）It being +名詞（代詞）如：It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的三種類型一、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed so

5、oner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會(huì)成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)he）= When he sea

6、ted himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.（1） 不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來表達(dá)。動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)的形式在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight

7、, he is busy preparing the dinner.）(2-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）1 表示時(shí)間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句When everyone wasready2 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”T

8、he boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句Because the boy led the way）3 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The students are walking

9、 in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）（3）-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的

10、生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.比較：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many thi

11、ngs settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動(dòng)詞-ed形式settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）二、 動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)“邏輯主語(yǔ)+being+其他”是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being往往可以被省去，這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱

12、之為無(wú)動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。A A邏輯主語(yǔ)+名詞Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之間省去了being）注意：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的情況下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。It being Sunday,

13、 all the offices are closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌眨修k公室都關(guān)門。B邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我。（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.C邏輯主語(yǔ)+副詞School over, we all went home.放學(xué)了，我們都回家了。（school和over之間省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home.D邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)He is stan

14、ding in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前，背對(duì)著我們。= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.提示：在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)里的限定詞也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音樂老師站在門口,手里拿著一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at t

15、he door, a violin in his hand.）三、 with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞withwithout +賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.注意：在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With h

16、is son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。B with+名詞代詞+副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時(shí)，我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ馈? Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.C with+名詞代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或H

17、e stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.D with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.E with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many c

18、hildren sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式The little boy looks sad, w

19、ith so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.提示：在withwithout 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。（without不能省略）四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，還可以作定語(yǔ)。

20、1. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Spring coming ,the fields are full of life .  Meeting over ,every one tried to do something for the project .    2. 作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this sunday .    3. 作原因狀語(yǔ)There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi .

21、   4. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說明The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . (伴隨狀語(yǔ)We met many guests ,most of them Americans.( 補(bǔ)充說明5. 作定語(yǔ)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead .    He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both si

22、des.Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項(xiàng)1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞使用的問題在“名詞或代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”這類獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)其中的介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞通常不加任何修飾語(yǔ)（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。如：A girl came in, book in hand. 一個(gè)少女進(jìn)來了，手里拿著書。但如果是其他介詞，則不受此限制。如：He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。2.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同有些分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，作為習(xí)慣用法。這些短語(yǔ)有：Generally speaking （總的說來），F(xiàn)rankly speaking （坦率地說），Judging from （從判斷），Supposing （假設(shè)），等等。Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的說來，這條規(guī)則很容易懂