專升本英語語法與詞匯講義

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞就是動(dòng)詞得幾種特殊形式,它不能單獨(dú)做謂語。非謂語動(dòng)詞得形式有:動(dòng)詞不定式(todo)、動(dòng)名詞(doing)、現(xiàn)代分詞(doing)、過去分詞(done)。(一)動(dòng)詞不定式1、結(jié)構(gòu):肯定形式todo否定形式nottodo例如:toreadthetextslowly2、主要語法功能:(1)做主語Toknowwhattodoiswisdom、ToknowhowtodoisskillItisdifficulttoknowoneself(2)做表語Thefirstandbestvictoryistoconquerself、(3)做賓語Wehopetotalkwiththenative

2、speakers、有些及物動(dòng)詞常用不定式做賓語:afford/agree/arrange/begin/care/choose/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/hate/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/refuse/resolve/start/threaten/try/want(4)做定語:shewastheonlyonetolookafterthechildren(5)做狀語:weshall

3、beveryhappytocooperatewithyouintheproject、(6)做賓語補(bǔ)足語:Pleaseremindmetotakemymedicinetomorrow、有些及物動(dòng)詞得復(fù)合賓語中得賓語補(bǔ)足語中不定式不帶to:使役動(dòng)詞haveletmakeplease;感官動(dòng)詞feelhearlistentolookatnoticeobserveseewatch(7)做主語補(bǔ)足語:someonewasheardtoeupthestairs、3、不定式得時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般式:表示與謂語動(dòng)詞得動(dòng)作就是同時(shí)發(fā)生或就是在其后發(fā)生。Ihavesomenewstotellyou(2)進(jìn)行式:與謂語動(dòng)

4、詞得動(dòng)作就是同時(shí)發(fā)生,而且正在進(jìn)行著。Hewanttobedressing(3)完成時(shí):表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting(二)動(dòng)名詞1 、結(jié)構(gòu):doingreadingthebookquickly2 、語法功能:(1)做主語:SayingiseasierthandoingItisnouseaskingheradvice、(2)做表語:thebestpolicyisbeinghonest(3)做定語:readingmaterial(4)做動(dòng)詞賓語:Ienjoyseeingyouandtalkingaboutoldtimes、用作動(dòng)名詞做賓語得及物動(dòng)詞

5、:admitsuggestdislikeappreciatepleteconsiderdelaydenyenjoyescapefinishforgiveimaginekeepmindmisspermitpostponepracticepreventproposerequirerisksuggestcanthelpgive、upkeeponput(5)做介詞賓語:Keeponlearningaslongasyouliv、e3、動(dòng)名詞時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般式與謂語動(dòng)詞得動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生Iamthinkingofgettinganewdictionary、(2)完成式在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生Iregretha

6、vingtoldherthenews、(三)現(xiàn)在分詞1 、結(jié)構(gòu):doing、2 、語法功能:(1)做定語lifeisanexcitingbusiness、(2)做狀語hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforBeijing、(3)做表語thefilmisverymovingandinstructive、(4)做賓語補(bǔ)足語Isawhimenteringtheroom(比較:Isawhimentertheroom)(四)過去分詞3 、結(jié)構(gòu):規(guī)則動(dòng)詞得過去式、過去分詞“動(dòng)詞原形ed”;不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞沒有統(tǒng)一得規(guī)則。4 、語法功能:(1)做定語:Awatchedpotn

7、everboiled、(2)做狀語:Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight、(3)做表語:Iamconvincedofhishonesty、(4)做賓語補(bǔ)足語(五)分詞得獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1 、結(jié)構(gòu):邏輯主語+分詞,邏輯主語可以就是分詞得執(zhí)行者,也可以就是承受者。Weatherpermitting,weshallgothereonfoot、Thisdone,wewenthome、（六）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞得區(qū)別語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng),過去分詞表示被動(dòng);時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成;特征與狀態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示特征,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)。歷年真題常考

8、點(diǎn):2 、Iftospeak,hehasnoproblemexpressinghimse、lfA、askedB、askingCaskDtobeasked2 、Hewentontosaythatitwasasimportanttorespectothersasbyothers、AtoberespectedBtorespectCbeingrespectedDrespected3 、Anystudentinswimmingcanapplyformembership、AhavingakeeninterestBwithakeeninterestingCwhoiskeenlyinterestingDhas

9、akeeninterest4 、WhentheeducationsystemsofChinaandBritain,theprofessorgavehisownment、AaskingtobeparedBaskedhimtopareCaskinghimtopareDaskedtopare5 、Noonecanavoidbyadvertisements、AinfluencedBinfluencingCtoinfluenceDbeinginfluenced6 、Henrysremarksleftmeabouthisrealpurpo、seAwonderBwonderedCtowonderDwonde

10、ring7 、ThegardenrequiresAwateringBbeingwateredCtowaterDhavingwatering8 、TheyfoundthelecturehardAtounderstandBtobeunderstandCbeingunderstoodDunderstood9、Itsnousemenottoworryabouthisinjury、AforyoutotellByourtellingCyoutellDhavingtold10 、finishedhiswork,hehadtostayathomeattheweekend、AHavingnotbeenBBein

11、gnotCNothavingDHavingnot11 、fromspace,ourearth,withwatercovering70%ofitssurface,appearsasa”bluepla、net”ASeenBSeeingCTobeseenDHavingseen12 、Whenthelittlegirlawoke,shefoundherselfbyagroupofsoldiers、AsurroundBbesurroundedCbeingsurroundedDbeingsurrounding13 、HeenjoyspopmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusi、cAt

12、olistentoBtolistenClisteningDlisteningto14 、Mymobilephoneisntw、orkIti_n_g、AneedsbeingrepairedBneedsrepairingCneedstorepairDneedsrepaired二、虛擬語氣語氣表示說話人對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞所表示得動(dòng)作或所處狀態(tài)持有得態(tài)度或瞧法。陳述語氣;祈使語氣;虛擬語氣KeepoffthegrassTheyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind、虛擬語氣表示說話者所說得并不就是事實(shí),而就是一種假設(shè)、推測、建議或祝愿等。（一）虛擬語氣得結(jié)構(gòu):1 、在非真實(shí)條

13、件從句得復(fù)合機(jī)中得用法1）與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:if引導(dǎo)得條件句:動(dòng)詞過去式或were主句:would+動(dòng)詞原形2）與過去事實(shí)相反：if引導(dǎo)得條件句：had+過去分詞主句：would+have+過去分詞3）與將來事實(shí)相反：if引導(dǎo)得條件句：should+動(dòng)詞原形;wereto+動(dòng)詞原形主句:would+動(dòng)詞原形例句:ifIhadtime,IwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyouIfthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecisionIcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecarefulIfheshouldfail

14、,wewouldencouragehimtotryagain、IfheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy、2、介詞短語表示違背事實(shí)得假設(shè)條件,這時(shí)句中得謂語動(dòng)詞使用虛擬語氣Withoutair,therewouldbenowindorclouds、Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter、3、在if引導(dǎo)得條件句中有were,had,should,could時(shí)，可以省略if,提前上述四詞。CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher、（二）、在名詞性從句中得用法1、主語

15、從句(necessaryimportantessentialorderedmendedproposedsuggested)ItisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadybeforeFriday、2、賓語從句(suggestinsistremendorderproposerequireadviserequestdesiremanddemand)Sheinsistedthattheseatsshouldbebookedinadvanc、e(三)其它情況1、ifonly2、asifasthough引導(dǎo)得從句用“were”"hOd+b詞”Shelooked

16、asifshewereil、l3、it's(high/about)time(that)t去式或"should+動(dòng)詞原形”4、wouldrather/'drOihSr中用過去式或者過去完成時(shí)分別表示與現(xiàn)在與過去事實(shí)相反得愿望。歷年真題常考點(diǎn):1 、Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerialtoitsburningtemperature、AisheatedBwillbeheatedCbeheatedDwouldbeheated2、 Ifhehadbeeninbetterhealth,hemorebooks、Acanwrite

17、BcouldhavewrittenCcouldwriteDhavewritten3、 Itshightimeaboutthetrafficproble、msAsomethingwasdoneBsomethingisdoneCanythingwillbedoneDnothingtobedone4、 Imnotsurprisedyoufailedtheexa、mYouhaveworkedharder、AshouldBmustCwouldDought5、 Theteacherinsistedthatweourhomeworkbefore9:00、AfinishedBhadfinishedCfinis

18、hDwasfinishing6、 Ipassedthetest、Iitwithoutyourhelp、AwouldnotpassBwouldnthavepassedCdidntpassD、haIdtisnotpassednecessarythathethetaskbytheendofnextweekAfulfillBwillfulfillCwillhavefulfilledDfulfills三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句與倒裝句強(qiáng)調(diào)就是為了加強(qiáng)句子得語氣,突出說話重點(diǎn);英語書面語中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)得手段主要有詞匯、語法與修辭三種。（一）詞匯手段例如:Heentirelyforgotthematter、Howeverhar

19、dhetried,hecouldnt、liftthebox（二）語法手段1、Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)得部分+that/who從句例如:ItisProfessorLithatsentmetheletterItisonlywhenoneisillthatoneknowsthevalueofhealth、2、主語+do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形+其它部分Inthepast,somepeopledidthinkthattheearthwassquare、3、Whatimpressedmemostwasherimage、英語中得自然語序就是“主語在前,謂語在后”,倒裝語序就是把謂語得一部分或者全部放在

20、主語之前。1 、語法倒裝句型(1)表示否定或基本否定得詞與詞組放在句首引起倒裝(never/seldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardlywhen/nosoonerthan/innocase/innoway/onnoaccount/atnotime/notonlybutalso)例如:Nosoonerhadtheygottotheplantthantheystartedtowork、2 2)”on網(wǎng)”放在句首引起得倒裝例如:Onlybyworkinghardcanonesucceed、OnlyoncehaveIseenhim、On

21、lyaftertheaccidentdidhebeecareful、(3)反復(fù)倒裝(sonorneithernomore)Theycanleavenow,socanwe、Hedidntseethefilmlastnight,neitherdidh、e(4)as引導(dǎo)得讓步狀語從句中得倒裝例如Strongastheenemyis,wearenotafraid、3 5)if引導(dǎo)得非真實(shí)條件句中省略if引起得倒裝歷年真題考點(diǎn):1 、Seldominsucharudewa、yAwehavebeentreatedBhavewebeentreatCwehavetreatedDhavewetreated2 、

22、Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomesheremenberedherappointmentwiththedoctor、AwhenBthatCandDwhere3 、Itwasatthemusichallwemeteachotherforthefirsttime、AwhenBwhereCwhichDthat4 、,everythingwouldhavebeenallrigh、tAHehadbeenhereBBeenherehehadCHerehehadbeenDHadhebeenhere5 、,waterresourceshavebeenseverelywastedorp

23、ollute、dATheyarescarceBScarcetheyareCScarceastheyareDAsScarcetheyare6 、tomorrow,hewouldbeabletoseetheopeningceremony、AWouldheeBIfheesCWasheingDWerehetoe7 、thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint、ADuringthe1960”BItwasinthe1960sCThatitwasinthe1960sDItwasthe1960s8 、,hecouldntearnenough

24、tosupportthe、familyAHardasheworkedBAsheworkedhardCAshardheworkedDHardasdidhework四、狀語從句在復(fù)合句中,起狀語作用得從句叫做狀語從句,修飾主句中得動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞。類型包括:時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目得狀語從10 / 17句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、讓步狀語從句。歷年考點(diǎn)總結(jié):1、比較級(jí)考查（比較狀語從句）例如:1、Thehigheryoustand,、AthefartheryoucanseeByoucanseefartherCthemorefartheryouc

25、anseeDthefarthercanyousee2、Thenewcampusisastheoldon、eAtwiceasbigBastwicebigCtwicebigDbigastwice、3Privatecarshavemadethetrafficproblem、AtheworsethanbeforeBworsethaneverbeforeCmorebadasbeforeDmorebadthanitwas4、 Betweenyouandme,thatboyofMaryswas、AasfatasstrongBfatterthanstrongerCmorefatthanstrongDnotso

26、fatasstrong2、詞匯積累1 、borninChicago,thewriterismostfamousforhisstoriesaboutNewYorkCity、AAlthoughBSinceCWhenDAs2 、Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeechhewithdrew、AthanBthatCwhenDas3 、對(duì)however/whenever/whoever/whatever/wherever得考查1 、yousay,Iamsurethattheyoungmanisinnocen、tAWhateverBWhoeverCHoweverDWherever2 、W

27、emustbegintestingthisinstrument,nomatterdifficultitis、AhoweverBhowCwhateverDwhat3 、對(duì)as引導(dǎo)得讓步狀語從句得考查1、 、Greatthedifficultiwaare,wemustdoourbesttosucceed、AwhileBasCalthoughDhowever五、主謂一致主謂一致就是指兩個(gè)語法成分,主語與謂語之間得協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。通常遵循三個(gè)原則,即就近原則、概念意義原則與語法原則。(一)就近原則例如:HeorhisbrothersaretoblameEithertheshirtsorthesweateri

28、sagoodbuy、Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm、Neitheryounoryourbrotherisinfault、(Bothand)(二)概念/意義原則2、 、有些單數(shù)名詞表示集體概念,即群體名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞(police/cattle/people/youth/army/class/mittee/pany/crowd/couple/等)。3、 manya+單數(shù)名詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread、4、 morethanone+單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

29、Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase、4、a+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Adayortwohaspassed;Oneortwodayshavepasse、d5、一些復(fù)數(shù)名詞被瞧做一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)(news;tenyears;Physics;Measles;Apairofgloves;theold;)(三)語法原則1 、并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(aswellas/asmuchas/alongwith/togetherwith/with/including/followedby/ratherthan/)與主語保持一致Heasmucha

30、susisresponsiblefor、it2 、Therebe句型得謂語動(dòng)詞與其后面得主語保持一致3、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與of后得詞保持一致50%ofthepeoplepresentthemeetingareagainsttheplan5、 anumberof后面得謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),thenumberof后面得謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)歷年真題考點(diǎn):1 、Thefirstthreeofthefivechaptersinthebookveryeasy,buttherese_difficult、AisareBareisCwaswereDwerewere2 、Hiswifeaswellasheinv

31、itedtothebusinesspartyAhasbeenBhavebeenChasDare3 、Everymeansbutwithoutmuchresult、AhavebeentriedBhasbeentriedChavetriedDhastried4 、NeitherMarynorhersistertotheparty、AgoBaregoingChavegoneDisgoing5 、Theresomemistakesinyourpasition、AhaveBhasCseemstobeDseemtobe六、定語從句定語從句就是在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞得從句,被定語從句修飾得詞叫做先行詞,定

32、語從句必須放在先行詞后面。(一)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)得定語從句1、關(guān)系代詞有who(whomwhose)、which、that,起到得作用：一把主句與從句連接起來;二起代詞作用,代替前面得先行詞;三起到一定語法作用,在從句中做主語、賓語或者定語。例如:Heisamanwhomeanswhathesay、sThefewpointswhichthepresidentstressedinhisreportareveryimportantindeed、Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhosefatherisapainter、2、ThatsallIcoulddoatthattime(

33、all/anything/everything/something/nothing/much/little/none)3、 、ThisisthebestTvsetthatismadeinChin、a(如果先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that)。(二)介詞+which(whom)引導(dǎo)得定語從句如果which或whom在定語從句中原為介詞得賓語,那么:Thisisthequestionaboutwhichtheyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks、Thep

34、eoplewithwhomheworkedthoughthewasabitstrange、（三）關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)得定語從句它們分別修飾表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因得先行詞。AtthattimewhenIsawhim,hewaswell、Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenttookplacelastnigh、t（四）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句ThosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshereHehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity、歷年真題考點(diǎn):1、Imgoingtospendthew

35、intervacationinShanghai,Ihaverelati、vesAwhichBneverthelessCwhereDwhen2、Themanwasstolencalledthepolice、AhiswalletBthewalletofhisCwhosewalletDthewalletofwhom3、Allisacontinuoussupplyoffuel、AwhatisneededBthethingneededCthatisneededDfortheirneeds4、 IsthisthehouseShakespeaswasborn?AwhichBinthatCinwhichDatwhich5、 ShehasfalleninlovewithJack,Ifindhardtoimagin、eAwhoBthatCwhomDwhich6、 Hehasmadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,ofgreatimportancetoscienceandman、AwhichIthinkisBwhichIthinkisCofwhichIthinkitisDIthinkwhichis七、時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)歷年真題考點(diǎn):1 、JohnandIfriend