(完整word版)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)總結(jié)

1、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)總結(jié)I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有 16 種，以 ask 為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)have/has beenhad been askingsha

2、ll/will have beenshould/would have been行askingaskingaskingII. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來時(shí)shall/will be asked8過去完成時(shí)had been asked4過去將來時(shí)should/would be asked9將來完成時(shí)will/would have beenasked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are bei

3、ng asked1含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked0被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)， 只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.注漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主

4、語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：意It is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is wellIt is believed that事known that項(xiàng)It is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must beIt must be pointed out thatadmitted thatIt is hoped that下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice

5、.1The door won t shut. / The play wonThetactclothes. washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, com

6、e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on,lose heart等等非謂語動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be donefor sb. to具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用to be doingto have been donedo sth.在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語to have done現(xiàn)在doingbeing done在非謂分分詞having donehaving been done語前加具有副詞和形容詞的作用詞過去donenot在句中做定、表、賓

7、補(bǔ)和狀語分詞動(dòng)名詞doingbeing donesb s doing具有名詞的作用having donehaving been done在句中做主、賓、定和表語情況只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語意義基本相同兩者意義相反都可以意義不同II. 做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較：常用動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happenmind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise,

8、suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devot

9、eoneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick tobegin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require （接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式） stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do （指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）remember/forget/

10、regret doing （指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on doing （接著做同一件事）try to do （設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）try doing （試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）can t help to do（不能幫忙做）can t help doing（忍不住要做）2III. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別：常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell,不定式want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已have, notice, see

11、, watch, hear,經(jīng)完成feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成notice, see, watch, hear, find,動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)過去分詞keep, have, feel調(diào)狀態(tài)例句I heard him call me severaltimes.I found her listening to theradio.We found the village greatly changed.IV.非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式不定式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生動(dòng)名

12、詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞發(fā)生與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作過去分詞之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成舉例I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.Shall we go to the swimming pool?the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen

13、 leavesV. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別不定多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動(dòng)作，做主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時(shí)可和主語交換位置，而且式意義不變，并且還能用what 來提問主語或表語。動(dòng)名與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it 做形式主詞語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。無名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。分詞現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人 ”之意，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到 ”之意，主語多是人。舉例My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan,duty, task 做主語時(shí)常用)I