緩和曲線 長度計算方法

1、Graphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces, large relief angles, sm

2、all depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or wa

3、ter-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from to (to, and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal g

4、radients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in

5、the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5 and with the se

6、lection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2.Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermall

7、y Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining, the source of heata torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam, or plasma arcis f

8、orces, (b increased tool life, (c use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d higher material-removal rates, and (e reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the

9、workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride. SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish

10、, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.譯文：0.0720.9 可機加工性一種材料的可機加工性通常以四種因素的方式定義：6001、 分的表面光潔性和表面完整性。2、刀具的壽命。3、切削力和功率的需求。4、切

11、屑控制。0.1以這種方式，好的可機加工性指的是好的表面光潔性和完整性，長的刀具壽命，低的切削力和功率需求。關于切屑控制，細長的卷曲切屑，如果沒有被切割成小片，以在切屑區(qū)變的混亂，纏在一起的方式能夠嚴重的介入剪切工序。因為剪切工序的復雜屬性，所以很難建立定量地釋義材料的可機加工性的關系。在制造廠里，刀具壽命和表面粗糙度通常被認為是可機加工性中最重要的因素。盡管已不再大量的被使用，近乎準確的機加工率在以下的例子中能夠被看到。0.0520.9.1 鋼的可機加工性650因為鋼是最重要的工程材料之一（正如第5章所示），所以他們的可機加工性已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究過。通過宗教鉛和硫磺，鋼的可機加工性已經(jīng)大大地提高

12、了。從而得到了所謂的易切削鋼。二次硫化鋼和二次磷化鋼 硫在鋼中形成硫化錳夾雜物（第二相粒子），這些夾雜物在第一剪切區(qū)引起應力。其結果是使切屑容易斷開而變小，從而改善了可加工性。這些夾雜物的大小、形狀、分布和集中程度顯著的影響可加工性。化學元素如碲和硒，其化學性質(zhì)與硫類似，在二次硫化鋼中起夾雜物改性作用。 鋼中的磷有兩個主要的影響。它加強鐵素體，增加硬度。越硬的鋼，形成更好的切屑形成和表面光潔性。需要注意的是軟鋼不適合用于有積屑瘤形成和很差的表面光潔性的機器。第二個影響是增加的硬度引起短切屑而不是不斷的細長的切屑的形成，因此提高可加工性。鋼中高含量的鉛在硫化錳夾雜物尖端析出。在非二次硫化鋼中，鉛

13、呈細小而分散的顆粒。鉛在鐵、銅、鋁和它們的合金中是不能溶解的。因為它的低抗剪強度。因此，鉛充當固體潤滑劑并且在切削時，被涂在刀具和切屑的接口處。這一特性已經(jīng)被在機加工鉛鋼時，在切屑的刀具面表面有高濃度的鉛的存在所證實。 例如，在高的切削速度和進刀速度下 鉛在刀具前直接熔化，并且充當液體潤滑劑。除了這個作用，鉛降低第一剪切區(qū)中的剪應力，減小切削力和功率消耗。鉛能用于各種鋼號，例如 10XX ， 11XX ， 12XX ， 41XX 等等。鉛鋼被第二和第三數(shù)碼中的字母 L 所識別（例如，0.0945）。（需要注意的是在不銹鋼中，字母L的相同用法指的是低碳，提高它們的耐蝕性的條件）。然而，因為鉛是有

14、名的毒素和污染物，因此在鋼的使用中存在著嚴重的環(huán)境隱患（在鋼產(chǎn)品中每年大約有4500噸的鉛消耗）。結果，對于估算鋼中含鉛量的使用存在一個持續(xù)的趨勢。鉍和錫現(xiàn)正作為鋼中的鉛最可能的替代物而被人們所研究。脫氧鈣鋼 一個重要的發(fā)展是脫氧鈣鋼，在脫氧鈣鋼中矽酸鈣鹽中的氧化物片的形成。這些片狀，依次減小第二剪切區(qū)中的力量，降低刀具和切屑接口處的摩擦和磨損。溫度也相應地降低。結果，這些鋼產(chǎn)生更小的月牙洼磨損，特別是在高切削速度時更是如此。0.04不銹鋼 奧氏體鋼通常很難機加工。振動能成為一個問題，需要有高硬度的機床。然而，鐵素體不銹鋼有很好的可機加工性。馬氏體鋼易磨蝕，易于形成積屑瘤，并且要求刀具材料有高的熱硬度和耐月牙洼磨損性。經(jīng)沉淀硬化的不銹鋼強度高、磨蝕性強，因此要求刀具材料硬而耐磨。鋼中其它元素在可機加工性方面的影響 鋼中鋁和矽的存在總是有害的，因為這些元素結合氧會生成氧化鋁和矽酸鹽，而氧化鋁和矽酸鹽硬且具有磨蝕性。這些化合物增加刀具磨損，降低可機加工性。因此生產(chǎn)和使用凈化鋼非常必要。700Lc(m0.080.048000.13750.060.039000.093500.050.0210000.083200.040.0212000.062500.030.0213500.052200.020.0215000.041900.020.0218000.031600.0