城市規(guī)劃相關(guān)外文翻譯(共9頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic Park Client: Olympic Delivery AuthorityLocation: London, UKProject Credit: Atkins Text: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, AtkinsHow do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesit

2、e in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkinsengineers of the wetlands and river

3、 edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions.Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, Londons new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europes biggest-ever urban greening projects. R

4、ivers and wetlands are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east Londons Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape thats now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLondon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetland engineers for the project, Atkins has played a critical rol

5、e in turning the vision into reality. Atkins remit includes design of the soft river edges and wetlands, including riverbank restoration and bioengineering.The transformation is unprecedented. More than 8km of riverbanks have been restored as part of the project; in tandem with this, 2 hectares of r

6、eed beds and ponds have been created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodland(Fig.01).The challenge was about getting people both visual and physical access down to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more open, and therefore the centerpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan

7、 heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att er,” explains Mike. “By dropping the slopes, weve brought the river into the park an

8、d made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see whats going on there.”Gett ing the riverbank geometry just right was a delicate balancing act. Too steep, and the banks would need costly artifi cial reinforcement; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space o

9、n the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chosen. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the need to convey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial landscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepened using two approaches. Firstly, where possible,

10、 the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a reinforced detail was used, providing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new landscape rapidly taking shape, its easy to

11、 forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Until the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possession of the site in 2006, many of the river channels that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: abandoned shopping trolleys and car tire

12、s.Th e Lee Valleys neglected river network wasnt only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only during the Games, but al

13、so aft er 2012. Th ey are an integral part of the legacy solution, stitching the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaking the most of the sites rivers and natural features to create sustainable habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delive

14、ry Authoritys vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the parks rivers from weed and rubbish-infested gulches into pristine watercourses has been long and tough.For Atkins, that process started with developing an intimate understanding of the labyrinth of waterways and channels

15、that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to construct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. Thats of critical importance, because Atkins had responsibility for everything up to a contour of 4 meter

16、s above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessment was undertaken at environmental impact assessment stage. Atkins undertook analyses of the risk of fl ooding caused by frequent rainfall, taking into account the automated regulation of water levels in the impounded reaches a

17、nd the impact of tidal lockout. The modeling exercise was made considerably more complicated by the impoundment of the river system during the course of 2008; in effect, this eliminated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its indirect infl uence is still felt. “When the tide comes in on

18、the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee,” explains Mike Vaughan. “So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.”Atkins modeling calculations correctly predicted this phenomenon, and also the increased risk of flooding. “These discoveries led to some changes in the la

19、ndscaping profile,” says Mike. “The riverside paths have been raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetlands was also raised, as maintaining correct water levels is critical to their survival.”Sustainable drainage techniques have also been used across the Park. In the landscape areas, porou

20、s strips have been used in the concourse, feeding into bioswales which drain down into the riverside ponds. Surface conveyance, underground pipes and storage features have also been utilized(Fig.02).The first step in the river restoration process was to “l(fā)ay back” the banks, many of which were preci

21、pitously steep. This re-profiling was necessary because much of the surrounding land was “made” ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recentl

22、y, wartime demolition materials from Londons east end.Another challenge facing the Atkins team was the prevalence of invasive weeds. These included Himalayan balsam, Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as gardencuriosi

23、ties; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garden wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduce and grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And theyre highly resilient. Knotweed can force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains fu

24、rocoumarins, sun-activated toxins that can cause skin ulceration. Elimination was a priority soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all remaining vegetation.In addition, Atkins was responsible for ensuring the protection of the existing fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one

25、 habitat surveys were undertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment in 2006, including bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atkins translocated 330 common liz

26、ards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth newts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atkins maintained a permit to clear system for contractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosing Plants to PlantAtkins is responsible for th

27、e final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and deciding what to re- plant presented a challenge. With banks now bare, new planting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic demands-theyd be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engineering imperatives too.The Atkins desig

28、n team chose bioengineering techniques, rather than culverting and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverbanks by using vegetation and natural products instead of concrete. Choosing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect t

29、he banks from erosion.An added challenge was that the river network is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the potential to play havoc with new planting, and the rivers high sediment loads threatened to smother anything planted from seed or plugs. “We dont actually have a n

30、atural river system,” notes Mike. “Plants dont cop well in those conditions.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants

31、 of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,” says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “Thats really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where.”The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vuln

32、erable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-its easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through

33、it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plants,” says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrows SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using

34、 native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authori

35、ty to cultivate plants off site in whats believed to be one of Britains biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough river

36、bank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salixs nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing so

37、me 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a

38、 giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a

39、 plan, to make sure this didnt happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee” occupied much of the attention of the Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north

40、of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in the summer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, enabling species such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.05).Preventing that third pond from

41、 drying out -while also ensuring that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conundrum. Atkins responded by designing a connection between the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: when the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into

42、 the river; when it started to dry out, a valve could be opened to release river water back into the pond. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverbanks, new wet woodlands will be a notable featu

43、re of the Olympic Park. Theyre now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do,”recalls Atkins Ian Morrissey. “The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodland areas. Atkins was res

44、ponsible for working out the topographies and the channels, and how they would interact with the river.”Wetlands have a tendency to become dry land eventually, a process that can be slowed down through selecting the right vegetation, careful water level management and maintenance.“The sedge species

45、we selected were chosen because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species,” says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodland include willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins Mike Vaughan: “Its fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of inverteb

46、rates in there, as well as nesting birds.”Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverbanks.“Theres a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site,” says Mike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new

47、 vegetation. That stayed there until spring 2012(Fig.06).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now nearing completion, is remarkable by any standards. Visitors to the Olympic Park up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games will

48、encounter one of the greenest and most environmentally friendly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And the benefits will be felt long after 2012. “Were pulling that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure thats good for the Games, but will work in legacy,” said the ODA's John

49、Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parklands at the heart. Socially, economically and environmentally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-its a new landscape powering a new piece of city.”倫敦2012奧林匹克公園濱水景觀設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)造 業(yè)主委托：倫敦奧運(yùn)交付管理局 項(xiàng)目位置：英國(guó)倫敦 項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：阿特金斯 撰文：邁克·麥克尼古拉斯/阿特金

50、斯項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理 如果在不久的未來，將有數(shù)百萬人途經(jīng)這塊濱水區(qū)域，沿河該如何種植？如果了解到自然界中人造濕林地已十分罕見，該如何設(shè)計(jì)、創(chuàng)造并維護(hù)周邊這種濕地環(huán)境？該如何長(zhǎng)期保持棲息地的活力和可持續(xù)性？在倫敦2012奧林匹克公園項(xiàng)目中，來自阿特金斯的工程師們受托負(fù)責(zé)濕地和河濱地區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)及建設(shè)，將會(huì)找到所有這些問題的答案。為2012年倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)而新建的奧林匹克公園是由一片廢棄工業(yè)用地改造而成，占地超過246hm²，是歐洲最大的城市景觀項(xiàng)目之一。東倫敦下利亞山谷的河流和濕地形成新的風(fēng)景將是整個(gè)新公園的視覺中心，并為2012年倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)平添景色。阿特金斯負(fù)責(zé)河岸和濕地的軟化設(shè)計(jì)，以及河岸修復(fù)

51、和生物工程。從項(xiàng)目的概念設(shè)計(jì)到施工建成，阿特金斯的工程師們發(fā)揮了重要作用。該項(xiàng)目不僅僅修復(fù)了超過8km 長(zhǎng)的河岸，同時(shí)還修建了2hm²的蘆葦?shù)睾统靥梁?000m²的珍稀濕林地。這樣的河岸改造力度可謂史無前例（圖01）。項(xiàng)目的挑戰(zhàn)在于要使人們從觀、行兩方面都能有更好的親水體驗(yàn)，因此設(shè)計(jì)要讓河流更具可達(dá)性和開放性，并由此成為公園的焦點(diǎn)景觀。邁克·沃恩領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了阿特金斯的多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，其中包括河流工程師、地貌學(xué)家和生態(tài)學(xué)家?！拔覀兿Ｍㄟ^調(diào)整陡峭的斜坡來打開河流廊道，”邁克解釋，“坡度降低后，河水被引入公園，也更具可達(dá)性。人們可以近距離靠近河邊，觀察這里到底發(fā)生了什么。”

52、精確的河堤幾何處理是一門微妙的平衡藝術(shù)。河堤若太陡，河岸的人工加固成本將高居不下；河堤若太淺，河流會(huì)開始侵蝕場(chǎng)地上寶貴的空間。最終設(shè)計(jì)采用的坡度為1:2.5，約為22°。河堤的占地空間則受限于疏導(dǎo)洪水、陸地景觀和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的需要。因此，對(duì)于過度陡峭的河堤采用了兩種辦法：第一，盡可能地用椰皮纖維卷和木樁沿斜坡堆壘河提；對(duì)于一些坡度達(dá)70°的河堤部分則采用加固手段，設(shè)計(jì)了多層土工格柵和鋼絲網(wǎng)籠，表面覆以草皮。如今，新的景觀正在迅速成型，利亞山谷的舊貌已難覓蹤跡。在2006年倫敦奧運(yùn)交付管理局拿到這塊土地之前，這里的河道縱橫交錯(cuò)，被入侵的雜草所阻塞，還有舊購(gòu)物車和汽車輪胎等城市廢棄

53、物被隨處丟棄。利亞山谷中沒有被好好照管的河道網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅僅是城市的“眼中釘”，更成為了“絆腳石”它將西面的哈克尼區(qū)（H ackney）和陶爾哈姆萊茨區(qū)（Tow er H am lets）與東面的沃爾瑟姆福雷斯特區(qū)（W altham Forest）和紐漢區(qū)（N ew ham ）分而隔之?，F(xiàn)在，重新煥發(fā)生命的水路以及橫跨其間的新交叉點(diǎn)，不論在賽期還是2012年之后都將十分重要。它們是遺賽后規(guī)劃方案的一個(gè)主要部分，將新公園及其水網(wǎng)與東倫敦大范圍內(nèi)的規(guī)劃布局連接起來。1 棲息地再煥生機(jī)倫敦奧運(yùn)交付管理局對(duì)奧林匹克公園寄予厚望，希望場(chǎng)地中大部分河流和自然特征都能創(chuàng)造可持續(xù)的棲息地。但是要將雜草和垃圾填塞的河

54、谷轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠渥畛醯脑紶顟B(tài)，是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的過程。阿特金斯的工程師們先深入了解場(chǎng)地上盤枝錯(cuò)節(jié)的河道水路，并在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)不同地點(diǎn)的水流量和水速進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)，將收集的數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建了一個(gè)精細(xì)的水力模型，用以預(yù)測(cè)洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這點(diǎn)極其重要。因?yàn)榘⑻亟鹚钩袚?dān)著場(chǎng)地上平均海面（海平面）4m 以內(nèi)的所有責(zé)任。在環(huán)境影響評(píng)估階段，洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的充分評(píng)估就已展開。分析不僅包括了由于頻繁降雨造成的雨洪，還考慮了由于潮汐變化和蓄水所造成的水位自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)。2008年期間，河道系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了蓄水，使得建模過程相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。實(shí)際上，盡管蓄水削弱了潮汐對(duì)泰晤士河的直接影響，但間接影響仍然存在?！爱?dāng)潮汐來臨，它會(huì)阻礙河水排出李河?！边~克·

55、沃恩解釋，“因此，水位一天的變化能達(dá)到平均400m m 。”阿特金斯的模型計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)到了這一現(xiàn)象，以及由此增加的洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！斑@些發(fā)現(xiàn)帶來了景觀輪廓上的改變?！?邁克說，“沿河道路被抬高了1m ，同時(shí)對(duì)濕地的輪廓也做了抬升。對(duì)于它們的生存而言，保持正確的水位十分關(guān)鍵。”公園大量運(yùn)用了可持續(xù)的排水技術(shù)。在景觀領(lǐng)域，廣場(chǎng)采用了滲水性材料，水可流入與河邊池塘相連的生態(tài)洼地。此外，還采用了地面運(yùn)輸、地下管道和存貯等多種手段（圖02）。由于原有的河堤許多部分非常陡峭，因此河道修復(fù)的第一步就是讓河堤“躺下來”。經(jīng)過幾個(gè)世紀(jì)不斷地堆積，有的地方地平面高達(dá)10m ，堆在河堤上的垃圾有碎石、玻璃、動(dòng)物骨頭和更

56、近一些時(shí)期從倫敦最東端運(yùn)來的拆除的戰(zhàn)時(shí)物品。項(xiàng)目面臨的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是遍地的入侵植物，如喜瑪拉雅鳳仙、日本紫菀和巨豬草。這些都是19世紀(jì)由于園藝好奇心而引進(jìn)英國(guó)的速生植物，卻成失誤之舉。入侵植物對(duì)于河堤是個(gè)壞消息。它們瘋狂地繁殖、生長(zhǎng)，驅(qū)逐本地植物，并且非常頑固。紫菀能在水泥中扎根；巨豬草含有呋喃香豆素和見陽光激活的毒素，會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚潰瘍。因此清理成了優(yōu)先考慮的工作整個(gè)場(chǎng)地的土壤都做了處理，河堤上的所有植物被盡數(shù)鏟除。同時(shí)，阿特金斯還要保護(hù)地塊上的動(dòng)植物種群。2006年環(huán)境影響評(píng)估中即開展了第一階段的棲息地調(diào)查工作，包括鳥類和魚類的調(diào)查。同時(shí)，已著手進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)主要的物種遷移工作，規(guī)劃了一批適宜的遷移地，包括臨近公園營(yíng)建的1hm²棲息地。阿特金斯遷移了330種普通蜥蜴、100種蟾蜍和4 000種歐洲滑螈。為了保護(hù)場(chǎng)地上的植物群，阿特金斯延續(xù)了“清除許可制”系統(tǒng)的做法，并詳細(xì)規(guī)劃了包括梧桐樹林在內(nèi)的多處免干擾棲息地地區(qū)。2 選擇栽種植物阿特金斯承擔(dān)著營(yíng)造河堤和濕地最終景觀的任務(wù)，因此需要決定場(chǎng)地種植的植物種類。面對(duì)清理后赤露的河堤，新栽種的植物不僅要滿足生態(tài)和審美要求，還需要在賽期開花但要符合工程規(guī)律。團(tuán)隊(duì)選擇了生態(tài)工程技術(shù)，即用植被和自然材料而非