立體車庫(kù)的英文文獻(xiàn)(中英文一起)

1、Developing a Hybrid Programmable Logic Controller Platform fora Flexible Manufacturing SystemAbstract:In this article, we present the design and implementation of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS control platform based on a programmable logic controller (PLC and a personal computer (PC-based vis

2、ual man-machine interface (MMI and data acquisition (DAS unit. The key aspect of an FMS is its flexibility to adapt to changes in a demanding process operation. The PLC provides feasible solutions to FMS applications, using PC-based MMI/DAS, whereby PLCs are optimized for executing rapid sequential

3、control strategies. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make intuitive operation interfaces, full of powerful graphics and reporting tools. Information from the PC c an be distributed through a companys local area network or web using client-server technologies. Currently, with the convergence of underly

4、ing microprocessor technology and software program-ming techniques, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small- to medium-sized process plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems. The major work of this article demonstrat

5、es that PLCs are responsive to rapid and repetitious control tasks, using PCs that present the flow of information automation and accept operator instructions, thereby providing the user a tool to modify and monitor the process as the requirements change.Key Words: PLC、FMS、PC.1.IntroductionIn a vari

6、ety of product manufacturing industries, the most automated form of production is a Flexible manufacturing system(FMS,first introduced in 1970s. Since the FMSs can providea high potential for productivity improvement in batch manufacturing, the number of FMSs is growing substantially (Groover and Zi

7、mmers, 1984. The acceleration throughout the world is due to increased global competition, reduced manufacturing cycle times, and cuts in production costs.Generally, an FMS consists of a group of machines or other automated work stations, which form into modular subsystems, such as CNC machines, rob

8、ots, vision systems, and a process station. These are interconnected by a materials handling system and usually driven by a computer(Maleki,1991.Each modular system requires an individual modular control system, with different components being controlled by individual controller units. All of the mo

9、dular subsystems are controlled by computers as usual. These controllers perform their intended tasks under supervision of a higher level controller. To the system, both the control devices as well as the flow of information need to be automated. The key aspect of an FMS is its ability to adapt to c

10、hanges in the control tasks. This flexibility includes the quantities and varieties of part types which it can produce, the order in which operations may be performed, and its ability to reroute parts back into flow paths. In the end, the control platform should have the capability to automate the f

11、low of information.Typically, there are three types of control platforms used in FMSs: minicomputers, microcomputers, and PLCs (Maleki, 1991. The minicomputers are best suited for complex large-scale, continuous ,regulatory control applications . The PLCs are used for rapid and repetitious logic con

12、trol. Personal computers (PCs are suited for operator interface functions. Primarily, PLCs are designed to replace hardwiring relays, to operate in an industrial environment, to be easily modified by plant engineers and maintenance personnel, and to be maintained by plant electricians. Currently, wi

13、th the convergence of underlying microprocessor technology and software programming, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small-to medium-sizedprocess plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems.The purpose of this article

14、 is to address the state-of-the-art technology of FMSs. The design and construction of an FMS using PLC-controlled and PC-based visual man-machine interface(MMI and data acquisition system(DAS are presented. It is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with the description of the FMS on the factory

15、floor of the Center for Manufacturing System sat the NewJersey Institute of Technology(NJIT.Section 3 shows the operational description of the FMS. Sections 4 and 5 present the applications of PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for the FMS at NJIT. Section 6 contains a summary of the advantages of

16、this PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for FMS application.2. Description of the FMSSI handling conveyor systemThis consists of four carts, A, B, C, and D, with fixtures mounted on each, two transfer tables,TT1 and TT2 , and dual conveyors which transport materials to each workstation. Figure 1. F

17、lexible manufacturing system.NASA II CNC milling machineThe milling machine accepts rectangular solid blanks and machines each part of different types according to its computer controller.GE P50 robotA shared robot is used to load and unload the material between the CNC milling machine and the conve

18、yor system, and between the parts presentation station and conveyor system. It contains five computer programs assignable by the PLC. The computer programs direct the robot to load the material between the parts presentation station and the carts and between the CNC machine and the carts. The last t

19、wo programs place the completed parts in the accept or reject area.Parts presentation stationThis station includes a gravity-chute, which supplies rectangular solid blanks as raw materials. This station also contains two bin types, one each for accepted parts and rejected parts.Computer vision syste

20、mThe vision system provides for the visual automated inspection of the parts. It is a menu-driven, 64-level gray scale, edge detection system.Drilling machineAn IBM7535 industrial robot with an automated drill as an end-effector drills various holes in the parts as directed.In summary, the FMS has t

21、wo robots, one CNC mill, a material transfer convey or system including transportation carts and positioning limit switches, and a vision system, which are supervised by a GE-Series Six PLC and monitored by a PC-based visual MMI/DAS.3. Operational descriptionThe working cycle for this FMS proceeds i

22、n the following manner:1.Initially, all four carts on the conveyor system are empty and available for the raw materials to be loaded onto them from the parts presentation station.2.The GE robot loads four parts, one by one, on to the four carts on the convey or system. The carts move clock wise as t

23、hey are being loaded.3. Figure 2 shows the positions acquired by the four carts once the four parts of different types have been loaded.4. The IBM robot drills various holes on each blank part as the cart stops at the drilling machine.5. The GE robot moves to the conveyor, removes the part from the

24、cart at position X1,and loads it into the fixture located on the CNC machine table.6. Once the part is loaded on the CNC milling machine, the robot retracts, and the milling machine mills the rectangular part as required.7. After the milling operation, the robot arm moves to the milling machine to r

25、emove the part that was machined from the holding fixture. Figure 2. Loading state of the conveyor system.8. The robot returns the finished part to the same cart on the conveyor.9. A signal is sent to the vision camera to inspect the part.10. The vision system analyzes the part and outputs a signal

26、that directs the robot to accept or reject the part.11. The robot runs either an accept program to place the part in the accept bin or runs a reject program to place the part in the reject bin.12. The GE robot goes to the parts presentation station and loads a new blank part into the cart.13. The ca

27、rt is released to the system and the next cycle is started.4. Control of an FMS with a PLCThe significant features of the FMS control system are as follows:1.The system is easy to configure and to modify to accommodate changes and updates, because of the ladder logic capability of the system.2.In a

28、similar manner, the system is easy to program and document.3.The system can be easily maintained, and troubleshooting is decreased because on-line diagnostics are provided to pinpoint problems and decrease maintenance.4.Naturally, the system is readily interfaced with the computer.The PLC is a gener

29、al purpose industrial computer which is widely used in industrial process control. It is capable of storing instructions to implement control functions such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and communication to control industrial machines and processes. The PLC is chos

30、en to perform an FMS control task based on the following features:1 good reliability;2 less space required and operates in an industrial environment;3 easier to maintain by plant engineer or technician;4 can be reprogrammed if control requirements change;5 can communicate and network with other comp

31、uters.In this application, a GE-Series Six PLC is equipped with a memory bank, and the I/O racks are loaded with the following input and output interfaces: 120 VAC input modules with 8 ports/module, 24 VDC input modules with 8 ports/module, and 120 VAC output modules with 8 ports/module.5. PC-based

32、visual operator interface unitWith the convergence of microprocessor technology and software techniques, the PC has become very useful in operator interface applications. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make powerful, intuitive operation interfaces, full of useful graphics and reporting tools. Inform

33、ation from these PCs can be distributed through a companys local area network(LAN or web using client-server technologies.A PC-based visual MMI/DAS was developed to monitor the process and log data. The functions of the MMI are twofold. First, it opens a window between the operatorand the process an

34、d then displays the process information on the CRT. It also allows the operator to modify the time delay constants or alarm setpoints without changing the ladder logic, if the production requirements change. Second, it provides an automatic data logging device. It is capable of creating batch, shift

35、, and day log reports. Information from the PC can be distributed through the local area network using client-server technologies. An application program has been developed by using an off-the-shelf state-of-the-art GENESIS for Windows PC-based software to provide the data from the PLC through a RS2

36、32 interface. This approach allows the PC to combine the controller, the programming terminal, the operator interface, and the data acquisition system together in one unit. The PC-based MMI/DAS software provides an icon-based and mouse-driven open system for designing a real-time control strategy an

37、d dynamic operator displays. With the open architecture features, it provides support for user algorithms and LAN interfacing.The other part of the MMI/DAS software is the enriched and user-friendly graphic builder. The graphic builder is an object-oriented CAD-based tool. The graphic tools allow th

38、e user to generate intuitive and useful man-machine interface screens to display the dynamic status of the FMS.6. ConclusionsThe particular FMS example is fully automated by a hybrid control platform using a PLC controlled and PC-based supervisory operator interface unit and data acquisition system.

39、 The trend of flexible manufacturing demands more open system control and flexibility with affordable cost. Obviously, the size and the nature of the application affect the decision. This PLC and PC hybrid supervisory control platform provides a cost-effective solution to real-time control and autom

40、ation of the flow of information for small- to medium sized process plants. The system improvements are achieved in control system reliability, equipment maintainability, software maintainability, and system flexibility. The automated DAS system has the capability to generate batch, shift, and day l

41、ogs reports, to report process and equipment alarms, and to refresh process data.為柔性制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的可編程控制器平臺(tái)摘要:在本文中,我們給出了基于PLC和以可視的個(gè)人PC機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的MMI和DAS單元的柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS控制平臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行。FMS的關(guān)鍵方面是其在適應(yīng)一個(gè)艱巨的進(jìn)程運(yùn)行時(shí)的靈活性。PLC 借助基于PC的MMI或DAS為FMS應(yīng)用提供了可行的解決方法,其中PLC在執(zhí)行高速的順序控制策略時(shí)得到了優(yōu)化。正運(yùn)行著MMI / DAS的前端個(gè)人電腦提供了直觀的操作界面,界面上有強(qiáng)大的圖形和報(bào)告工具。個(gè)人電腦上

42、的信息能發(fā)布在一個(gè)公司的局域網(wǎng)或用于客戶技術(shù)服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。目前,伴隨著基本的微處理器技術(shù)和軟件編程技術(shù)的融合,許多用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)PLC提供了一個(gè)高效益的能在中小型加工廠實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)控制的解決方案,特別是當(dāng)與使用混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)監(jiān)督電腦結(jié)合時(shí)。這篇論文的主要任務(wù)是說(shuō)明PLC是通過個(gè)人電腦的信息的自動(dòng)化流通和接受運(yùn)營(yíng)商的指示來(lái)迅速響應(yīng)和重復(fù)控制任務(wù)的,從而提供給用戶了一個(gè)修改和監(jiān)測(cè)過程作為要求改變的工具。關(guān)鍵字:PLC、柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS、個(gè)人電腦。1.簡(jiǎn)介在各種各樣的產(chǎn)品制造行業(yè)中,最自動(dòng)的生產(chǎn)形式是20世紀(jì)70年代首先采用的柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS。自從FMS能提供一個(gè)為提高批量生產(chǎn)力的高潛力,FMS 的數(shù)量就

43、大大增加了。這個(gè)遍及世界的加速度應(yīng)歸因于不斷加劇的全球化競(jìng)爭(zhēng),縮短制造的循環(huán)時(shí)間和降低生產(chǎn)成本。一般地,以模塊化子系統(tǒng)為形式的FMS是由一組機(jī)器或其他的自動(dòng)化工作站組成的,例如數(shù)控機(jī)床、機(jī)器人、視覺系統(tǒng)和進(jìn)程站。有通過材料處理系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)的和由計(jì)算機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的(瑪勒基,1991。每個(gè)模塊化系統(tǒng)都需要有一個(gè)特別的模塊化控制系統(tǒng),不同的元件由不同的控制單元控制。所有的模塊化系統(tǒng)都像平常一樣由計(jì)算機(jī)控制。這些控制單元在高水平控制器的監(jiān)控下執(zhí)行它們的任務(wù)。對(duì)于這個(gè)系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),控制裝置和信息的流通都需要自動(dòng)化。FMS的關(guān)鍵方面是它在控制任務(wù)時(shí)適應(yīng)變化的能力。這個(gè)靈活性包括它能生產(chǎn)的類型的數(shù)量和種類,運(yùn)行的順序和重

44、新往復(fù)流動(dòng)的能力。最后,控制平臺(tái)應(yīng)該有使信息流動(dòng)自動(dòng)化的能力。通常情況下,有三種控制平臺(tái)的類型用于FMS:小型機(jī)、微型機(jī)和PLC。小型機(jī)最適合復(fù)雜的、大規(guī)模的、連續(xù)的、監(jiān)管的控制應(yīng)用。PLC用于快速的和重復(fù)性的邏輯控制。個(gè)人電腦適用于操作員界面功能。主要地,PLC是用來(lái)代替硬接線繼電器以運(yùn)行在工業(yè)環(huán)境中。工廠工程師和維修人員很容易它們,而且,工廠電工很容易維修。目前,伴隨著基本的微處理器技術(shù)和軟件編程技術(shù)的融合,許多用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)PLC提供了一個(gè)高效益的能在中小型加工廠實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)控制的解決方案,特別是當(dāng)與使用混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)監(jiān)督電腦結(jié)合時(shí)。這篇論文的意義在于解決FMS的先進(jìn)技術(shù).闡述了由PLC控制的、以P

45、C機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的可視化人機(jī)接口以及DAS的設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)。具體組織如下。第2節(jié)的開始描述了在NJIT制造系統(tǒng)工廠車間中心的FMS.第3節(jié)給出了FMS的業(yè)務(wù)描述。第4、5節(jié)控制PLC的應(yīng)用和以個(gè)人電腦為基礎(chǔ)的MMI/DAS。第6節(jié)總結(jié)了控制PLC的應(yīng)用和以個(gè)人電腦為基礎(chǔ)的MMI/DAS的FMS的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。2.FMS概述司處理輸送系統(tǒng)它有四部分組成:A、B、C和D,每一部分都安裝有固定裝置,兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換表TT1、TT2和為每個(gè)工作站運(yùn)輸材料的雙傳送帶。 圖1. 靈活的制造系統(tǒng)NASA II數(shù)控銑床銑床接收長(zhǎng)方形固體配件和依據(jù)電腦控制器的規(guī)定尺寸制成各種各樣的元件。GE P50機(jī)器人一個(gè)共用的機(jī)器人用來(lái)裝卸數(shù)控銑床

46、和輸送系統(tǒng)之間的原料,還有部分機(jī)站和輸送系統(tǒng)之間的原料。它包括五個(gè)由PLC承擔(dān)的計(jì)算機(jī)編程。計(jì)算機(jī)程序指導(dǎo)機(jī)器人運(yùn)輸部分機(jī)站和小車、數(shù)控機(jī)床和小車之間的原料。后兩個(gè)程序在接受或拒絕領(lǐng)域替換已完成的部分。圖像機(jī)站部分這個(gè)機(jī)站有一個(gè)重力溜槽,這個(gè)重力溜槽提供固態(tài)坯作為原料。這個(gè)機(jī)站還有兩本類型,分別是接受單元和拒絕單元。計(jì)算機(jī)可視系統(tǒng)這個(gè)可視系統(tǒng)為視覺自動(dòng)檢測(cè)提供幫助。它是一個(gè)菜單驅(qū)動(dòng)器和邊緣檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)。鉆床IBM7535工業(yè)化機(jī)器人是能鉆出各種孔的自動(dòng)化鉆孔機(jī)?？偟貋?lái)說(shuō)，F(xiàn)MS 有兩個(gè)機(jī)器人，一個(gè)是數(shù)控銑床即輸送系統(tǒng)；另一個(gè)是可視系 統(tǒng)。 3.運(yùn)行描述 3.運(yùn)行描述 FMS 進(jìn)程的工作流程有以下步

47、驟所示: 1. 首先，輸送系統(tǒng)上的四個(gè)小車是空的、可用的，從而來(lái)輸送它上面的原料。 2. GE 機(jī)器人一個(gè)接一個(gè)的運(yùn)輸四部分到輸送系統(tǒng)上的四個(gè)小車。軌道按順時(shí) 針輸送。 3. 一旦不同類型的四個(gè)部分被裝載之后圖表 2 就顯示了這四個(gè)小車的位置。 4. IBM 機(jī)器人在銑床每個(gè)空白的部分鉆各式各樣的孔當(dāng)作小車停止的地方。 5. GE 機(jī)器人移動(dòng)到傳送帶，重新從小車所在的位置 X1 移動(dòng)這一部分，并把 它裝載到數(shù)控機(jī)床表上的裝置物。 6. 一旦這一部分裝載到數(shù)控機(jī)床上， 機(jī)器人撤回并且銑床根據(jù)要求銑成矩形。 7. 銑床運(yùn)行后，機(jī)械手移動(dòng)到銑床來(lái)重新移動(dòng)按尺寸制造的那一部分。 圖 2.裝載后小車的位置 8. 機(jī)器人把最后一部分放回到傳送