當司法審查遭遇“反多數(shù)難題”

1、當司法審查遭遇“反多數(shù)難題”$1962?vc?n?(?Uvo?v9?8?y?,?a?w?D?M?f?Qv9gT?n?(?UgL?U?e?(?o?v9?d?f?k,?L?C?8?y?vc?vov9?M?&?z,?f?t?P?n?w?wgT?n?(?UgLv9?M?z,?f?m?M?:?r?gT?B?gL(thecountergfmajoritariandifficulty)v9?M?f?o?,?j?e?4?j?e?(?U?5?,?UgT?j?H?5?z?9?gLv9(AlexanderBickel,TheLeastDangerousBranch:TheSupremeCourtattheB

2、arofPolitics,Bobbs-Merrill,1962)?M?A?r?U?-?h?D,?gT?B?gL?U?(?k?g?v9?Mvc?gT?B?gLvo?(?vc?vo2006?8?h?)?z,?b?D?E?v?gT?B?gLv9?t?:gT?n?-?D?B?j?)?m?,?u?U?r?M?5?y?t?v9gL?o?t?,?j?H?(?v9?c,gT?B?gL?w?(?,?2?2?,?n?L?MgT?B?gL?c?(?c?;v9?M?y?w,?j?,?e?L?(?y?gT?B?gL?B?u?v9(DanielFarber&SuzannaSherry,DesperatelySee

3、kingCertainty:TheMisguidedQuestforConstitutionalFoundations,UniversityofChicagoPress,2004)?u?o?U?M?gT?B?gL?L?e?L?v9?gT?B?gL?R?M?r?j?H?(?-?gv9?j?H?(?j?0?4?j?H?o?v?,?j?e?b?B?5?v9?,?&?gT?B?gL?L?w?gT?B?gL?v?6320072$,?U?4?j?j?5?,?u?U?4?j?e?M?r?a?B?v9?6?j?L?o?r,?U?M?j?m?b?m?,?R?&?n?M?B?v9?f?Mvc?vo

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9、BgT?gL,?E?o?&?4?e?v?j?0,?j?H?B?B?v?P?o?v9?U?g?a?o?1?!?,?4?n?u?v9?&?e?y?t?j?gT?r?r?j?gL?,?v1?v1?u?-?,?v9?j?H?o?E?B?B?gT?,?gL?,?e?U?M?j?,?cv9?;?,?w?M?o?z?j?v9?&?B?5?gT?gL,?w?b?o?(?c?m?fv9?6520072$,?6?)?B?6?,?U?M?w?gT?j?HgL?o?1?M?y?v9?0,?U?M?w?j?H?4v9?L?f?e?w?i?(?gT?gL?x,?5?U?M?o?v9?c?0?M19

10、80?vc?j?H?r?n?vo?U?w?b?(?H?,?u?z?o?(?a?w?&?B?a?v9?M?c?0?o?,?r?U?c?0,?n?U?o?r?v9?&?-?E?a?w?8?G?,?n?a?w?d?R?,?u?g?8?4v1?v1?ov9?o?e?B?gT?!?gL?rgT?gL,?e?B?1?1?o,?y?r?v9?M?o?n?U?B?,?e?B?U?o?B?(?v9(JohnEly,Democ-racyandDistrust:ATheoryofJudicialReview,HarvardUniversityPress,1980)?1962?L?f?,?B?g?a?

11、9?r,?g?e?w?i?(?g?a?n?B?5?5?B?B?z?,?M?e?x?i?e?w,?5?U?j?H?o?v9?M?-?,?&?0?r?o?C?5?M?c?w?Fv9?1972?c?w?,?M?z?&?0?:?o?z?,?r?l?,?F?e?4v9?&?0?C?v?B?,?v9?M?l?c,?o?(?U?c?C?e?v9?,?l?5?U?e?4(?J?),?a?4?D?v9?:,?M1970?L?U?8?8?j?v9?,?l?(?w?J?-?M?c?,?n?U?0?,?u?U?g?o?v9?L?(?l?,?c?y?B?-?n?Jv9?e?b?w?,?b?B?f

12、?g?v9?1980?,?B?,?L?b?v9?M?,?u?U?t?j?M?j?H?B?z?5?v9?z?U?U?G?vc?u?kvov9?,?M?z?k?B?R?u?kv9(GeraldRosenberg,TheHollowHope:CanCourtsBringaboutSocialChangeDUniversityofChicagoPress,1993)?,?e?B?,?O?v?w?u?,?j?H?o?B?v?P?Mv9?5?w?L?u?t?v9?,?C?L?M?gT?B?gL,?5?(?x?6620072$,?u?k?4?5?j?H?(?v9?5?(?M?c?y?v9?L?m?gT?B?

13、gL?f?4?H?g?w?v9?,?5?M?y?4?H?g,?,?U?,?n?x?8,gT?e?M?w?n?x?,?u?f?w?r?x?,?C?v9gL?(?4?5?k?g?m?w?gT?C?igL?v9gT?C?igL?r?,?D?,?,?n?v1?B?v1?c?9?v9?n?,?e?gT?-?i?gL?gT?agL,?B?;?w,?e?D?vgT?t?gL?a?v9gT?C?igL?H?g?5?m?M?6?r?j?H?(?g?,?5?;?:?E?U?e?e?v?5,?U?U?1?e?5,?u?x?U?Ov9?,?5?(?O?v?2,?5?c?U?Qv9?M1996?H?4?Q?v9?M?(

14、?z,?B?R?,?u?U?j?H?y?v9?C?gT?4?gLv9?U?u?,?vgT?,?gLv9gT?gL?t?U?6?v9?x?n?-?t?x,?4?&?8?;gT?gL?t?U?(?,?x?n?-?(?,?C?U?M?4?R?&?x?a?,?4?2?(?a?h?v9?,?H?gT?B?gL?5?:?(?8?,?u?O?v?j?H?ov9(CassSunstein,OneCaseataTime:JudicialMinimal-ismontheSupremeCourt,HarvardUniversityPress,1999)?M?5?c?,?M?e?-?v9?U?-?(,

15、?j?4?(?rv9?M1981?w?f?z,?v,?a?w?,?(?e?H?;?)?y?,?z?B?S?,?-?B?,?4?8?u?M?&?z?j?e?,?M?:gT?UgLv9?Mvc?(?vo?z,?H?g?v9?t?U,?,?(?gT?B?gL,?u?U?j?H?L?v9(MarkTushnet,TaketheConstitutionawayfromtheCourts,PrincetonUniversityPress,1999)?R?&?n?M?d?gT?B?gLv9?M?o?,?n?U?j?H?o?uv9?B?z?B?1?,?t?k?e?r?f?j?H?o?,?,?n

16、?U?9?0?,?U?v9?6200727$,?-?)?)?gT?B?gL?U?v9?)?n?&?v9?,?M?U?f?z?gT?B?gL?5?U?n?,?u?&?U?,?M?gT?B?gL?j?A?(?L?v9?,?6?2?4?M?r?j?H?(?,?ugT?B?gL?z?v9?,gT?B?gL?U?8?G?D?v9?gT?B?gL?t?j?j?H?,?Q?4?M?(?j?H?v9?&?&?L?j?H?(?w?d?4?j?Hv9?M?(?o,?t?j?4?U?,?P?P?B?v9?B?,?U?4?M?c,?B?B?w?hv9?c,?B?U?j?H?(?x?,?

17、u?B?U?j?H?z?y?v9?B?4?B?b?B?,?n?U?j?H?,?U?gT?B?gL?rv9?j?M?w?6?B?U?8?8?(?M?y?o?M)v9?j?U,?M?g?o?E?B?gT?,?2?gL,?e?B?B?b?gT?gLv9?y?L?k?4?U?a?v9?L?;?l?&?&?L?v9?w?&?B?r?b?(?H?,?c?0?o?(?n?U?(?z?j?H,?u?U?z?j?Hv9?9?w?B?1?B?r?B?n?,?j?H?9?w?B?D?r?v9?e?U?1?1?o?,?e?U?M?e?z?d?R?u?j?m,?M?o,?j?H?o?l?n?U?B?,?u?U?j?5v9?o?,?4?M?g?8?4v1?v1?ov9?c?0?L?e?j?0?M?j?rv9