非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一）概述： 在英語(yǔ)中，不作句子謂語(yǔ)， 而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞， 叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式（the Infin itive ）;動(dòng)名詞（the Geru nd）;現(xiàn) 在分詞（ the Present Participle ）；過(guò)去分詞（ the Past Participle ）。1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有：1）如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語(yǔ)連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾：The suit fits him very well.The suit use

2、d to fit him very well.3）都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng) , “體”式（一般式;進(jìn)行式;完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents. （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式）We have written the composition. （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）4）都可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)They started the work at once. （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏

3、輯主語(yǔ)）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)）We are League members. （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)）We being League member, the work was well done. （現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)）2、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有： 1）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞），在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓 語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語(yǔ)、表 語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。3）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語(yǔ)。（二）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能:句子

4、成分非謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)不定式UUUUUUU動(dòng)名詞UUU（極少）UU現(xiàn)在分詞UUUU過(guò)去分詞UUUU、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法:（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。1、不定式的形式：主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to writeto be writte n進(jìn)行式to be writ ing/元成式to have writte nto have bee n writte n否定式：not + (to) do1) 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，例如：I ' m glad to meet you.He seems to

5、know a lot.We pla n to pay a visit.He wan ts to be an artist.The patie nt asked to be operated on at on ce.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如:The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted to

6、 have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主語(yǔ)：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用形式主語(yǔ) it 作形式主語(yǔ)，例如上面兩句可用如 下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose

7、 your heart.2）作表語(yǔ)：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.3）作賓語(yǔ)：常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有： want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,如果不定式（賓語(yǔ)）后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)（不定式）后置，放 在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situat

8、ion in Russia. 動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問(wèn)詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) : want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, pre

9、pare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)連用，如：With a lo t of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.有些動(dòng)詞如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有 to 的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加 to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.5）作定語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)

10、系：A）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的 介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修飾 time, place, way ，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可

11、用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anything to sent?Have you got anything to be sent?B）說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work.C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)：He is the first to get here.6）作狀語(yǔ)：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致： wrong： To s

12、ave money, every means has been tried. right: To save money, he has tried every means. wrong： To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.B）表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用 only 放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：T

13、hey were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：It 's too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.7）作獨(dú)立成分：To tell y ou the truth, I don ' t like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。If you don ' t want to do it, you don ' t need to.9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略 to。He wish

14、ed to study medici ne and become a doctor.回答人的補(bǔ)充 2009-08-24 16:06（二）動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1、動(dòng)名詞的形式：語(yǔ)態(tài)式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式doingbeing done元成式hav ing donehav ing bee n done否定式：not +動(dòng)名詞1）一般式：Seeing is believ ing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。2）被動(dòng)式：He came to the party without bei ng in vited.他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。3）完成式：We remembered hav i

15、ng see n the film.我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。4）完成被動(dòng)式：He forgot hav ing bee n take n to Guan gzhou whe n he was five years old. 忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。我后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)他的勸告。5）否定式： not + 動(dòng)名詞I regret not following his advice.6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格） + 動(dòng)名詞He suggested our trying it once again.他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮?。His not knowing English troubled him a lot

16、. 他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。 2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：1）作主語(yǔ)：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)。It 's no use quarrelling.爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。2）作表語(yǔ)：In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。3）作賓語(yǔ)：他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩我們必須阻止空氣被污染如上面兩個(gè)例句。 此外，動(dòng)名詞作 it ，例如：They

17、haven't finished building the dam.We have to prevent the air from being polluted.注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：enjoy, finish,suggest, avoid （避免）,excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss,consider, admit（承認(rèn)）， deny （否認(rèn)），mind

18、, permit, forbid, practise,risk （冒險(xiǎn)） , appreciate（感激） , be busy, be worth, feel like, can'tstand, can 't help, think of, dream of, be fond of,prevent,（from）,keep ,from,stop, （ from） ,protect,from,set about, be engaged in, spend,（in）, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay at

19、te nti on to, in sist on, feel like4）作定語(yǔ)：He can' t walk without a walk ing -stick.他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimmi ng pool in your school.你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？5）作同位語(yǔ)：The cave, his hidi ng-place is secret.那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, liste ning to the n ews on the radio rema ins un cha nged.他收聽(tīng)收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。（三）現(xiàn)在分

20、詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：現(xiàn)在及物動(dòng)詞write不及物動(dòng)詞go分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式writi ngbeing writte ngoi ng元成式hav ing writte nhav ing bee n writte nhav ing gone否定式：not +現(xiàn)在分詞1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)例如：They went to the park, si ngi ng and talki ng.他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走

21、去。Havi ng done his homework, he played basket-ball.做完作業(yè)，他開(kāi)始打蘭球。2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成 式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。The problem being discussed is very importa nt.正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能： 1）作定語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)

22、做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前，如 果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來(lái)的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更 努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能，如： in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed, the manspeaking 可改為 the man who is speaking.2）

23、現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，它們的區(qū)別在 于 be + doing 表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞 be 與現(xiàn)在分詞 構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen t

24、o, look at, leave, catch 等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)：A）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：（While） Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。B）作原因狀語(yǔ)：由于是共青團(tuán)員，他Being a League member, he is always helping others

25、. 經(jīng)常幫助他人。C）作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。D）作條件狀語(yǔ)：（If） Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩， 你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。E）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。F）作目的狀語(yǔ)：He went swimming the other day.幾天前他去游泳了。G）作讓步狀語(yǔ)：Though raining heavi

26、ly, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不 久天就晴了。H）與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥(niǎo)落到 我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所 有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開(kāi)了。Time permitting, we 'll do another two exercises.如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。有時(shí)也可用 with （withou

27、t） + 名詞（代詞賓格） +分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。H）作獨(dú)立成分：從外表看，他一定Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 是個(gè)演員。般說(shuō)來(lái)，女孩子更細(xì)心Generally speaking, girls are more careful.（四）過(guò)去分詞： 過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾 -ed 構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò) 去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過(guò)去分詞的句法功能： 1、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)： Our class went o

28、n an organized trip last Monday.上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。注意當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單詞時(shí)， 一般用于名詞前， 如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)， 就放在名詞 的后面。過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。2、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)：The window is broken. 窗戶破了。The were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。 注意 be + 過(guò)去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是

29、系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken. （系表）The window was broken by the boy. （被動(dòng)） 有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如： boiled water （開(kāi)水） fallen leaves （落葉） newly arrived goods （新到的貨） the risen sun （升起的太陽(yáng)） the changed world （變了的世界） 這類過(guò)去分詞有： gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, pass

30、ed 等。3、過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：I heard the song sung several times last week. 好幾次。上周我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):With the work done, they went out to play.4、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)：工作做完了，他們出去玩去了Praised by the n eighbours, he became the pride of his pare nts. 居們的表?yè)P(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）受到鄰Once see n, it can n ever be forgotte n. 示時(shí)間）

31、Given more time, I ' ll be able to do 能做得更好。（表示條件）一旦它被看見(jiàn)，人們就忘不了。（表it better.如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我Though told of the dan ger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。（表示讓步）Filled with hopes and fears, he en tered the cave.心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。5、過(guò)去分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：All books returned at the

32、end of the term, the library assistant wassatisfied.所有的書(shū)期末時(shí)都還了，圖書(shū)管理員很高興。The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.地耕好了，他開(kāi)始撒種子。1練習(xí)The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.B. being producedD. havi ng bee n producedA. producedC. to be produced答案 C2 |（09 北京 24）For breakfast he only

33、 drinks juice from fresh fruiton his own farm.A. grow nB. being grow nC. to be grow nD. to grow K答案 A3. （09 北京 27）A. treated答案 DB. were treatedC. would treatD. would be treated4. （09 北京 28）All of them try to use the power of the workstationinformation in a more effective way.A. prese nti ngB. prese

34、ntedC. being prese nted D. to prese nt答案 D5. （09 北京 34）twice, the postma n refused to deliver our letters uni ess we cha ined our dog.A. Bei ng bitte nB. Bitte nC. Havi ng bitte nD. To be bitte n答案 A6. （09 福建 32）not to miss the flight at 15:20, the man ager set out for the airport in a hurry.A. Remi

35、 ndingB. Remin dedC. To remi ndD. Havi ng remin ded答案 B解析考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)the manager,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且其表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞set out之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞，選 B。7. （09 福建 34）In April, 2009, Preside nt Hu in spected the warships in Qin gdao, the 60th anni versary of thefounding of the PLA Navy.A. markingB. m

36、arkedC. havi ng markedD. being marked答案 A解析考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，其后有賓語(yǔ)，故與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，用現(xiàn)在分詞，選A。& （09 湖南 23）When he the door, he found his keys were no where.A. would ope nB. ope nedC. had ope nedD. was to ope n，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的答案 D解析 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的用法。句意為：當(dāng)他要打開(kāi)門的時(shí)候鑰匙不見(jiàn)了。動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。9. （09 湖南 2

37、5）At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartme nt n ear Bost on andwhat to do about his future.A. livi ng; won deri ngB. lived; won deri ngC. lived; won deredD. livi ng; won dered答案 A解析 考查分詞的用法。句意為：29歲的大衛(wèi)，是一個(gè)工人，住在一間小公寓在波士頓附近 不知怎么辦關(guān)于他的未來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾a worker，and為并列連詞，連接相同的成份。10. （09 湖南 29）Now

38、adays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .A. reusingB. reusedC. reusesD. to be reused答案 D解析 考查動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的用法。句意為：現(xiàn)在人們有時(shí)把他們的廢物分開(kāi)，以便很容易被重復(fù)利用。重新再利用是指將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而且是被動(dòng)的。故選D。11. （09 湖南 31）Please do me a favor my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 toni ght.A. to in viteB. i nviti ngC. i nviteD. i nvited答案C12. （09 江西 22） the right kind of training , these teenage soccer playe