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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理 Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection REN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2 (1. China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9&
2、#160;West Road , Beitucheng Chaoyang District ,Beijing , China 2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino&
3、#160; 10129 , Italy) Abstract : The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pol
4、lution is becoming more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 cities ,360 cities of them are short of water. Th
5、e situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict
6、 s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wastewater is discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane
7、0;is a clean production technology ,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource.
8、160;China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane. The paper present s some data of Chinese membrane research and manufacture. Key words : membrane
9、60; water treatment environment protection CLC number : TQ028. 8 Document code : A 1 Introduction Water is a main resource for our human being ,b
10、ut the problem of water is more serious than before. China is a developing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development
11、;of economy , the eco- environmental problem is becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these
12、 are bound to have fatal impacts on the improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on
13、160;the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance. Membrane separation technology is
14、an advanced technology that has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO f
15、or the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application , which was a symbol of the birth of
16、60;membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis
17、160;, pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fields of energy , electronics ,petroleum ,
18、160;petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , peoples daily life and the environmental protection. Especially in the water
19、treatment , the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly important role. 2 The state of water resource and water p
20、ollution in China In range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve th
21、e shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the next 30 years. It is forecast by some experts that water , rather
22、160;than oil , is going to be the main cause of conflicts regionally even globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of&
23、#160;water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that
24、 the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product
25、;output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually. The water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years. The polluted river length increased every year.
26、160;According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only
27、23 %. 1 Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic development and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties disch
28、arging wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba
29、water power station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station. The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown
30、60;with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station. Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic develo
31、pment , but also endangers the existence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable.
32、160; 3 State of membrane industry China has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane b
33、egan in 19582 . RO membrane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric
34、0;coat system in 1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane , gas
35、;membrane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane. Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly. According to
36、160;the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over 1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output of solo m
37、embranewas 45 million , within which the imported value was 27 million. The industrial output relevant to membrane was estimated 0. 17 billion and it will be 0.
38、;3 billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 % annually. In 1997 ,
39、0;the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about 10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to 14 billion in
40、 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was 1. 1 billion in 1997 and will reach 1. 6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of 8. 0 %.
41、 In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was 0. 97 billion in Europe. It is reckoned to be 1. 65 billion in 2004 with the a
42、nnual growth rate of 7. 9 %. According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as shown in Fig. 1. T
43、ab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over 1. 2 million Fig. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and China Th
44、ere are tens of research institutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research bases on membrane. One
45、160;is the aqueous membrane research institute The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane research
46、0;base National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology ,Dalian , China. 4 Application of membrane in water treatment The application of membrane in water tr
47、eatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process. As an advanced separation technology , it is endowed with many advantages : high selectivity
48、;, applicability under ambient temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation ,low pollution and etc. 4. 1 Desalination of s
49、eawater and black water RO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water. The energy consumption is less than 5 kW·h/ t for s
50、eawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for black water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water is
51、;1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that RO is the best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial water in the draught areas. It can be veri
52、fied by the fact that most of the largest desalination plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab. 23 . 4. 2 Purification of drinking
53、water Membrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can remove the suspended substance , bacteria , toxic metallic components and organic
54、60;components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9 % supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drink
55、ing water. To supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the quality of drinking water. Supplying water separately is to treat the
56、 1 % supplied water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use R
57、O membrane. Tab. 2 The largest five desalination plant s in the world The world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/ d. 4.
58、;3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewage City sewage is an important potential water resource. Recycled water for different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewag
59、e with membrane. It is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource. There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing , and another 4 are
60、under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water&
61、#160;will flow out from these wastewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be reused for industrial purpose , green area and other fields.&
62、#160;In this way , the municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water resource can be fully utilized. If the membrane technology is applied in the deep
63、 treatment of the city sewage ,more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing. At the same time , more than
64、one million tons of the water resource can be saved. So it would retrench 0. 36 billion tons of water per year. This method can reduce the water pollution
65、, as well preserve the water resource. 4. 4 Treatment of industrial wastewater Industrial wastewater has many types in large quantity and it is very harmful.
66、If the wastewater can be treated , it would not only preserve the resource ,but also protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterious substances s
67、uch as oil ,metallic ions , phenol and etc. The membrane technology bears splendid significance in the industrial wastewater treatment . In early 1970s , RO membrane
68、;began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled Charged UF membrane turned the electro coating system in automatic company into clean producing line. The wastewater
69、160;treatment with membrane recycled the wastewaterin dyeing process UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil wastewater. 5 Future of membrane applica
70、tion in water treatment The essence of membrane technology is a highly effective material. The material should provide high flux , high selectivity and so on.
71、0;In the wastewater treatment , we often encounter hazardous condition. Under such kind of circumstances , organic membrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement . Consequently
72、0;, more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these years with a rate of 30 %. Currently China can prod
73、uce tube ceramic membrane on industrial scale. With the decrease of water resource and the increase of water pollution , it is definitely that the membrane technology
74、0;, the separation technology of the lowest energy cost , will realize a brilliant future. RO , NF ,UF , MF , ion - exchange , dialysis etc which are
75、mainly used in water treatment will be the center of membrane technology. China is a country with a large population of nearly 1. 3 billion people , which cover
76、s one fifth of the world population , but the water resource is only 1/ 20 of world. Therefore the water resource per capita is only 1/ 4 of that of
77、160;the world. Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem. The advantage of membrane in water treatment is more and more obvious while it is application i
78、s wider and wider. The membrane industry of China marches rapidly at arate of 30 % annually. However , the difference from the developed count ry is still big.&
79、#160;The membrane output per capita is merely 1/ 32 of that of USA and 1/ 12 of that of the world. The membrane market in China is huge with a bright&
80、#160;outlook. To enhance the application of membrane in water treatment , we should : Ó Promote the application of membrane technology. Ó Develop new - fashion
81、membrane. 膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理 任建新1 張保成2 (1. 中國藍(lán)星化學(xué)清洗總公司, 中國北京朝陽區(qū)北土城西路號, 2. 意大利都靈理工大學(xué)化工系, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , 意大利) 摘 要: 這篇文章簡單介紹了目前中國水資源和膜工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀。目前
82、,世界水污染日益嚴(yán)重,水資源日益短缺。中國有660 個城市,360 個城市缺水,110個城市嚴(yán)重缺水,40個城市極度缺水。有些專家預(yù)測,水資源將會成為許多地區(qū)沖突和國際戰(zhàn)爭的根源。中國的水污染十分嚴(yán)重,有46.5%的河流受到了污染,77%的污水未經(jīng)處理被直接排放。膜技術(shù)在水處理方面有著獨特的優(yōu)勢。膜技術(shù)是一種可以用來提高人們飲用水質(zhì)量、處理污水節(jié)約水資源的清潔技術(shù)。中國也有眾多的膜研究人員和膜公司。這篇文章介紹了中國膜技術(shù)的研究和膜制造的一些數(shù)據(jù)。 關(guān)鍵字: 膜技術(shù)/水處理/環(huán)境保護(hù) 1 簡介 水是對
83、人類最為重要的資源,水資源的各種問題也比以往嚴(yán)重的多。 中國是經(jīng)濟飛速發(fā)展的發(fā)展中國家。但是隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展生態(tài)環(huán)境問題也日益嚴(yán)峻,例如資源短缺、生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染等等,這一切對我們的生存水平的提高和經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展都有極大的束縛?,F(xiàn)在政府致力的西部大開發(fā),經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)同為重中之重。 膜分離技術(shù)是一項新型技術(shù),在被開發(fā)至今的幾十年中發(fā)展非???。1952年,Reid第一次介紹了用反滲透技術(shù)淡化海水想的設(shè)想。1960年,Loeb和Sourirajin生產(chǎn)了第一個有實際應(yīng)用可能的反滲透膜,這標(biāo)志著膜科學(xué)與技術(shù)的誕生。中國對膜技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展有40年的歷史。其中反滲透、納濾、超濾
84、、微濾、電滲析、滲透汽化膜、液態(tài)膜、膜反應(yīng)器等都有一定發(fā)展,并且在能源、電子、石油、石化、制藥、重工業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、食品、釀酒業(yè)以及人們的日常生活、環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域都投入了使用。特別是在水處理方面,膜技術(shù)的應(yīng)用面越來越廣,發(fā)揮的作用越來越重要。 2 中國水資源和水污染的現(xiàn)狀 在眾多的環(huán)境問題中,水的問題是最為嚴(yán)峻的。全球三分之一的人們都面臨著水資源短缺或者廢水處理的問題,而這個數(shù)字在未來30年內(nèi)將會翻倍。有專家預(yù)測,水將代替石油成為區(qū)域沖突乃至全球沖突的主要原因。 中國有660個城市,其中360多個城市缺水,110個處于緊缺狀態(tài),更有40個城市位列極度缺水的城市名單之中。據(jù)估算,中國每年的缺水量為400.00億噸,到2030年,這個數(shù)字將會上升到600.00億噸,而由于水資源的短缺,產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值每年將會減少2400億元人民幣。 在過去數(shù)年中,中國水資源的水質(zhì)不斷惡化,被污染的河長逐年提高。據(jù)1999年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),在監(jiān)測的100萬公里的河流中,46.5受到污染,但廢水處
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