主謂一致與定語從句

1、主謂一致和定語從句的考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練主謂一致：【考點(diǎn)直擊】1. 語法一致的原則2. 意義一致的原則3. 鄰近一致的原則【名師點(diǎn)睛】謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致。主謂一致一般遵循三條原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1. 語法一致的原則(1) 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如： He goes to school early every morning. The childre n are play ing outside.To work hard is n ecessary for a

2、stude nt.(2) 由and或bothand連接的并列成分作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Both he and I are right. Mr. Black and Mrs. Black have a son called Tom.但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.The poet and writer has come.(3) 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： In our country eve

3、ry boy and every girl has the right to receive educati on.(4) 主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有but ,except, besides, with等介詞短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。例如： The teacher with his stude nts is going to visit the museum.Nobody but two boys was late for class.(5) 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：A lot of people

4、 are dancing outside. The police are look ing for lost boy.(6) 由each, some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)。例如：Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.(7) 有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞，女口 glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Where are my shoes? I can t find theiYour trousers are d

5、irty. You d better change them.如果這類名詞前用了a pair of等，則往往用作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Here are some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks is on the bed.2. 意義一致的原則(1) 表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Twenty years is not a long time.Ten dollars is too dear.(2) 有些集合名詞，如 family, team等作主語時(shí)，如作為一個(gè)整體

6、看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)； 如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：My family is big one.My family are watch ing TV.(3) 不定代詞由all, most, more, some, any, none作主語時(shí)，也要依這些代詞表示的意義來決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果代詞代表復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果代詞代表單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：All of the work has bee n fini shed.All of the people have gone.(4) 疑問代詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞也有兩種情況：主語表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語

7、動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；主語表示單數(shù)意義，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Who is your brother?Who are League members?(5) 分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要以of后面的名詞而定。 名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：名詞是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are wome n.Three -ourths of the surface of the earth is sea.(6) half, the rest等表示不定數(shù)量的名詞作主語時(shí)，如果所指為復(fù)數(shù)意義，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果

8、所指為單數(shù)意義，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.(7) 由what引導(dǎo)地主于從句作主語時(shí)，通常謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。但如果所指內(nèi)容為復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：What she said is correct.What she left me are a few old books.(8) 凡是以 定冠詞+形容詞(或分詞)”作主語，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的 單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語指的是一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一個(gè)人或抽象概念， 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

9、例如：The sick have bee n cured and the lost have bee n found.3. 鄰近一致的原則(1) 由連詞 or, either or, neither moot only but also等連接的并列主語，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。例如：Either you or I am right.Neither the childre n nor the teacher knows anything about it.(2) 在“There be句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語一致。There are two

10、apples and one egg in it.(3) as well as和名詞連用時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和第一個(gè)名詞相一致。He as well as I is respo nsible for it.不但是我，他對(duì)這件事也有責(zé)任。(4) 以here開頭的句子，其謂語動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語一致。Here is a letter and some books for you.【實(shí)例解析】1. How time flies! Ten yearspassed.A. have B. has C. is D. aret bee n ba2. Not only his parents but also his br

11、otherto the Summer Palace. They havenA. have bee n B. have gone C. has bee n D. has gone3. Neither my fathergoing to see the patie nt.A. nor I amB. nor I are C. or me areD. or me is4. Look! Thereplay ing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.A. are a nu mber of deer B. are a nu mber of deersC. is a nu m

12、ber of deerD. is a nu mber of deers【中考演練】一. 選擇填空1. They said the eightee nth and last less onquite easy.A. isB. was C. are D. were2. -When are you going to Kunming for your holidays?-1 have n t decided.this Sun daynext Sun day is OK.A. Both; andB. Either; or C. Neither; norD. Not o nly; but also3. H

13、ele nJoa n speaks beautiful Chin ese after they came to China.A. Neither; nor B. Not only; but also C. Both; and D. A and B4. of them has his own opinion.A. Both B. Some C. EveryD. Each5. Are there anyon the farm?A. horse B. duck C. chicke n D. sheep6. My shirtwhite and my trousersblue.A. are; are B

14、. are; isC. is; isD. is; are7. Two mon thsquite a long time.Yes. I m afraid that he will miss a lot of lessons.A. isB. are C. was D. were8. The old man has two childre n butof them lives with him.A. bothB. noneC. neitherD. all9. Our kno wledge of computergrow ing all the time.A. beB. isC. areD. were

15、10. Every one except Tom and Joh nthere whe n the meet ing bega n.A. isB. wasC. areD. were11. Most of the housesthis year.A. has built B. have built C. has bee n built D. have bee n built12. I think mathsvery difficult to lear n.A. isB. are C. hasD. have13. A large nu mber of stude ntsto work in Xin

16、jia ng.A. have gone B. has gone C. goes D. is going14. The nu mber of the stude nts in the classsmall.A. areB. is C. have D. were15. Therea lot of good news in today s newspaper.A. isB. are C. wasD. were二. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. (be) everyth ing OK?2. Nobody(know) the an swer to the questi on.3. Ten divided

17、 by two(be) five.4. Most of the drinking water(be) from the Black River.5. Not only she but also I(do) morning exercises every day.6. Either you or she(have) made a wrong decisi on.7. The family(be) spe nding the weeke nd together.8. Bread and butter(be) her daily breakfast.9. The police(be) trying

18、to catch the thief.10. The nu mber of people in vited _ fifty, but a nu mber of themabse nt for differe nt reas ons.三. 翻譯下列句子1. 我們兩個(gè)人都沒有看這部電影。2. 我的茶杯里沒有水了。3. 不是他就是我要到哪兒去。4. 學(xué)生們和老師都不知道這件事。5. 我們家正在一起度周末。定語從句:【考點(diǎn)掃描】中考對(duì)定語從句的考查主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：1定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)2、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用3、各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法考查的主要形式是單項(xiàng)填空、完型填空、短文填空和

19、完成句子。閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)肯定也 要用到定語從句?！久麕熅v】一. 定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。 定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the prese nt that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?二. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定于從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者 聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成

20、分。關(guān)系待客做主語，賓語，定語，關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。1作主語：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如：I don t like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Provi nee sell very well.2. 作賓語： She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定語關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。例如：What s the name of the youn

21、g man whose sister is a doctor?4. 作狀語I ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.三. 各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法1. who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。例如： The person who broke the window must pay for it.2. whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate ？Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3

22、. whose指人，在定語從句中作定語。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is stay ing at home today.4. which指物，在定語從中作主語或賓語。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.5. that多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如：I ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.6. whe n指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作狀語。例如：I ll never forget t

23、he time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作狀語。例如： This is the house where we lived last year.四. 關(guān)系代詞 whom， which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room .五. 具體使用時(shí)還要注意下列問題：1.

24、 只能使用that，不用which的情況：(1) 先行詞是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代詞時(shí)。例如：All that he said is true.(2) 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時(shí)。例如：He is the only foreig ner that has bee n to that place.(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如：He was the sec ond (pers on) that told me the secret.(4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最

25、高級(jí)修飾的詞。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2. 只能用which，不用that的情況：(1) 在非限制性定語從中。例如：The meeti ng was put off, which was exactly what we wan ted.(2) 定語從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，先行詞是物時(shí)。例如：The thing about which he is talk ing i

26、s of great importa nee.【中考范例】1. -Does the teacher know everybodypla nted the trees? -Yes, he does.A. whichB. whoseC. whereD. who2. The letterI received from him yesterday is very importa nt.A. whoB. where C. what D. that3. -Where is the scie ntistgave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qin g

27、hua Uni versity.A. whomB. who C. whose D. which4. I hate peopletalk much but do little.A. whoseB. whomC. which D. who【滿分演練】一. 單項(xiàng)填空1. -Who is the manwas talki ng to our En glish teacher?-Oh! It s Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.A. heB. that C. whomD. which2. I hate the peopledon t help others when they

28、are in trouble.A. whoB. whichC. theyD. where3. The foreig nervisited our school is from Can ada.A. whichB. whe nC. whoD. whom4. George Mallory was an En glish school teacherloved climb ing.A. whoB. whomC. heD. which5. This is the place I have ever visited.D. whicht come to the meet ing.D. whe nD. wh

29、yA. there B. whe nC. where6. Nobody knows the reas onshe did nA. thatB. whichC. why7. The moon is a worldthere is no life.A. thatB. whichC. where8. He has forgotte n the dayhe arrived.A. whe nB. where C. thatD. which9. He still remembers the dayshe spe nt with your family.A. whe nB. where C. thatD.

30、on which10. Mr. White,car had bee n stole n, came to the policema n.A. whoB. thatC. whoseD. which11. He got to the villagehis family once lived before liberati on.A. thatB. whichC. whe nD. where12. This is the houseI want to buy.A. in whichB. thatC. whoseD. where13. This is the houseour beloved Prem

31、ier Zhou once lived and worked.A. whichB. thatC. whe nD. where14. He didn t tell me the placehe was born.A. thatB. whichC. whe nD. where15. He lived in a small village,was a long way from the railway stati on.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. whe n二. 用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞將下列每對(duì)句子連成一個(gè)復(fù)合句1. The boy is my youn ger brother

32、.He was here a mi nute ago.2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square.The foreign visitors live there.4. The woma n is here now.You were talki ng about her.5. This is the hall. We liste ned to the report in it the other day.6. The car

33、 was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us. The man was my un cle.三. 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空1. The housewe live in is very big.2. The boyis weari ng the black jacket is very clever.3. This is the prese nthe gave me for my birthday.4. The mantalked to you just now is an engin

34、eer.5. He talked about the teachers and schoolshe had visited.6. There is nothing in the worldcan frighte n him.7. She wears a gold ring,is very un com mon in our class.8. We visited a factorymakes toys for childre n.9. Is this the placeyour father once lived?10. I ll never forget the daysI joinehle

35、 League.完型填空：As my train was delayed for two hours, I had pienty of time to spare. After buying some magazines to read on the journey, I gave my wife a Iong-distanee call. Then I 1 my way to the luggage (行李)office to collect my heavy suitease. I had 2 it there three days before. There were quite a f

36、ew people waiting, and I took out my3 to find the receipt ( 數(shù)據(jù) )for my case.The receipt seemed not where I had placed it. No matter how 4 I searched, the receipt was no where to be found. When my turn came, I expla ined the situati on sorrowfully (悲傷地) to the 5. The man looked me 6 as if to say that he had heard this kind of story many times. Heasked 7 my case was like. I told him it was an old brow n-look ing object no differe nt_8the many cases I could see in his office. The assista nt the n told m