畢業(yè)論文外文參考資料及譯文 (1)

1、金陵科技學院學士學位論文 外文參考資料及譯文畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文宋體1號字體加粗居中譯文題目： 鄉(xiāng)村旅游定義及影響因素小四號宋體 學生姓名： 馬倩倩 學 號： 0802110401 專 業(yè)： 旅游管理宋體小四號，準確的專業(yè)名稱，民辦不用加“M” 所在學院： 人文學院（民辦為“龍蟠學院”） 指導(dǎo)教師： XXX 職 稱三號宋體，加粗： XXX 201X年XX月XX日日期設(shè)定為該專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作計劃中學生提交譯文截止時間的前兩天，黑體三號字體居中10原文：The definition and influence factors of rural tour

2、ism標題小二居中，Times New Roman，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cmThis article introduces the definition and connotation of rural tourism, the role that rural tourism played in the process of economic development and the factors which influence rural tourism.Generally, rural tourism' is tourism that takes

3、place in the countryside. It is defined as "a demand for touristic use of a rural area" (Gartner, 2004, p. 153). Oppermann (1996) defines rural tourism' as tourism occurring in a "non-urban territory where human activity is occurring, primarily agriculture; a permanent human prese

4、nce seems a qualifying requirement" (p. 88). For example, bed and breakfasts vacations, recreation trail networks, and harvest festivals, are all sources of rural tourism' that can be found in s小四號Times New Roman字體，首行空兩字符，采取兩端對齊方式， 1.5倍行距，備注：如果有一級標題，三號左對齊，Times New Romanmall towns. Opperman

5、n (1996) emphasizes that the type of accommodations used by rural tourists is one key aspect in differentiating rural tourism from other types of tourism.Lane (1994) suggests that rural tourism' exists as a concept, and reflects the differing and complex pattern of rural environment, economy, hi

6、story and location. Rural tourism' is directly related to the particular characteristics of rural areas, and it is assumed that the principal motivation for visiting the countryside is to experience its rurality. This motivation justifies the definition of rural tourism' as an identifiable t

7、ype of tourism, with rural tourism being an end onto itself一to experience the countryside.Considering the demand and supply of rural tourism, it can be defined more specifically. Demand-side rural tourism is based on the nature of the visitor and is defined as "a visit by a person to any place

8、other than his or her usual work or home environment and that is outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (Greffe, 1994, p. 23). On the other hand, supply-side rural tourism is more focused on a visitors' place of stay. Rural tourism is also associated with a particular form of acc

9、ommodation that offers tourist opportunities to participate in farm-related activities, such as vegetable gardening or caring for animals.Lobo (2001)defines rural tourism' as "recreational experience involving visits to rural settings or rural environments for the purpose of participating i

10、n or experiencing activities, events or attractions not readily available in urbanized areas. These may not necessarily be agricultural in nature." Rural tourist activities might include a country-side tour; purchasing honey from a local farm; or visits orchards, cheese factories greenhouses, p

11、umpkin patches, road-side fruit and vegetable stands, nurseries, etc. Rural tourism can also include activities such as: participating in fall color tours; fishing I local streams, rivers, or lakes; visiting a maple sugaring house in the spring; taking photographs of beautiful scenery; painting the

12、landscape; hiking a trail; or visiting abandoned rail lines, conservation area, or local, state, or national park. Persons who participate in these and similar activities are participating in various forms of rural tourism (Buck, 2004).The concept of rural tourism has evolved substantially in recent

13、 years. One aspect of this change is reflected in the vocabulary used to describe various types of rural tourism activities. For example, some studies refer to outdoor-based tourism as ecotourism,' while other publications use the term nature-based tourism' or green tourism' (Stancliffe,

14、 1992). Although these two terms are not technically synonymous; the term ecotourism' suggests activities that promote conservation of nature, while nature-based tourism' is evocative of a broader spectrum of outdoor-based recreation including hunting, fishing, camping, and the use of recrea

15、tional vehicles. These new terms reflect new perspectives in the tourism industry.The definition of rural tourism varies between countries reflecting the specific types and characteristics of rural tourism within each country. For example, in Israel country vacations' center on bed and breakfast

16、s, while tourists participate in agri- tourism' in Italy, farm tourism' in Korea, and green tourism' in Japan (Fleischer& Pizam, 1997; Park, Ryu,&Lee, 2001;Arahi, 1998). Rural tourism is a multi-faceted activity: it is not just farm-based tourism (Alexander, Kumar,&Day, 1998)

17、. It includes farm-based holidays but also comprises special interest nature holidays and eco-tourism walking, climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, arts and heritage tourism, and in some areas ethnic tourism. Nature-based tourism

18、/ecotourism (sometimes called recreation-based tourism) refers to the process of visiting natural (usually rural) areas for the purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature

19、, or active (increasingly popular in recent years), where participants take part in outdoor recreation or adventure travel activities (Stancliffe, 1992).Heritage tourism is also often included within the scope of rural tourism, and refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experie

20、ncing of places and activities that represent the past. The principal concerns of heritage tourism are historical authenticity and the long-term sustainability of attractions (Gartner, 2004).The Foundation of Rural Tourism Development and Related StrategiesThen it comes into roots of rural tourism a

21、re very similar throughout the world, no matter when practice (Fleischer&Pizam, 1997). In the early days, rural tourism was developed and encouraged primarily for the purpose of revitalization and diversification of rural areas. A decline in the ability of farming and related agricultural suppor

22、t businesses limited the ability of farmers and rural residents to generate sufficient income causing many farmers to seek new sources of income and to diversify their farms. Also, a systematic and substantial decrease in the rural populations, the aging of these populations, now characterizes many

23、rural areas (Fleischer&Pizam, 1997; Ribeiro&Marques, 2002).Tourism has long been suggested as a strategy of revitalizing rural economies.According to some authors, rural tourism can add income to farms and other households, provides job alternatives, diversifies the rural economy, and makes

24、the provision of certain infrastructure possible (Oppermann, 1996). Therefore, many rural communities turned to tourism to stimulate new economic development (Blame, Mohammad,&Var,1993).Governments have been primarily responsible and have taken an active role in the development of rural tourism

25、in many countries. For example, government policy in the US has focused on rural tourism as an economic development tool in the overall strategic planning for rural revitalization. As a result, numerous rural communities, agencies, and organizations throughout the United States have actively encoura

26、ged and promoted rural tourism (Blame et al., 1993). There are numerous success stories that appear to demonstrate positive results from tourism development efforts in rural communities in the United States (Kieselbach&Long, 1990; Borich&Fleming, 1993; Bowling, 1992; Edgell&Cartwright, 1

27、990; Long&Nuckolls, 1992). Gunn (1988) identified three components needed for successful tourism development including a gateway where basic services are found, attractions that exert the pull or reason for visitation, and transportation linkage that connects service centers to attractions and g

28、ateways to market. Many, but not all rural communities in the USA have all three of the components mentioned above (Gartner, 2004).Rural tourism has been used as a means of addressing rural problems in Japan. After World War II, Japanese rural communities experienced population loss, the aging of th

29、eir populations, and stagnant income growth. Rural tourism was developed as a strategy for revitalization (Arahi, 1998). Similarly, rural tourism has become an essential part of agricultural development in Taiwan (Hong, 1998). Rural tourism has also been used as a rural revitalization strategy, as w

30、ell as a major source of national income in Indonesia and Thailand, where resources are abundant (Iwantoro, 1998; Rattanasuwongchai,1998).Rural tourism is not new; however, interest in rural tourism has increased rapidly during the past several years. The recent surge in rural tourism has come from

31、the demand-side, due in part to increased disposable incomes, improved lifestyles, increased health awareness, a mature travel market, changing tastes and preferences, and increases in automobile and weekend travel (Hill, 1993; Alexander&McKenna, 1998).Urbanization and nostalgia for rural charac

32、ter has also played a role in the development of rural tourism (Collin&Baum, 1995). Some contents that the more entrenched urbanities become, the more likely they are to reach out and visit rural settings (Hill, 1993). People living in urban areas have become more interested in experiencing rura

33、l amenities, such as high quality of life; tranquility; closeness to nature; natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes; and man-made resources, such as parks, recreation facilities, and historic and cultural sites (Kieselbach&Long, 1990; Fleischer&Pizam, 1997). In addition to ec

34、onomic benefits for rural communities, rural tourism also offers lots of benefits to urban people.Lane (1994) offers some tourism market trends that will accelerate the growth of rural tourism in the future. He points to a growing interest in rural life, including heritage and tradition, an increasi

35、ng health consciousness giving a positive appeal to rural lifestyles and values, market interest in high performance outdoor equipment, search for solitude and relaxation in a quiet natural place, and an aging but active population retiring earlier but living and traveling far into old age. As incre

36、asing attention has been paid to rural tourism as a specific form of tourism development, so too has the scope of research into tourism in rural areas become more diverse.Tourism as a Strategy for Rural DevelopmentChina, as well as the china government, have recognized the need to revitalize rural a

37、reas, including energizing the rural economy and upgrading the living conditions and quality of life in rural communities. Tourism development has been suggested as the best strategy for rural revitalization; this has apparently worked successfully in many countries (Ribeiro&Marques, 2002; Wilke

38、rson, 1996), and tourism has many potential benefits for rural areas, including different elements of economic development (Frederick, 1992; Lewis, 1998). Some contend that rural tourism is less costly and easier to establish than otherrural economic development strategies, such as manufacturing (Wi

39、lson et al., 2001). Others believe that it can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training,and capital (Shaw&Williams, 2002). Because jobs in the tourism industry often do not require advanced training, local residents with few skills can readily work as food server retail cl

40、erks, and hospitality workers. Rural tourism also works well with existing rural enterprises, such as farms, and can be developed locally with participation from local governments and small businesses. Its development is not necessarily dependent upon outside firms or companies. Rural tourism adds i

41、ncome to farms and other households, provides job alternatives, diversifies the rural economy, and makes possible the provision of certain infrastructure. Rural tourism not only offers business opportunities to local residents, but can also serve as a vehicle for marketing a locale to potential resi

42、dents and firms. Tourists may return later to retire or start a business in rural areas.In addition to economic benefits, rural tourism can enhance the quality of life in rural communities and can support local culture in rural areas by encouraging restoration of local and regional historic and cult

43、ural sites. Additionally, rural tourism can bring a transfer of ideas from urban to rural areas, provides urban people with rural living experiences, and fosters conservation efforts.Rural tourism and recreation are among the fastest growing sectors within the tourism industry. Besides the obvious n

44、eed for revitalization of rural communities, many external factors have induced the recent surge in rural tourism and recreation, including the increasing rates of automobile and weekend travel, larger disposable incomes, a mature travel market, changing tastes and preferences, and increased leisure

45、 time resulting from the introduction of a five-day work week system (Alexander&McKenna,1998),In many developing countries, rural tourism has become an important element of agricultural diversification. In Taiwan, rural tourism has a positive impact on farmers' incomes and the standard of li

46、ving in rural areas (Hong, 1998). Thailand has also promoted tourism as a major source of national income. Under the Seventh (1992-1996) and Eighth (1997-2001) Development Plans of Thailand, tourism is seen as an essential component to reach an important objective; that is, "to develop the free

47、, stable and balanced growth of the national economy, to promote opportunities, to develop human potential in the development process, and to reap fair returns from such development" (Rattanasuwongchai, 1998). In Indonesia, rural tourism plays an important role in the growth of both agriculture

48、 and tourism simultaneously. This involves a valuable synergy for both sectors, which emphasize a goal of value-added improvement (Iwantoro, 1998).中文譯文：鄉(xiāng)村旅游定義及影響因素標題小二號黑體居中，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm本文重點介紹了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的定義及內(nèi)涵，鄉(xiāng)村旅游在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中所起到的作用以及能夠影響鄉(xiāng)村旅游的因素。大體說來，“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”就是在農(nóng)村發(fā)展的旅游業(yè)。它被定義為“鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的旅游開發(fā)需求”。 (Gart

49、ner, 2004, p. 153) Oppermann (1996)將“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”定義為發(fā)生在以農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)為主的非城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的旅游活動。有人類的長期居住成為“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”的判定條件。(p. 88)例如，提供住宿和早餐的度假，越野康樂游和采摘節(jié)都是小鎮(zhèn)中常見的“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”元素。Oppermann (1996)強調(diào)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游重點住宿形式是鄉(xiāng)村旅游區(qū)別于其他旅游形式的關(guān)鍵因素。Lane (1994)指出“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”這個概念反映出不同地區(qū)的環(huán)境，經(jīng)濟，歷史和地理的復(fù)雜形態(tài)?！班l(xiāng)村旅游”與鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的特色息息相關(guān)，而且可以認定“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”的最大動因就是要去體驗鄉(xiāng)村。這個動因使“鄉(xiāng)村旅游”的定義得以合理化，鄉(xiāng)村

50、旅游的目標就是鄉(xiāng)村本身即體驗鄉(xiāng)村。中文小四宋體，1.5倍行距，備注：一級標題三號黑體居中（可有可無）從鄉(xiāng)村旅游的供求關(guān)系可以更加具體的對其定義。從需求一方看，基于游客的性質(zhì)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游被定義為人們參觀遠離其平常工作和居住的環(huán)境的大都會以外的地區(qū)。(Greffe, 1994, p. 23)從供給一方來看鄉(xiāng)村旅游則更加關(guān)注于游客停留的地方。鄉(xiāng)村旅游和具有特色的住宿形式密不可分。它使游客有機會體驗農(nóng)業(yè)活動，如蔬菜種植和飼養(yǎng)家畜。Lobo (2001)將鄉(xiāng)村旅游定義為參觀鄉(xiāng)村機構(gòu)和鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境的娛樂活動，并以此來參與或是體驗城市中見不到的活動，項目和喜聞樂見的事物。而這些并不一定非要是農(nóng)業(yè)的性質(zhì)。鄉(xiāng)村旅游活

51、動可以包括郊外旅行，在當?shù)剞r(nóng)場購買蜂蜜，或是參觀果園，乳酪加工廠，溫室，南瓜地，路邊水果蔬菜攤，苗圃等等。鄉(xiāng)村旅游業(yè)活動還可以包括秋色之旅，在地方河流和湖泊中垂釣，春天參觀楓糖房，風景攝影和繪畫，荒野小路遠足，又或是參觀廢舊鐵路，保留地，地方公園或是州級和國家公園。人們在參與上面這些或是類似的活動時，其實就是進行了鄉(xiāng)村旅游。(Buck, 2004)近年來，鄉(xiāng)村旅游的概念發(fā)生了巨大的演變。這種變化一方面通過用來描述各種形態(tài)的鄉(xiāng)村旅游活動的詞匯反映出來。例如，有些研究將戶外旅游稱作“生態(tài)旅游”，而一些公眾則會使用“自然旅游”或是“綠色旅游”這樣的詞匯。(Stancliffe, 1992)盡管理論這

52、兩種說法并不同義：“生態(tài)旅游”推崇保護自然的活動，而“自然旅游”則包含了更廣泛的戶外娛樂活動，包括狩獵，垂釣，野營和旅游交通工具的使用。這些詞匯反映出了旅游活動出現(xiàn)的新的特征。每個國家關(guān)于鄉(xiāng)村旅游的定義各不相同，這也反映出各個國家鄉(xiāng)村旅游的不同類型和特色。例如，以色列國家度假中心將其定義為提供住宿和早餐的旅游，在意大利則是游客參與的農(nóng)業(yè)旅游，韓國是農(nóng)場旅游，日本是綠色旅游。(Fleischer& Pizam, 1997; Park, Ryu,&Lee, 2001;Arahi, 1998)鄉(xiāng)村旅游是一個全方位的活動，而不僅僅是基于農(nóng)場的旅游。(Alexander, Kumar,&

53、amp;Day, 1998)它不僅包括農(nóng)場度假，還包括特別興趣的資源度假，生態(tài)旅游步行，爬山和騎馬度假，冒險，體育和保健旅游，狩獵和垂釣，教育旅游，藝術(shù)及遺產(chǎn)旅游，和一些地區(qū)民俗旅游。自然旅游/生態(tài)旅游（有時也稱作休閑旅游），是指前往自然（通常是鄉(xiāng)村）地區(qū)欣賞風景和天然野生動植物的活動。自然旅游可以是被動的，游客只是觀賞自然；它也可以是主動的，（今年也更流行）游客可以參與戶外休閑和探險旅行活動。(Stancliffe, 1992)一般說來，遺產(chǎn)旅游也屬于鄉(xiāng)村旅游的范疇，它是指以體驗?zāi)芊从尺^去的地區(qū)和活動為主要目的的休閑旅行。遺產(chǎn)旅游主要關(guān)注歷史的真實性和旅游景點吸引力的長期可持續(xù)性。鄉(xiāng)村旅游開

54、發(fā)和相關(guān)戰(zhàn)略的基礎(chǔ)無論何時，鄉(xiāng)村旅游的基礎(chǔ)在世界范圍都是相似的。(Fleischer&Pizam, 1997)早起鄉(xiāng)村旅游的開發(fā)和鼓勵是以鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的復(fù)蘇和多元化為目的的。農(nóng)業(yè)和相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的下滑限制了農(nóng)民和鄉(xiāng)村居民的收入，并促使他們尋求新的收入源和多元化利用農(nóng)場。同時，鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的人口規(guī)模的巨幅縮小和人口結(jié)構(gòu)的老齡化已經(jīng)成為很多鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的現(xiàn)狀。(Fleischer&Pizam, 1997; Ribeiro&Marques, 2002)長久以來，旅游業(yè)一直被認為是復(fù)蘇鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的重要戰(zhàn)略。有作者指出，鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以增加農(nóng)場和家庭其他收入，提供就業(yè)機會，促進經(jīng)濟多元化和一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)

55、施的配置。(Oppermann, 1996)因此，很多鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)向旅游業(yè)來刺激經(jīng)濟的新一輪發(fā)展。(Blame, Mohammad,&Var,1993)在很多國家，政府在鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展中負首要責任并起到積極作用。例如，美國的政府政策就將鄉(xiāng)村旅游定為在復(fù)蘇鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟的全面規(guī)劃中一個重要的促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的工具。全美大批的鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)，機構(gòu)和組織因此積極的促進了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展。(Blame et al., 1993)無數(shù)成功的案例證明了美國在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)大力發(fā)展旅游積極成果。(Kieselbach&Long, 1990; Borich&Fleming, 1993; Bowling, 1992; Edgell&Cartwright, 1990; Long&Nuckolls, 1992) Gunn (1988)提出成功發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村旅游需要三個因素，包括提供基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的門戶，吸引游客的景點和作為聯(lián)系市場和景點和門戶紐帶的交通。但是，在美國并不是所有的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)都同時具備這三個元素。(Gartner, 2004)在日本，鄉(xiāng)村旅游是解決鄉(xiāng)村問題的一個手段。二戰(zhàn)后，日本的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了人口流失，人口老齡化和收入增長的停滯。鄉(xiāng)村旅游成為復(fù)蘇鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟的戰(zhàn)略。(Arahi, 1998)與之相似，鄉(xiāng)村旅游也成為臺灣農(nóng)