中學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)《棱形》教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì) 維語

1、?粘鏝灄狛 ?鏝鏝?鏝粘鏝狛 ?ri粘l狛l? 16- ?粘灄aa?狛 ?lagl19.2.2 鏝1?粘1.?r6cr粘1? ?灄l ?灄i灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 11 ?6r6狛la(1)?ra 鏝灄i灄1a吾a ?鏝?狛 灄r1?粘 1?r狛鏝狛 粘r1 ?r? ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?rr6?r狛鏝灄? 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 ?鏝?n ?ggr狛 ?ra1粘la l6argla ?r? .c粘r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 l?l ?c粘r1 粘r1 ?鏝 鏝? ?r?r粘?61粘la ?la ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1

2、 1?r狛鏝狛 l6argla ?r? .r?i鏝狛 鏝?灄l ?鏝?狛 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?r?rg?粘 ?粘r1 ?鏝c鏝 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 鏝r1?粘 r?r6鏝狛 ?r?鏝粘l 鏝瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?rarc粘吾g ?r?l?鏝 灄粘灄a?粘灄? ?r.(2)?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a lggr61粘la ?鏝瀀粘灄a?r6?c 粘r1 ?鏝 鏝? ?粘r61粘la 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?la ?l0r? ?粘l? ?灄a粘鏝狛.?ra 鏝灄i灄1a吾a 鏝?狛 ? 灄r?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la l0r

3、狛 ?鏝ri?1 ?l1 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? 粘鏝1.?r6cr粘1? ?鏝a鏝arg r?r?r狛 ?crr狛lc ?灄i灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?r?r1?粘 鏝?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rglc 灄i灄1 ?r?r0r6r?r狛鏝狛 ?r?r6r?鏝 鏝瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 鏝1?粘 ?rcrg r?r ?鏝粘l ?l0?l6r狛.?r?鏝狛 ?r?r1?粘 鏝?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl? ?r?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?r?r6r?鏝 ?r?灄狛 ?la ?鏝i?1 ?粘r61粘la 11 ?r?灄狛 ?r粘r6灄i灄

4、1 lg?rar鏝g ?l6glar ? ?r?r1?粘 ?吾a ?r?r粘la 吾狛 ?粘鏝狛 ?la ?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ? ?r?r粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?r6?鏝r?ri灄1 ?r?r粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 粘r1 ?鏝 灄粘鏝n-?粘鏝n ?r粘r6灄i灄1 ?la ?r?r?r6?鏝r?ri吾1 ?1粘鏝1r狛 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? 1粘l 鏝?r6rn ?g鏝 鏝?鏝?鏝1 灄?ri灄1. ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 ?a鏝cr狛 ?r?r ?lila ?鏝c6rn 灄?ri灄1.?灄?灄 灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?鏝粘l ?粘l66rgl?

5、?灄?a ?粘l66rgl? 灄粘灄?鏝狛 ( ra粘l吾狛)? ?粘l66rgl? ?ra?a鏝cr狛 ?1粘鏝1r狛 3 ?r? ?r?灄?c鏝1 ?r?鏝粘?狛 ?r?ri粘r1 l0ill狛 灄?r粘灄?鏝狛.?r?r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?r?rr粘la 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?la 灄i灄1 l0rarrc灄c灄? ?lal1cr? ?r?r1?粘 ?crr6?r?狛 ?l6r1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 灄粘鏝n ?粘鏝n ?粘r61粘la ?la 灄i灄1 ?arrc灄c灄? ?鏝 ?鏝c鏝狛 灄? .1?鏝灄? 灄?灄 ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?鏝c鏝狛 ?a鏝cr狛

6、?6r瀀粘鏝?r 灄?ri灄1.?r?r1?粘 鏝ri鏝?鏝狛r? ?r6a11rc鏝?灄 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? 鏝a?a鏝cr狛 ?r6?鏝la ?r?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?c鏝c鏝狛 l0rac鏝狛 ?lg?鏝 ?rir0?狛 鏝?鏝狛r? 11 鏝?n? ?r?灄i灄1 ?r?rc鏝c粘ragrcr1 灄ac鏝狛-?c鏝狛 ?鏝r?r?鏝 ?rarrc灄c灄? lg?rar6?r狛 ?粘瀀?a 灄?r6rg. ?鏝r6a鏝cr狛 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6?鏝la ?r?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?n粘鏝n灄 ?rarrc灄c灄? ?l6cl狛 鏝?r?1 l6glar ?1粘?g(3) ?r?r

7、1?粘 ?r?ri鏝?鏝狛r? l0rarrc灄c灄? ?lc鏝c鏝狛 ?r?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?r鏝 ?鏝cr狛 ?cr6r粘? 11 粘l66rgl? ?r?r鏝 ?arrc灄c灄? ?l: 粘r1 ?r?6rgl? ?鏝 : ?r?灄狛 ?c鏝n粘l狛 ?r?rcrn ?r?r粘ri鏝 鏝rcr?rr ?la 灄i灄1 ?r?rarrc灄c灄? ?r?r6r?鏝 ?r?r1?粘 ?r鏝 ?gra?1鏝cr狛 1?r狛鏝狛 ?r6r粘? ?鏝粘鏝ailg 鏝?r粘r?r 灄?ri灄1.鏝灄? ?r?r1?粘 ?r灄 ?r6i?粘鏝?鏝a?1鏝cr狛 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la ?r鏝 ?1鏝

8、cr狛 ?rcr6r粘? ?ra?rar6?r狛 鏝?鏝1 l?l ?r?r1?粘 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? 灄?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r鏝 鏝?1鏝cr狛 灄?ri灄1. ?c鏝n ?r? ?i灄c灄狛 rar6?r狛 l0rcr6rcl ?lcilg 灄1 ?l06r粘?1 ?粘l? ?r6rn粘鏝狛 灄?r?r6r0il1.?l ?l06r粘?1 lga粘l? ?lc鏝c鏝狛 ?r?1灄 ?i灄c灄狛 ?i鏝a ?lcal6?r狛 ?r?r6?鏝r?ri灄1 rra粘lgcl狛. ?r6cr粘1? ?gra鏝arg 2- ?i鏝cr ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? lg?

9、l6lg狛lac灄 ?ra?rar6?r狛 ?粘rc ? l?l ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?鏝rr?狛 ? ?l6r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?r鏝 ?鏝cr狛 鏝?r?r 灄rg?l6glar 灄?ri灄1. ?l狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘l6r6r1 ?r?r ?r6?鏝 ?r?r6i?n ?粘06r狛 ?6r粘鏝c 灄?ri灄1.(4) 2-?i鏝cr ? 鏝?鏝cr狛 鏝?狛 粘l6r6rcl 灄?ri鏝粘吾g. 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?a ?rggr狛 ?r6rr粘1? ?rira6r ?粘l6r?鏝r狛 ?鏝cr狛 ?l0r?l鏝狛 ?鏝?鏝i?1 ? ?灄粘灄a?r?鏝狛 灄?l6

10、r1. 鏝灄? 灄1 1?粘l ?r? lac?1r1 ?1r粘nla ?rarrn rra ?lila 鏝c?r6rn 灄?ri灄1. 300300300(5) 粘r1 ?r?6rgl? 鏝1?粘 灄i灄1- 鏝r?r6c鏝i?1 ?鏝g吾狛 鏝a?r6rn ? ?r?rr6?r?狛 ?r?r6r?鏝 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?r6c鏝c鏝狛 11 ?r狛灄 ?灄c灄狛. ?n?灄? ?r?rr6?r?狛 鏝?鏝1 ?ggr狛 ?r? ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 鏝r6?r?狛 ?rc鏝c鏝狛 ?鏝i鏝粘鏝ailg ?鏝6r粘r?r . ?r6cr粘1? 鏝a鏝arg ?11鏝狛 ?鏝

11、瀀鏝 ?rn鏝鏝a 灄粘灄?鏝狛 ?arri鏝狛鏝 ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ? ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 鏝1?粘 ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 灄灄?a鏝?鏝1. ?a ?r粘la ?la ?鏝i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la lg ?lcilg ? ?r6cr粘1? 鏝a鏝arg 鏝1?粘 rrc ?i灄c灄狛 ?l6r1 ?鏝粘鏝a?li粘r1 鏝瀀粘灄aa?狛 ?鏝?n.?n粘鏝n灄 ?ggr狛 ?r? ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?r?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 ?a鏝cr狛 ?鏝粘l l?鏝狛 ?rrn

12、?ll狛 鏝灄? ?r6cr粘1? 鏝a鏝arg ?gra?r?l 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 ?a鏝cr狛 ?cr6rcl ?r6rn ?鏝瀀粘灄a?灄粘?狛.?r?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r?r6r?鏝 鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 鏝a?r6rn ? ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?crr粘?狛ra 吾狛 l0rr狛 ?鏝i鏝狛 ?ggr狛 lga粘l? ?l?r? r6rn ?r? .l : 粘r1 ?粘l? 鏝ci?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?rggr狛 ?粘l? ?鏝ci?1 ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra 灄i灄1. ?r?l?鏝 灄粘灄a?粘灄? ?鏝鏝狛

13、?cgl狛 ?鏝cr ?粘?c ?ri灄c灄狛 灄r?r?r6i?n 灄?ri灄1. ?l6rcl : ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝1?粘 ?灄? 1?r?灄? ?l6r1 粘r1 鏝aarn?1 ?gr?11吾a ?6rgl? ?rarc粘吾g ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 鏝1?粘 ?灄i灄1 ?r鏝a鏝? ?r0r6?lgr狛 鏝粘鏝?6r1 ?r.BADACO粘ll狛 粘r1 ?r粘r1 ?ra ?la l0rggr狛 ?灄rci吾1鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 ?gra?r6rn ?r狛? ?鏝r?r?r

14、6i?n ?粘?i灄c灄狛 ?灄 ?吾a 鏝6r? 鏝?n鏝?rr 灄?ri灄1.粘r1 ?鏝 鏝? ?r粘la ?la ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la - 鏝1?粘?ra吾a ?r粘la 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?la ?鏝i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝1?粘?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝1?粘?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 粘r1-?r粘r1 ?ra ?la l0rggr狛 ?鏝r?ri吾1 ?吾a ?r61粘la ? 鏝1?粘?n粘鏝n灄 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?gr?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 11 ?r? ?灄c

15、灄狛 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?gr61粘la r?r 鏝an? ?鏝6rn 11 ?r? ?灄c灄狛 鏝ci?1 ?graa1?鏝狛 ?吾a ?gr61粘la r?r 鏝an? ?鏝6rn.(6) ?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?l6r1 鏝1?粘 鏝ci?1 ?灄il 粘r1 ?粘l? ?鏝i灄?n ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la. 鏝灄? 灄1 ?li吾1 ?灄l ?r?鏝?a灄n?狛 ?rrg ?l狛 ?cr?鏝 ?rrg lc灄? r6rn 粘吾粘吾.?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?l6r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?crr6?r?狛 ? 11?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn

16、?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?灄粘灄a?r6?c 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?l0?l鏝狛 ?粘?灄l l6lg狛lac灄 l0rarcnl ?6rgal l?l 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?鏝c鏝狛 ?鏝r?rar1r粘灄a?粘鏝狛 ?粘?灄l 灄粘灄a?r?鏝狛 l0rarcnl ?6rgal 灄?ri灄1.?r6cr粘1? ?r?rri吾狛 灄1 ?li吾1 ?r?灄l 鏝?灄a灄n?狛 ?鏝r?r灄n ?rila: ?r?r1?粘 ?lrc灄c灄? ?rcr?粘?狛ra r?r?r狛 ?l狛 ?a鏝cr狛. ?l:?r?r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?1粘la ?la . ?粘r6i鏝?

17、鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?ra?灄i灄1 ?1粘鏝1r狛 1?r狛鏝狛 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?鏝粘鏝ailg r粘r?r ?r?r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 ?rcr?粘?狛ra r?r?r狛 ?l狛 ?a鏝cr狛 ?l:?ra吾a ?r粘la 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?la ?鏝i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝1?粘 .?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝1?粘?r6cr粘1? 鏝a鏝arg ?ggr狛 ?r6al狛鏝c ?r粘1? 鏝r?灄l ?l0?l6rc?la.1- ?r6al狛鏝c ?r粘1? ?crr狛灄a灄n

18、?狛 ?鏝?r?:(1)?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?l0r狛 ?l狛 ?r?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?r?r6r?鏝 ?l1 ?粘l6r6rcl ?l狛 ?r6rn r6r1r6r1. l?l 粘r1 ?1?ln ?l0ri粘r0r狛 ?i鏝狛 ? ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?鏝粘鏝ailg r粘r?r ?r粘?ra?r狛 ?粘灄n灄 鏝粘鏝a吾g 11 ?c鏝c鏝狛 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 灄灄n ?ri灄c灄狛 rar6il0r狛.(1)?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? 1?rac鏝狛 ?r?r?r狛 ?r?ala r6rn ?rar?鏝狛 鏝粘鏝?6rar.(2)?

19、r?r1?粘 ?ill狛 ?r?r?r6i?n 鏝gra鏝ra鏝?鏝?鏝?鏝 ?l6r1 ?ill狛 ?r?灄粘灄a ?r?r?r6瀀鏝1 ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn.?gra?灄a灄n?狛 ?r狛灄 11 ?rrn 粘?ran?:?r狛灄 鏝an?: ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄?rrn 鏝an?: ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?gr?rac鏝狛 r?r?r狛 ?racr粘1? ?i?1鏝狛 ?ri粘鏝la:粘l狛 粘r1 ?灄瀀灄n?狛 粘r1 ?粘?1 ?l瀀ln 鏝鏝n 灄?粘鏝la.灄a灄n?狛 ?鏝粘l ?crr狛(3)?n ?r6?c ?灄?l r6rn ?l

20、6r1 ?r lgcr粘1? r粘rg. ?灄?l: 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?i鏝狛 ?粘鏝la ?鏝?n ?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?r66rgl? 粘r1 ?粘?1 ?l瀀ln ?ggr狛 ?ra?n ?r?r粘灄aa?狛 粘r1?a鏝n ?ra ?灄i灄1 ?a鏝n r?r ?l狛 rc?g ?r6rn粘鏝狛 粘r1 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 鏝灄i灄1鏝狛 r?r粘?狛.?lg?r粘?狛 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?rr 粘r1 ?吾a lggr61粘la r?r粘?狛.?r?r6?狛 鏝粘吾g: ?lg?r粘?狛 ?吾a ?gr61粘la ?r?r鏝acl狛 ?rar鏝

21、g ?r0r6r?r狛鏝狛 鏝?鏝1鏝1?粘 ?r灄n灄狛 ?鏝粘鏝ailg r粘r?r.粘r1 ?鏝 鏝? ?粘r61粘la ?la ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la - 鏝1?粘.?6rl狛 ?gra?灄粘灄a ?r?r6i?n.粘l狛 ?r? ?6rgl? 吾狛 l0rr狛 ?鏝i鏝狛 ?gra?灄粘灄a ?鏝?鏝粘吾g ?粘l6rc1粘 ?粘g?狛 rarc粘吾g. ?l狛 鏝gra鏝ra鏝 ?l6r1 ?6rl狛 ?r?灄粘灄a ?rr6?r? ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn?n粘鏝n灄 ?灄?c鏝1 ?r6rn粘鏝狛: ?6rl狛 ?灄?l ?l6r1 鏝瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n

22、?狛 ?r1?粘 灄a灄?a l0rarcnl ?6rgal ?l狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?灄?l ?r6rn 粘r1 ?ra1粘la 粘鏝gglla ?鏝r?r6rn ?鏝 鏝?鏝吾狛 ?rar?鏝狛 lg?鏝粘鏝?6rar 灄?ri灄1.(2) ?r ?r6r1 1?rac鏝狛 r?r?r狛.?gr?11吾a ?粘?i鏝狛灄c 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 ?灄灄n ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?ri粘鏝gl狛 粘鏝gglla 鏝?r6rn ?rc?g?l6glar ?灄i灄1? ?r?6rgl? ?0r6r?r狛鏝狛 ?6gl? ? ?0r6grrg ?鏝 ?ri粘鏝a鏝

23、n ?r?粘l61粘la 灄r?a ?吾g l粘l6?鏝gl ?r?r粘?狛 ?lcnl r6rn ?r.rc ?lg?r粘?狛 鏝1?粘 鏝?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl? ?灄? 1?粘ll狛 鏝ci?1 ?r粘rarrc ?r?rn?狛 ?cr?鏝n ?粘鏝1 ?r粘rarrc ?n?狛 ?rcr粘鏝狛 ?鏝n ?11rc鏝?灄 ?粘鏝1 ?r1?粘 ?rar鏝g ?鏝n l粘l6?鏝gl ?r111lc?rra?r粘?狛 ?鏝粘鏝?l?鏝.灄1 ?i鏝狛灄c 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 ?灄灄n ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r61粘la ?粘r6灄i灄1 ?

24、鏝?6gl? ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?-?gr6grrg ?ri粘鏝a鏝n ?r?粘l6al狛l lg?rar鏝g ?灄粘灄?鏝?6r狛 ?l狛 鏝灄粘灄 lr?1 ?r?r6r?r1鏝c灄 lg?1?r狛 l6glar ?l ?c鏝n 鏝灄粘灄 ?吾g ?灄?鏝鏝a ?c鏝n ?r?r灄粘灄 ?rra ?鏝?r ?粘?6?鏝gl lgalrill狛 ?灄灄狛 ?1?l0r? ?粘?i鏝狛灄c ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛?粘?c ?r瀀rn 鏝?r?r?a鏝n ?r狛?粘鏝? 灄?r6rar粘鏝.?l狛 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 鏝灄粘灄 lr?1 ?r?ri粘鏝gl狛 ?rar鏝g ?r?ri粘r鏝

25、?灄 l6?鏝gl ?ri粘鏝a鏝n ?粘?灄?c鏝1 ?ra?鏝1 lg?鏝粘鏝lg ?l66rg?la l0rgr?11吾a rr?r粘?狛: 鏝1?粘 鏝ci?1 1?r狛鏝狛 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la 鏝灄? ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la ?ri粘鏝1 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?ra?灄i灄1 ?粘c l?l l0r吾狛 ?鏝? lggr6r?r狛鏝狛 l0r狛.?l: (1) 鏝1?粘 鏝?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl?. ?r?灄狛 ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?鏝?a鏝 鏝a ?rrc ?r粘rarrc ?n?狛.(2) ?r?

26、r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?r粘la ?la.(3) ?r?r1?粘 ?ggr狛 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?l狛 粘l狛 粘r1 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? 粘r1 ?鏝 灄粘鏝n-?粘鏝n ?rri灄1 ?la l0rggr狛 灄?ri吾1.(4)?r?r1?粘 粘r1 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r1?粘 灄la-?la 粘r1 ?鏝 ?r6?鏝la 鏝灄i灄1鏝狛 灄?r粘鏝狛.灄1 ?ggr狛 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r1?粘 4 l? 灄la-?la ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 鏝灄i灄1鏝狛 灄?r粘鏝狛.(2) (3) (4) l粘l6?鏝gl ?lal1cr? ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?

27、r?鏝gl ?r6rg r?r ?rc鏝c鏝狛 ?鏝粘鏝?l?鏝 ?lila r6rn. ?r?灄? ?l6r1 l粘r1 ?11lc-lral? ?rar1rc鏝?灄 ?r?狛 ?粘r6arg鏝 ?灄i灄a ?鏝i?1 (2) (3) ?粘l6?鏝gl ?lrc灄c灄? ?r粘鏝a鏝n lac?1r1 lg?rar6?r狛 ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?ra粘lgcl狛 ?鏝c?n 灄?ri灄1.(3) ?r ?r6r1 l6lg狛lac灄1-?鏝cr : ( ?i灄粘灄?i鏝n)?gra?灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?lcnl 鏝瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?

28、rar6il0r狛 ?l狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?r?r6i?n l6rcl ?l狛 ?r6rn r6?1r6r1.2- ?i鏝cr 灄a灄n?狛 ?r?鏝粘l :?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?6rl狛 ?r6rcl ?r6rgra鏝ra鏝 l0r6rcl 鏝?灄粘灄?鏝狛 鏝粘鏝?l6al1r粘 ?r .灄? ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?6rl狛 l6rcl ?l狛 r6rn ?r粘?r狛 ?l?r?l 鏝粘鏝?6rar.ABDCOmHhnanmhas2121?gr?r6rcl ?l06r粘?1 ?粘l? ?l6r1 ?r1rila ?r?狛 鏝?r粘鏝狛 l6glar 灄1 ?r

29、6rn粘鏝狛 ?r6rcl ?l狛 ?gra?r6rn r粘rg ?rr?狛 ?l ?r?粘lln ?鏝1 ?rgr6g1粘?g ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn.?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?1鏝 鏝?r粘?1 ?灄?a灄n?狛?l66rg?la 鏝rgc? ?r6li吾狛 ?rr r粘?1 ?r .灄1 ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 灄?灄 ?r6al狛鏝c ?cr粘1? lg?鏝?鏝鏝狛 ?lal1cr? ?rcr?l?r狛 鏝?灄灄瀀粘灄a 灄?ri灄1 ?l狛 ?r6a1粘 ?r6ra粘la 粘rgr r6rn ?rar?鏝狛 ?r?r鏝acl狛 l6r?鏝r狛 ?rar?鏝狛 ?6r

30、粘鏝?6rar 灄?ri灄1.?r粘r?鏝狛 ?灄?a灄n?狛 ?灄 lc灄? 灄rc6rn 灄?ri灄1.粘ll狛 ?r?r1?粘 粘r1 ?ri灄1 600 ?鏝ci?1 ?粘r?crn ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r?rr粘la ?鏝6r粘鏝狛 ?ggr狛 ?灄i灄1鏝狛 灄la-?la ?la ?r61粘la 粘?灄i灄1鏝狛.?r?1? ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?l lg?l6?r狛 l66rg?la. ?gra?r?l 1- ?鏝cr ?r?粘 ?r?r粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?ra ?l狛 ?la ?灄i?1 ?r?rar1rc鏝?灄 ?r?r6r?鏝 ?l狛 ?鏝r?r6rn l6rc

31、l 灄灄 ?cr粘?狛?a 灄?r6r?r6i?n. 2- ?鏝cr 鏝ci?1 ?r?r1灄粘 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?l6r1 ?鏝 ?gr?rcr粘灄aa?狛 ?raa11rc鏝?灄 ?r?r6r?鏝 ?l狛 ?鏝r?r6rn l6rcl ?灄i?1( ?l ?r?r1灄粘 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r1灄粘 灄la ?la ?吾a l? ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?鏝狛 鏝灄i灄1 灄?r粘鏝狛. 灄1 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?r?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?rc鏝c鏝狛 ?l6r1 ?grir0r狛 ?r粘鏝狛 ?r粘鏝狛 ?i鏝狛 ?ggr狛 ? ?r?r粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r?rr粘? ?1粘鏝1

32、r狛 ?r?灄i灄1鏝狛 ?r鏝 ?鏝cr狛 ?r?rcr6r粘? ?r?r6r?鏝 ?r?r1灄粘 ?鏝 ?ggr狛 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r?rcral吾g 鏝rr粘? ?la ?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?鏝粘鏝ailg 鏝?r粘r?r 灄?ri?1.)?n粘鏝n灄 ?11rc鏝?灄 ?r?鏝狛 ?rci?1 灄1 l6rcl ?鏝c鏝狛 ?l狛 灄?ri?1.lc灄? :灄1 ?graal狛鏝c ?l0?l鏝狛 ?l狛 1?rrc?狛 ?鏝?n鏝c ?粘l6r6r1 ?ra?狛 ?r?1.( ?11鏝狛 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?粘r1 ?r?rggr狛 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 ?鏝c?n ?灄?

33、a灄n?狛 ?r6rrac?c ?l6a1粘 lc粘l1 灄?ri?1 .19. 2 lg鏝?吾g 5- ?鏝cr 12- ?鏝cr ?lcnl : ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘l6?l0?l鏝狛 ?l6lg狛lac灄 ?lila r6rn ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?灄i?a rar6?r狛. 鏝1?粘 (2) 2 ?r6al狛鏝c ?r粘粘1? ?cl?r 2.2.91 灄a灄n?狛 ?鏝?r?: (1)?r?1灄粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 ?l0r狛 ?l狛 鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?r?rcr粘?狛ra (2) ?r?r6r?鏝 ?l1 ?r

34、6a11rc鏝?灄 ?粘l6r6rcl ?l狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 r6?1r?r鏝狛. ?r?鏝gl ?r6?g r?r ?r111lc ?ra?狛 ?鏝r?li1粘?1 ?rc鏝c鏝狛 ?粘?i灄c灄狛 灄?ln ?1?ln rar6il0r狛. 鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 ?r?r?r狛 ?ra?鏝1 鏝粘鏝lg ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6rag鏝狛 ?l6r1 ?r?r?r狛 ?r?ala r6rn ?粘l6r6rcl 粘灄gglla r6rn ?rar?鏝狛 鏝粘鏝?6rar.(3) ?gr?r?鏝?cr粘1? 吾狛 ?粘鏝狛 ?r

35、?ri粘鏝gl狛 ?r?r鏝狛 ?r?鏝gl ?r111lc ?gra?鏝粘鏝?l?鏝 ?rc鏝c鏝狛 ?粘?i灄c灄狛 r6?1r6r1. ?r狛灄 11 ?rrn 粘?ran灄?: ?r狛灄 鏝an灄?: ?r?r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?rrn 鏝an灄?: ?r?r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?gr?ri灄c灄狛 r?r?r狛.?r?r1灄粘 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?gr?rac鏝狛 r?r?r狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6rgra鏝?a鏝 ?粘鏝gglla ?粘l6r6rcl r?r6?狛 ?粘?ra?r狛 11 r?r鏝狛 ?

36、crrcar? ?l6r1 lac?1r1 ?r6a11rc鏝?灄 鏝?鏝i?1 ?gr6cr粘1? 鏝a?灄a灄n?狛 灄1 ?rrn ?ran灄? 粘r1 l?鏝n 鏝瀀粘?灄?c鏝1 ?鏝i吾1 灄粘灄a?n鏝n粘鏝a ?r.? lgc粘1? r粘rg.鏝1?粘 ?rcrr6?r?狛 ?ra?狛 rcli1粘?1 ? 鏝1?粘 ?r?rcrr6?r?狛 粘r1 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 鏝1?粘 ?灄i?1 ?鏝鏝狛 ?粘l6a粘l? ?ri粘r鏝狛 ?r?r6r lg?r6r1 灄? 1? 鏝1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 ?r?r6rn ?r粘r1 ?r? r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?c鏝n

37、? ?r6i?粘鏝 ?吾a ?r61粘la鏝1?粘粘r1 ?鏝 鏝? ?粘r61粘la ?la吾狛-?粘鏝狛 ?la 灄i灄1 ?r?rr6?r?狛 鏝?鏝1 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn 灄r粘r6i灄c灄狛 ?灄粘鏝1 ? ?r6r1 1?rac鏝狛 r?r?r狛 (1) ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?gr?11吾a 粘?灄?c鏝1 lr?1 ?rgl? 鏝?rrc l66rg?la. ?1鏝狛 ?鏝a粘?狛 鏝?灄狛 l0r狛 ?鏝i?1 ?la ?gran灄6?灄灄狛 ?ggr狛 ?rc?g ?rrc ?r?grc?g ?灄6?灄灄狛 ?c?狛r?粘 AB 11 ?粘?rn灄? lg粘l B ?r?

38、鏝狛 ?r粘鏝狛 ?r粘鏝狛 ?i鏝狛鏝an灄? ?r6rn C ?r6rn ?鏝 ?rrc ?鏝瀀rc ?ggr狛 ?r?鏝 r?rc?g ?rcran灄? ABCD ?粘l6grc?g ?rc鏝狛 ?鏝c6rn ?吾a ?r61粘la CD ? BC ?lcr6r0il1 ?r?鏝狛 鏝瀀 rr?r粘?狛. 鏝瀀 ?鏝n ?r61粘laa吾a ? lr? ?鏝鏝狛 ?ABCD ?lg?r粘?狛 ?r61粘laa吾a ?n粘鏝n灄 粘?鏝粘l ?r6rn粘鏝狛 鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 ?r?r6rn ?rggr狛 ?r? 鏝ri灄c灄狛 ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 rarc粘吾g.?l ?r

39、a吾a ?r粘la 吾狛 ?粘鏝狛 ?la ?鏝i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 鏝1?粘 (2) 鏝r1?粘 ?鏝g吾狛 ?r?r6rn 3- ?r? ?i灄c灄狛 1?rac鏝狛 r?r?r狛. ?灄灄狛 ?r6r?crn ?鏝rr?狛 ?ggr狛 ?鏝a ?鏝瀀鏝 ?rn鏝鏝a ?1? ?r?rcr粘灄aa?狛 ?r ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ?lcr6鏝 ?鏝rcr鏝n ?鏝alg粘l狛 ln鏝鏝a ?rc鏝狛 ?6rr6rn 灄?ri?1. l0?r?粘 ?r6rn粘鏝狛 鏝瀀粘?rn鏝鏝a ?灄狛 ?ra粘la lr?1 ?鏝c粘灄a?鏝a灄a ?r61粘laa吾a ?rc鏝狛 灄?ri?1.

40、( ?n粘鏝n灄 ?灄?l ?r6rn粘鏝狛 灄glcalc粘吾g ?灄?ri?1 ?吾g ?r6rac?1 灄a灄n?狛 ?鏝?灄 ?r?ri鏝a? ?r?r6r?鏝 ?粘g?狛 灄glcalc粘吾g 灄?ri?1.) ?鏝瀀鏝 ?粘?rn鏝鏝a 灄粘灄?鏝狛 ?r6rn粘鏝狛 ( ?rc粘r1 ?rn灄 ?r6rn l?l ?rc粘r1 ?rn灄 鏝an灄? ?1 ?鏝瀀粘灄?鏝狛 ?ggr狛 ?鏝a ?鏝瀀鏝 ln鏝鏝a ?gr?rcr粘鏝狛 ?灄i灄1 ?6rgal吾狛 灄?ri?1.r粘r吾狛 ?cr粘r狛? 00-1800?r?ri粘鏝狛 灄?ri?1.?灄?灄 ?灄?l r6rn

41、 ?r?鏝粘l ?鏝rr?狛 鏝arn?1 ?rc鏝狛 ?鏝i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 灄6rgl? 灄?鏝r?狛. ?c鏝n 鏝aarn?1 ?rc鏝狛 ?鏝i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 鏝1灄粘 灄?ri?1 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?l1?1鏝 ?r?r吾狛 ?rr粘l 鏝r粘灄aa?狛 ?r?鏝?n ?r?g ?a鏝cr狛 ?r6?狛 ?鏝c粘鏝1 灄?ri?1. 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?1鏝 灄?r粘?1. ?灄?a灄n?狛 灄?l6gla?. ?l狛 ?r6li吾狛 鏝gc? ?cr?r lr?1 rr粘灄a?灄灄狛.?n粘鏝n灄 ?灄?l ?r?鏝粘l ?r6rgra鏝?a鏝 l0

42、r6rcl ?鏝n ?rr粘灄?鏝狛 ?c鏝n l0r6rcl ?rr粘灄?鏝狛?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?灄?l ?r?鏝粘l lg?l6cl狛 ?l6gla? ?ggr狛 ?鏝a ?鏝瀀鏝 ln鏝鏝a ?rc鏝狛 ?鏝?r6rn ?r61粘laa吾a ?i鏝?鏝狛r? ?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?1?l0r6鏝 ?1? ?r?rcr粘灄aa?狛 l6鏝 ?r?鏝粘l 鏝r粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 粘r1 ?r粘r1 ?la l0rggr狛 鏝i吾1 ?a粘l? lr?1 ?r61粘laa吾a ?r6i粘鏝 ?rc鏝狛 ?rr?r6?鏝6rn rra粘lgcl狛. 灄1 粘l6a粘l? ?r?gr61

43、粘laa吾a ?r6i?粘鏝 ?r61粘laa吾a ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?鏝粘鏝ailg 灄?r粘r?r. ?r?r?灄狛 ?r?g ?ggr狛 ln鏝鏝a ?gr?rcr粘鏝狛 ?灄i灄1 1?r狛鏝狛 鏝灄i灄1 ?lga粘l吾狛. ?ggr狛 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? 1?r狛鏝狛 ?灄粘灄狛 lga11rc鏝?灄 ?l ?ra 灄i?1 ?ar1rc鏝?灄 l0r狛 灄?ri?1.鏝an?灄狛 ?ri粘鏝1 ?灄?l ?gr?r?鏝粘l ?r61粘laa吾a l0r狛 ?鏝i?1 粘l6a粘l?: ?r6i?粘鏝 ?r61粘laa吾a ?l6r1 ?i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛- ?粘鏝狛 ?

44、ra 灄i?1. ?r? ?r?r6r?鏝 鏝1?粘 ?灄i?1 ?鏝g吾狛 r6rn ?1? r1 ?鏝r?a鏝cr狛 ?r?r6rcl ?1粘鏝1r狛.?l: ?粘r6i鏝?鏝狛r? 吾狛 ?粘鏝狛 ?ra ?鏝i?1 ?r6i?粘鏝 ?r61粘laa吾a 鏝1?粘 ?l0r? ?鏝g吾狛 ?r?r6鏝 ?粘瀀?a ?鏝g吾狛 l6鏝 ?r?r6?鏝r?ri?1 ?a鏝cr狛. ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?l6gla? l06rgl? ?l粘鏝a?li粘r1 鏝ac鏝c鏝狛 ?l06r粘?1 11 ?粘l6lila ?r? ?r?r ?r?鏝狛 ?a鏝cr狛 ?r6?狛 r粘?1. A C B D A B C DADCDSASCODAODAODCOD0090,90灄1 ?gr?鏝粘l ?r?灄a灄n?狛 ?r狛灄 ?cran灄?: ?rill狛 ?r6rcl ?r6rgra鏝?a鏝 l0r6rcl 灄粘灄?鏝狛. . ?r?鏝g吾狛 ?粘l? 11 ?r?鏝gl ?r粘鏝狛 r?r . ?r?鏝gl ?r6?g r?r ?r111lc ?rg鏝 ?l6r1 ?ra?狛 r粘?1. ?r6rr粘ra?狛r ?ra ?l6r1 ?l6a1粘