租船運(yùn)輸實(shí)務(wù)與法律-定期租船合同

1、定期租船合同交船履行還船七大法律問題 交船 雇傭指示 租金支付與撤船 停租條款 船舶描述與履約索賠 還船 定期租船合同下的貨物責(zé)任定期租船合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款 干散貨定期租船NYPE 46/93 紐約土產(chǎn)格式Baltime 巴爾的摩格式Sinotime 中國租船公司定期租船合同格式 油船BPTIMESHELLTIME定期租船合同的主要法律問題定期租船合同的主要法律問題（一）（一）交船交船Delivery of the Ship基本規(guī)則 船東應(yīng)該按照合同約定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)交船地點(diǎn)不一定是港口：“Vessel to be delivered on dropping last outward sea pilo

2、t at XXX” (DLOSP) 如果船東延遲交船，承租人有權(quán)索賠因此產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)損失 承租人可能有權(quán)取消合同(銷約條款)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款 SHELL LNG TIME 1, Clause 7 “Owners shall deliver the vessel to Charterers at the pilot boarding station inbound/outbound atUnless other wise agreed the Vessel shall not be delivered to Charterers beforehrs local time.but must be deliv

3、ered to Charterers no later thanhrs local timeCharterers shall have the option of cancelling this charter if the Vessel is not ready and at their disposal during this period.”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款BPTIME 3, Clause 2“2.3 If at any time it appears to Charterers that the Vessel will not be delivered in accordance with C

4、lause 1 by the Cancelling Date, Charterers may require the Owners to state in writing the date and time that they expect the Vessel to be ready to be delivered, such statement to be given within (96) hours of Charterers request.2.4 If the date and time notified by Owners falls after the Cancelling D

5、ate then Charterers shall have the option of cancelling this Charter within(120) hours of receipt of the said notice from Owners or within(48) hours after the Cancelling Date, whichever is earlier.If Charterers do not exercise their option to cancel this Charter then the new Cancelling Date shall be

6、(12) hours after the date and time notified by ownersor such other date and time as may be mutually agreed.”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款 GentimeClause 1(b) Delivery Place: The Owners shall deliver the Vessel to the Charterers at the port or place stated in Box 8 or a port or place within the range stated in Box 8(c) Delive

7、ry Time: Delivery shall take place no earlier than the date/time stated in Box 9 and no later than the date/time stated in Box 10. Delivery shall be effected at any time day or night. Saturdays, Sundays and holidays included.受載期LaycanLaycan規(guī)則和航次租船合同相同通常而言，在laycan第一天之前，承租人無義務(wù)接受船舶交付如果船舶不能在銷約日前交付，不論原因?yàn)?/p>

8、何，承租人皆有權(quán)取消合同；但除非另有約定，否則承租人不可在銷約日前取消合同承租人有權(quán)取消合同的同時(shí)索賠損失 clause 7 of ShellLNGTime 1 provides that “.the Vesselmust be delivered to Charterers no later than”承租人應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格按照相應(yīng)合同條款行使銷約權(quán) 銷約權(quán)必須在合同約定的時(shí)限內(nèi)行使，否則銷約權(quán)就會(huì)喪失。如果合同沒有約定，則必須在合理期限內(nèi)行使。銷約權(quán)如喪失，則租船合同的全部效力不受影響，承租人必須接受交船，并開始履行相應(yīng)義務(wù)銷約期GentimeClause 1 (d) Cancellation:S

9、hould the Vessel not be delivered by the date/time stated in Box 10 the Charterers shall have the option to cancel the Charterparty without prejudice to any claims the Charterers may otherwise have on the Owners under the Charterparty. If the Owners anticipate that, despite their exercise of due dil

10、igence, the Vessel will not be ready for delivery by the date/time stated in Box 10, they may notify the Charterers in writing, stating the anticipated new date of readiness for delivery, proposing a new cancelling date/time and requiring the Charterers to declare whether they will cancel or will ta

11、ke delivery of the Vessel. Should the Charterers elect not to cancel or should they fail to reply within two working days (as applying at the Charterers place of business) of receipt of such notification, then unless otherwise agreed, the proposed new cancelling date/time will replace the date/time

12、stated in Box 10. This provision shall operate only once and should the Vessel not be ready for delivery at the new cancelling date/time the Charterers shall have the option of cancelling this Charterparty. 交船時(shí)對船舶狀態(tài)的要求 交船時(shí)，船舶應(yīng)當(dāng)適航“she being in every way fitted for ordinary dry cargo service with carg

13、o holds well swept, cleaned and ready to receive cargo before delivery under this charter.” Upon delivery the charterers can require the ship to be in the condition specified in the contract and ready to commence commercial trading for them交船時(shí)船上燃油如何處理 LinertimeClause 6 BunkersThe Charterers at port

14、of delivery to take over and pay for all fuel remaining in the Vessels bunkers at (a) current price, at the respective ports (b) a fixed price per tonThe Vessel to be delivered with not less than the number of tons and not exceeding the number of tons stated in Box 25 in the Vessels bunkers.交船時(shí)相關(guān)港口使

15、費(fèi)如何分擔(dān) LinertimeClause 5The Charterers to pay all dock, harbour, light and tonnage dues at the ports of delivery (unless incurred through cargo carried before delivery)定期租船合同的主要法律問題定期租船合同的主要法律問題（二）（二）承租人雇傭指示承租人雇傭指示Charterers Employment Order航次租船合同與定期租船合同在雇傭指示方面的對比 航次租船合同中，雙方當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利義務(wù)已經(jīng)大部分預(yù)先設(shè)定在合同條款中，所以

16、承租人給予船東履行合同的指令的權(quán)利是非常有限的。 定期租船合同中，承租人想要履行的航次并未預(yù)先設(shè)定，所以承租人有足夠權(quán)利給予船東履行合同的具體指令。定期租船合同下承租人的權(quán)利 定期租船合同下承租人的關(guān)鍵權(quán)利(Key Rights)To decide where the vessel shall go and what she shall carry, how (in short) she shall be used, always subject to the terms of the charterparty. The language used is general and the pow

17、er correspondingly wide.The nature and purpose of time charter is to enable the charterers to use the vessel during the period of the charters for trading in whatever manner they deem fit.定期租船合同下承租人的權(quán)利 承租人實(shí)現(xiàn)其權(quán)利的途徑雇傭和指示條款Employment Clause承租人有權(quán)就船舶的商業(yè)運(yùn)營商業(yè)運(yùn)營給予指示，且（通常）有義務(wù)補(bǔ)償因此類指示而給船東帶來的損失雇傭指示條款的例子 Baltime

18、 1939, Clause 9“The Master to be under the orders of the Charterers as regards employment, agency, or other arrangements. The Charterers to indemnify the owners against all consequences or liabilities arising from the Master, Officers or Agents signing Bills of Lading or other documents or otherwise

19、 complying with such orders, as well as from any irregularity in the Vessels papers or for over-carrying goods.”雇傭指示條款的例子 NYPE 1946, Clause 8“That the Captain shall prosecute his voyages with the utmost despatch, and shall render all customary assistance with the ships crew and boats. The Captain (a

20、lthough appointed by the Owners), shall be under the orders and directions of the Charterers as regards employment and agency;” 雇傭指示條款的例子LinertimeClause 10 MasterThe Charterers to give the necessary sailing instructions, subject to the limits of the Charter. The Master to be under the orders of the

21、Charterers as regards employment, agency, or other arrangements. The Master to prosecute all voyages with the utmost despatchThe Master to keep full and correct logs accessible to the Charterers or their AgentsIf the Charterers have reason to be dissatisfied with the conduct of the Masterthe Owners

22、on receiving particulars of the complaint, promptly to investigate the matter, and, if necessary and practicable, to make a change in the appointments.雇傭指示條款的例子 Utmost despatchDuring the sea voyage the master must choose the fastest route without jeopardizing the safety of the shipBefore arrival in

23、port, all documents must be prepared to avoid delay with formalities The master must supervise loading and discharging in order to get the quickest possible despatch雇用補(bǔ)償 承租人指示給船東造成的損失，承租人有義務(wù)補(bǔ)償 該補(bǔ)償如果沒有明示在合同中，法律通常也會(huì)默示該補(bǔ)償?shù)拇嬖?，除非合同有相反約定。 如果損失是由于航海風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(navigational risk)導(dǎo)致的，而不是雇傭指示導(dǎo)致的，那么船東不能要求補(bǔ)償。 船東必須證明其損失是

24、其遵循承租人雇傭指示的直接后果(direct cause)雇用補(bǔ)償 通常而言，在沒有明示條款的情況下，以下兩種船東遵循雇傭指示而產(chǎn)生的損失，船東不得要求承租人補(bǔ)償該指示是船東有義務(wù)拒絕的指示損失是由于船長或船員的介入行為導(dǎo)致雇傭指示的含義船舶和船員的利益承租人和貨方的利益船長在貿(mào)易過程中通常會(huì)面對利益沖突雇傭指示的含義 通常而言，船長需要對有關(guān)船舶安全和貿(mào)易合法性的問題負(fù)責(zé) “The charterers right to use the vessel must be given full and fair effect ; but it cannot encroach on matters

25、falling within the specialised professional maritime expertise of the master, particularly where the safety or security of the vessel, her crew and her cargo are involved. He is the person, on the vessel, immediately responsible. Technical questions concerning the operation of the vessel are for him

26、.”雇傭指示的含義 承租人有權(quán)給予船長有關(guān)船舶商業(yè)營運(yùn)的指示(commercial operation)，而船長也必須遵循此種指示 承租人無權(quán)給予船長有關(guān)船舶航行安全(safe navigation)的指示，而船長也必須拒絕遵循此種指示雇傭指示的含義從A港前往B港在特定時(shí)間通過特定路線從A港前往B港在特定時(shí)間通過特定路線從A港前往B港，但是船長判斷在這個(gè)時(shí)間航行或走這條航線是危險(xiǎn)的。X雇傭指示的含義 “subject to safety considerations and the specific terms of the charter, the charterers may not on

27、ly order a vessel from A to B but may also direct the route to be followed between the two.”雇傭指示與船舶適航X裝載某類貨物以某特定方式堆放貨物，只要堆放方式是安全的以某特定方式堆放貨物，但是該種堆放方式會(huì)影響船舶穩(wěn)定性遵守應(yīng)該拒絕的指示的后果 如果船長遵守了他本應(yīng)該拒絕的指示，那么由于遵守該指示而產(chǎn)生的任何損失，船東不可以尋求賠償。 The owner is not entitled to any indemnity for losses or liabilities incurred whilst

28、performing the required order since the cause of the loss or liability is not the order of the charterer but the fault or neglect of his own servant or agent.雇傭指示 船長有義務(wù)有義務(wù)(必須必須)拒絕的指示非法指示涉嫌欺詐的指示貨物不清潔的情況下，承租人指示船長簽發(fā)清潔提單(clean bill of lading)在付運(yùn)期經(jīng)過的情況下，承租人指示船長倒簽提單(ante-dated bill of lading)即使承租人明確其將給與船東

29、補(bǔ)償，該補(bǔ)償協(xié)議由于涉嫌欺詐也無法在法院得到執(zhí)行雇傭指示 在對貨物狀況存在確實(shí)的爭議，而承租人許諾以補(bǔ)償換取船長清潔提單時(shí)，該補(bǔ)償協(xié)議能夠得到執(zhí)行 “There may perhaps be some circumstances in which indemnities can properly be given. Thus, if a shipowner thinks that he has detected some faulty condition in regard to goods to be taken on board he may be assured by the shipp

30、er that he is entirely mistaken; if he is so persuaded by the shipper, it may be that he could honestly issue a clean bill of lading while taking an indemnity in case it was later shown that there had in fact been some faulty condition. Each case must depend upon its circumstances”雇傭指示 船長有權(quán)利拒絕的指示如果船

31、長擁有拒絕遵循指示的權(quán)利，那么船東將被置于一個(gè)較好的談判位置如果船長遵循了該指示，產(chǎn)生了相關(guān)損失，船東有權(quán)要求承租人補(bǔ)償雇傭指示 船長有權(quán)利拒絕有權(quán)利拒絕的指示與租船合同條款不一致的指示 e.g. 租船合同要求簽發(fā)特定格式的提單，而承租人指示船長簽發(fā)另外一種格式的提單租船合同要求船長簽發(fā)承租人遞呈的提單(as presented/as directed)，但是該提單中含有與租船合同明顯不一致(manifestly inconsistent with)的條款或不尋常(extraordinary)的條款 提單目的港在租船合同約定的航線地理范圍之外 提單免除發(fā)貨人裝運(yùn)危險(xiǎn)貨物的責(zé)任 提單要求船東承擔(dān)

32、內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸交付責(zé)任雇傭指示 船長有權(quán)利拒絕有權(quán)利拒絕的指示與先前指示不一致的指示 無單放貨指示delivery without surrounding the bill of lading 除非合同中另有條款要求船東無單放貨，否則船長有權(quán)拒絕遵循無單放貨指示租金支付與撤船租金支付與撤船Payment of Hire &Withdrawal of the Ship定期租船合同的主要法律問題定期租船合同的主要法律問題（三）（三）基本規(guī)則 租金是承租人使用船舶而需要支付的對價(jià) 租金必須連續(xù)continuously、準(zhǔn)時(shí)on time、足額支付in full，除非 另有條款作出相反規(guī)定 (e.g. of

33、f-hire clause) 法律允許扣減(deduction allowed in law)基本規(guī)則 NYPE 1946C1.4“That the Charterers shall pay for the use and hire of the said vessel at the rate of commencing on and from the day of her delivery.; hire to continue until the hour and day of her redelivery in like good order and condition.”C1.5“Pay

34、ment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency, semi-monthly in advance, and for the last half of month or part of same, the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cover the actual time, hire is to be paid for the balance day by day, as it becomes due, if so requ

35、ired by Owners”基本規(guī)則 如果出現(xiàn)爭議，承租人必須證明，他沒有義務(wù)連續(xù)、準(zhǔn)時(shí)、足額支付租金。 如果承租人不能夠證明，則承租人行為構(gòu)成違約 船東不但可以要求承租人支付欠下的租金，還可以撤船(withdraw the ship)。 最近的一個(gè)案件還判決船東有權(quán)索賠損失，因?yàn)檫B續(xù)、準(zhǔn)時(shí)、足額支付租金的條款屬于條件條款(condition) 該案件正在上訴中租金支付的方式 租金支付的方式由船東和承租人自由約定現(xiàn)金 cash銀行匯票 bank draft轉(zhuǎn)賬 bank transfer NYPE 1946 Clause 5： “Payment of said hire to be made

36、 in New York in cash in United States Currency”現(xiàn)金Cash包括銀行常見的其他金融工具但是這些金融支付手段必須是無條件支付，即承租人付款之后，船東使用其收入的權(quán)利應(yīng)該不加限制租金支付的方式 不符合要求的“現(xiàn)金支付”無法承兌的支票有保留的銀行匯票尚不能生成利息的支付租金支付的方式 Clause 11 of NYPE 93“Payment of hire shall be made so as to be received by the Owners.in funds available to the Owners on the due date”.

37、Clause 9 of SHELLTIME 4“payment of hire shall be made in immediately available funds toin United States currency in advance.”準(zhǔn)時(shí)支付租金 租金必須按照約定的時(shí)限提前支付(in advance) 必須對以下約定作出區(qū)分Per month/monthlyPer every 30 days提前支付租金 第一筆租金一般在交船前支付 剩下的每筆租金都必須在約定支付日前支付 BP Time 3 Clause 8.2: All subsequent payments of hire

38、shall be made monthly in advance on the first day of each calendar month to the account stipulated in Part I提前支付租金 一般而言，如果約定的支付日是周末或者假期，租金必須提前一日支付。Cf. BP Time 3 Clause 8.2: if in a given month the due date is a non-banking day in the United Statesthen the subject months hire shall be paid on the nex

39、t banking day 支付的截止期限為支付日的午夜(until midnight)而不是銀行的下班時(shí)間。足額支付租金 NYPE 1946, Clause 5“ for the last half of month or part of same, the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cover the actual time, hire is to be paid for the balance day by day, as it becomes due, if so required by Owners”對于最后半個(gè)月

40、或其中部分時(shí)間，應(yīng)支付估計(jì)的租金數(shù)額，并當(dāng)其不足以支付實(shí)際租用時(shí)間的租金時(shí)，經(jīng)船東要求，差額租金應(yīng)該按照每天支付足額支付租金 除非合同另有約定，否則租金在剩余的時(shí)間段必須足額支付（如半個(gè)月），即使承租人可以明確在這段期間過完之前船舶就能夠歸還。 GENTIME Clause 8(e)“Should the vessel be on her voyage towards the port or place of redelivery at the time payment of hire becomes due, said payment shall be made for the estima

41、ted time necessary to complete the voyage.”足額支付租金 租金不得扣減，除非合同明確允許：NYPE 1946 Clause 5: Cash for vessels ordinary disbursements at any port may be advanced as required by the Captain, by the Charterers or their agents subject to 2.5% commission and such advances shall be deducted from the hire 船舶處于停租期

42、法律允許的扣減 承租人提起的有關(guān)燃油消耗或航速不符合約定的索賠足額支付租金 如果承租人在扣減租金的時(shí)候善意行事且基于合理基礎(chǔ)，那么即使事實(shí)上承租人多扣減了租金，承租人的行為也不能被視為沒有足額支付租金。 承租人有義務(wù)返還額外扣減的租金。禁止反悔Estoppel 如果船東的某些接受延遲或不足額支付的租金的行為使得一個(gè)合理的人可以認(rèn)定船東沒有意圖堅(jiān)持自己的合同權(quán)利，那么船東不能在稍后宣稱承租人沒有準(zhǔn)時(shí)、足額支付租金。 船東的接受行為構(gòu)成禁止反悔禁止反悔Estoppel 船東沉默或者默許的行為一般不能被認(rèn)定為禁止反悔。 船東可以向承租人發(fā)出通知以終止先前對承租人延遲或不足額支付租金行為的認(rèn)可。收到通

43、知之后，承租人即不可再依賴船東先前的認(rèn)可行為。禁止反悔原則適用的限制承租人持續(xù)違約 案例2010年7月20日，船東與承租人簽訂35-38個(gè)月的定期租船合同，適用NYPE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式。租金每月23日以前支付。船舶起租后不久就出現(xiàn)了租家反復(fù)遲延支付租金的情形，而且伴隨著拖欠租金越來越嚴(yán)重的情況，最后出現(xiàn)了某幾期租金一直沒有支付的情況。2011年10月，船東通知轉(zhuǎn)租承租人其針對轉(zhuǎn)租運(yùn)費(fèi)和轉(zhuǎn)租租金行使留置權(quán)，并且船東向承租人發(fā)了法定求償書（statutory demand），要求承租人支付高達(dá)一百萬美元的拖欠租金。但是承租人仍未按照法定求償書的要求付款。此外，在11月1日，船東發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)租租約中的條款被修改，

44、其效果是刪除了船東對于轉(zhuǎn)租運(yùn)費(fèi)和轉(zhuǎn)租租金的留置權(quán)。船東據(jù)此推斷：這種修改的目的在于使得承租人可以自行收取轉(zhuǎn)租運(yùn)費(fèi)和轉(zhuǎn)租租金，并可在其拖欠租金的情況下繼續(xù)運(yùn)營船舶。禁止反悔原則適用的限制承租人持續(xù)違約 案例（續(xù)）到了11月11日（周五），船東決定終止租約，理由是承租人不能繼續(xù)支付租金且承租人持續(xù)不支付租金的行為構(gòu)成毀約。船東因此在11月12日通知船長，要求船長在船舶離開鲅魚圈港后將船舶駛往合適的區(qū)域并等待船東的進(jìn)一步指示。船舶于11月9日拋錨停泊在鲅魚圈港。11月14日，船舶完成卸貨并駛離鲅魚圈港；同一天，船舶通知承租人指出其構(gòu)成毀約，且船東接受該等毀約并終止租約。承租人答復(fù)稱：船東的撤船是錯(cuò)誤

45、的，且船東撤船本身構(gòu)成毀約。禁止反悔原則適用的限制承租人持續(xù)違約仲裁庭裁決承租人持續(xù)不支付租金行為構(gòu)成毀約，船東有權(quán)在合理期間內(nèi)考慮并就是否接受毀約或確認(rèn)繼續(xù)履約作出決定船東11月9日之后允許船舶繼續(xù)卸貨的行為構(gòu)成對租約繼續(xù)履行效力的確認(rèn)（禁止反悔）在船東明確確認(rèn)繼續(xù)履行租約之后，即使承租人繼續(xù)表示出其不履行租約的意圖，船東也不能解除租約禁止反悔原則適用的限制承租人持續(xù)違約 船東上訴，法院判決：在毀約是持續(xù)性的情況下，對履行租約的確認(rèn)并非不可撤銷。因此，在船東確認(rèn)繼續(xù)履行租約后，如果承租人還是繼續(xù)毀約，則船東接受承租人的持續(xù)毀約這一行為并不構(gòu)成船東的毀約。在此情況下，船東有權(quán)終止租約并就承租人

46、的毀約索賠損失。仲裁庭上述第三點(diǎn)法律問題裁決錯(cuò)誤。案件結(jié)論：發(fā)回重審在船東確認(rèn)了繼續(xù)履行租約之后，承租人是否有持續(xù)毀約的行為？船東的救濟(jì)在承租人沒有準(zhǔn)時(shí)、足額支付租金的情況下，船東有以下四種救濟(jì)方式 索賠損失Claims Damages 撤船 withdrawal of the ship 中止履行義務(wù) suspension of service 行使留置權(quán) Lien on cargo索賠損失 沒有準(zhǔn)時(shí)、足額支付租金是一種違約行為 船東有權(quán)索賠未支付租金，并索賠相應(yīng)利息索賠損失 近期案例顯示船東還可以索賠由于延遲支付租金而導(dǎo)致的進(jìn)一步損失 該案例判決：NYPE格式中支付租金條款是一個(gè)條件條款單次

47、沒有支付租金使得船東有權(quán)終止租約并且要求賠償損失 該案例之前的法律地位是NYPE中支付租金條款并非條件條款，所以船東不能索賠撤船后重新租船之后新租金收入與原租金收入之間的差價(jià)。如果船東希望在合同終止后獲得預(yù)期收入的賠償，則必須通過證明承租人的行為構(gòu)成毀約以終止合同，而一般來說只有當(dāng)承租人發(fā)生一系列違約行為時(shí)才構(gòu)成毀約。 該案例改變了上述法律地位。在過去，船東通常很不情愿行使其撤船的權(quán)利，因?yàn)檫@可能意味著他們?nèi)绻诖酥笾匦聦⒋耙员容^低的價(jià)格出租出去的話，這之間的差價(jià)損失是無法得到賠償?shù)?。在這樣的情況下，船東只能選擇等待并且需要作出一個(gè)很困難的判斷：即，到底什么時(shí)候承租人的行為構(gòu)成了毀約性違約

48、。正是由于這樣的困境，導(dǎo)致許多承租人認(rèn)為他們只有在未支付數(shù)期租金之后，才有可能面臨撤船及損害賠償?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而現(xiàn)在這種做法的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大為增加。撤船 NYPE 1946 “Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States currency, semi-monthly in advance.otherwise failing the punctual and regular payment of the hire.the Owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the vessel

49、 from the service of the Charterers without prejudice to any claim they (the Owners) may otherwise have on the Charterers.”撤船 撤船條款賦予船東撤船的權(quán)利，而不論承租人是否存在過錯(cuò) 如果沒有撤船條款，那么船東必須證明承租人故意拒絕付款或者承租人沒有足夠資金付款，才能撤船。撤船 撤船終止的僅僅是定期租船合同而不包括其他合同，如提單 如果船東同時(shí)也是提單合同的承運(yùn)人，那么船東在撤船之后必須履行提單合同將貨物交付至目的地。否則船東將違反提單合同。 船東撤船時(shí)機(jī)十分關(guān)鍵。在下述兩

50、個(gè)條件同時(shí)達(dá)成時(shí)，船東撤船較好：第一，承租人沒有支付租金；第二，船上沒有貨物。撤船 案例船東將一條超級(jí)油輪VLCC期租給了承租人，租期36個(gè)月，適用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)期租合同Shelltime 3。租金按月提前支付。根據(jù)租船合同，承租人應(yīng)該在2008年5月31日午夜之前支付新一期的租金，但是承租人卻沒有支付。6月2日下午2點(diǎn)41分，船東確認(rèn)沒有收到租金之后，就向承租人發(fā)出撤船通知。此時(shí)，船舶正在巴西的一個(gè)港口裝貨，6月1號(hào)時(shí)一部分貨物已經(jīng)裝船完畢撤船案例（續(xù)） 在撤船通知中，船東指示船長停止裝貨，并要求承租人在巴西港口就地安排卸貨。另外，撤船通知同時(shí)說明，在不影響船東撤船權(quán)利的情況下，船東也愿意以市場程租的

51、價(jià)格為承租人跑一個(gè)航次（此時(shí)市場程租的價(jià)格遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于期租合約租金） 承租人在收到撤船通知之后，試圖說服船東收回撤船決定，但是被拒絕。船東在回函中指出：承租人此時(shí)面臨兩個(gè)選擇：第一，接受船東建議，向船東支付市場程租船舶的價(jià)格以完成這個(gè)航次；第二，視租船合同已經(jīng)終止，迅速安排卸貨。在承租人考慮應(yīng)該如何選擇之時(shí)，船東假定承租人向其做出了請求協(xié)助貯藏貨物的請求，船東保留就市場儲(chǔ)藏價(jià)格要求承租人補(bǔ)償?shù)臋?quán)利。撤船 案例（續(xù)）6月3日下午3點(diǎn)，承租人回復(fù)船東，請求船東對撤船決定再做考慮。4點(diǎn)，船東回復(fù)了承租人，再次確認(rèn)了撤船決定。晚8點(diǎn)，船東再次告知承租人，要求其盡快采取一切必要措施卸貨。隨后承租人開始卸貨，

52、貨物在6月5日凌晨6點(diǎn)卸載完畢。船東隨即向承租人提出索賠請求：要求承租人以市場價(jià)支付從6月2日下午2點(diǎn)41分到6月5日凌晨6點(diǎn)這段時(shí)間（2.64天）使用船舶的費(fèi)用共四十一萬九千四百美元。撤船 在上述案件中，雖然撤船時(shí)船上裝有貨物，但是提單仍然沒有簽發(fā)，所以船東不是提單承運(yùn)人。 船東此時(shí)的角色是貨物的托管人Bailee，首先，船東根據(jù)合同，在裝貨之后，成為了貨物的合同受托人，而合同在解除之后貨物仍然在他占有之下；其次，船東此后成為貨物的非合同關(guān)系受托人，即使合同終止，船東也應(yīng)該繼續(xù)履行托管義務(wù)；再次，船東履行并解除其托管義務(wù)的唯一合理且可行的方法，就是在船上保存好貨物并同時(shí)安排卸貨。所以，船東履

53、行托管義務(wù)而產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用，委托人，也就是承租人，根據(jù)普通法，必須加以補(bǔ)償。 產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用同時(shí)是承租人雇傭指示的結(jié)果（the result of the employment order of loading the cargo），所以承租人需要補(bǔ)償撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款 現(xiàn)在市場上使用的大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定期租船合同里，都含有一個(gè)條款，要求船東在承租人沒有按時(shí)足額支付租金時(shí)，給予一定寬限時(shí)間(grace period)，讓承租人彌補(bǔ)錯(cuò)誤(rectify the mistakes)。 此類條款叫做反技術(shù)性取巧條款A(yù)nti-technicality clause撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款 GENTIME Clause

54、 8 (c) “Where there is a failure to make punctual and regular payment of hire due to oversight, negligence, errors or omissions on the part of the Charterers or their bankers, the Owners shall give the Charterers written notice of the number of clear banking days stated in Box 26 (as recognised at t

55、he agreed place of payment) in which to rectify the failure, and when so rectified within such number of days following the Owners notice, the payment shall stand as regular and punctual. Failure by the Charterers to pay hire within the number of days stated in Box 26 of their receiving the Owners n

56、otice as provided herein, shall entitle the Owners to withdraw the Vessel without further notice and without prejudice to any other claim they may have against the Charterers.”撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款 通常而言，如果承租人故意或惡意不支付租金，反技術(shù)性取巧條款不適用。 船東必須嚴(yán)格遵守反技術(shù)性取巧條款的規(guī)定。如果船東沒有按照規(guī)定行事，船東行為可能構(gòu)成毀約。撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款 船東通知必須在承租人違約的情況下才能發(fā)出（例如，

57、到支付日午夜承租人還未支付租金） 船東通知必須明確，正式，措辭嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，包含以下內(nèi)容：通知承租人違約要求承租人支付明確承租人支付期限明確承租人如在期限內(nèi)不予更正，則船東有權(quán)撤船撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款案例：合同中的反技術(shù)性取巧條款措辭如下Clause 31：“When hire is due and not received the Owners, before exercising the option of withdrawing the vessel from the Charterparty, will give the Charterers forty-eight hours notice,

58、 Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excluded and will not withdraw the vessel if the hire is paid within these forty-eight hours.”租金應(yīng)該在6月14日支付；6月14日下午4點(diǎn)50分，船東代理人向承租人發(fā)出如下通知：“Owners have instructed us that in case we do not receive the hire which is due today, to give the Charterers notice as per clause

59、31 of the charterparty for withdrawal of the vessel from their service.”請問上述通知是否是一個(gè)合同的通知？71撤船反技術(shù)性取巧條款 案例：請思考下述通知是否是一個(gè)合格的通知？“Pls be advised that charterers were in breach of Clause 5 of the Charterparty dated September 27 2002. Owners hereby give 72 hours notice that owners will withdraw the vessel f

60、rom the service of the charterers without prejudice to any claims that owners might otherwise have upon the charterers.”72撤船權(quán)利的喪失 船東行為與其擁有撤船權(quán)利不相一致例如，接受延遲支付的租金 船東不及時(shí)行使撤船權(quán)利中止履行義務(wù) 根據(jù)市場狀態(tài)，船東并不是在所有情況下都想要撤船。有些時(shí)候，船東僅想在承租人沒有支付租金的情況下，暫時(shí)中止履行船東義務(wù)。 船東中止履行義務(wù)的權(quán)利必須由合同明確規(guī)定（并不是所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同格式都有這項(xiàng)明確規(guī)定） 如果合同沒有明確規(guī)定而船東中止履行義務(wù)，如