閱讀理解解題策略指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用

1、廣東省高考英語閱讀專題命題概述一、測試要點(diǎn)1理解主旨大意；     2尋讀具體信息；    3理解細(xì)節(jié)； 4根據(jù)上下文提供的語境，推測生詞詞義，進(jìn)而加深對文段的理解；5簡單的判斷和理解；6理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)；7理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；     8理解文段的文化信息；9理解圖表信息；     10理解指代關(guān)系。二、能力要求1.學(xué)會使用2000個(gè)左右的單詞、400-500個(gè)合成詞與派生詞和400-500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配；2.

2、除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)累積達(dá)到30萬詞以上，換言之，300詞左右的文段1000篇；3.能通過分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)理解難句和長句(能理解語言結(jié)構(gòu)有一定難度或有一定新語言現(xiàn)象的文段)；4.能根據(jù)閱讀目的和文段的不同,調(diào)整閱讀速度和閱讀方法，閱讀速度每分鐘70-80詞。三、答題技能1略讀；2找讀； 3預(yù)測下文；4理解大意； 5分清文章中的事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)；6猜測詞義7推理判斷；8. 了解重點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)； 9. 理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)； 10.理解圖表信息；11.理解指代關(guān)系；  12.理解邏輯關(guān)系； 13.理解作者意圖；14.評價(jià)閱讀內(nèi)容。五、解題步驟1、略讀題干Skimming 是否矛

3、盾? 2、通讀全文Scanning 是否有依據(jù)? 3、研讀攻關(guān)Close-reading 是否弄錯(cuò)信息或邏輯?4、檢查驗(yàn)證Check-up 閱讀理解解題策略指導(dǎo)六大策略 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題 猜測詞義題 意圖態(tài)度題 推理判斷題 主旨大意題 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題閱讀理解攻關(guān)策略與方法 意群閱讀法 長難句分析法 五大邏輯關(guān)注法 綜合歸因推導(dǎo)法 意群閱讀法意群可以由一個(gè)單詞、詞組或短語組成，也可以由一個(gè)從句或一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成。一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)包括先行詞和定語從句、同位詞和同位語從句、被修飾詞和介詞短語、主語結(jié)構(gòu)等。五大邏輯關(guān)注法1.并列關(guān)系2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系3.順序關(guān)系4.因果關(guān)系5.歸納總結(jié)Part A 主旨大意題(一)

4、閱讀理解之準(zhǔn)確找出主題句     閱讀理解的技巧中非常重要的一點(diǎn)是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。     1首句是主題句的規(guī)律     給予例證、解釋或說明的段落；     下定義的段落；     對兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的事物作比較或?qū)Ρ鹊亩温洌?#160;    表明原因和結(jié)果(往往結(jié)果交代在前)的段落。     主題句是

5、首句的段落總是用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個(gè)別或特殊的寫作程序，即以概述開段，隨之輔以細(xì)說。一般新聞報(bào)道、說明文, 議論文、科技文獻(xiàn)等大都采用這種格式。這樣的段落在文章中出現(xiàn)得最多，據(jù)專門研究閱讀理論與技巧的專家們統(tǒng)計(jì)，概率達(dá)到70%。請看下例：     People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. "In fact, singing and talking to plants make

6、s them grow better," says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to su

7、rvive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 2段落尾句是主題句的規(guī)律     (1)闡述一個(gè)不常見的或難以令人接受的觀點(diǎn)的段落。     (2)旨在說服讀者相信甚至信服其論點(diǎn)的段落。   &#

8、160; 尾句是主題句的段落總是用歸納法撰寫的，其程序是先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后作出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點(diǎn)是從個(gè)別到一般，由特殊性到共性。在閱讀這種文章時(shí)，要注意表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。 請看下例：     If you hadn't known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both wal

9、ked with a steady stride (堅(jiān)定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they really were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light colored ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was con

10、siderate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.         3段落中間句是主

11、題句的規(guī)律    這類段落包括幾個(gè)層次：引題主題思想解釋或“提問”回答問題或繼續(xù)給予例證。段落的撰寫總是遵循這條規(guī)律：先歸納后演繹。這種文章通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展。請看下例：     When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and t

12、hen it comes down. When a bullet (子彈) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet

13、it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down.     Part B 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題(二)閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)題的解題思路     主題思想只是文章的框架，作者在構(gòu)思過程中，還必須對要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或信息進(jìn)行具體的陳述，讀者應(yīng)能準(zhǔn)確記住作者在陳述中談到是何人、何處、何事、和何時(shí)何故，這是十分重要的。  細(xì)讀是獲取事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)不可缺少的方法之一，它使讀者能夠接受信息、記憶信息、分析信息，從

14、而較深入地領(lǐng)會一篇文章。     這類題型主要有三種形式：問句式，不完整的陳述句和排除法。     1問句式     A其發(fā)問形式主要有以下幾種：     How did something happen?     Which of the following people should(not) do it?     Which of the follow

15、ing did somebody have to deal with. ?     Where should somebody do something?     B解題技巧     在解這類題時(shí)，可采用“對號入座”的辦法，即帶著問題找句子，先看文章后面的問題(這常常被認(rèn)為是非常有效的方法)，注意記憶關(guān)鍵的詞語，如：人物、時(shí)間、事件等，確定每道題目的發(fā)問中心。也就是說，某個(gè)問題是針對什么提問的。這樣我們就可以帶著問題去閱讀文章，做到有的放矢。   

16、;     Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that (now that, since, because) they do not have fro

17、nt teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齒齦). Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in theirs.     Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen? &#

18、160;   A. The first stomach compartment.      B. The name of the upper jaw.     C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place.     D. The name of the bacteria (細(xì)菌) in the cow's stomach.      

19、60;  2不完整的陳述句式     A常見形式有：     Something can be best classified as        .     A certain kind of person is someone who         .     People

20、 are looking for better ways to         .     According to the author, “it” was caused by        .     B解題技巧：     這類題的答案與原文在字面上的差異很大，有時(shí)還要找出與前句的內(nèi)容在邏輯上的聯(lián)系，第一步，閱讀題目，找出問

21、題的發(fā)問中心。第二步，帶著這些問題來閱讀文章。第三步，根據(jù)前兩步的分析和判斷，選擇出最符合題意的答案。     3排除式     A常見形式有：     Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?     Which of the following is TRUE?     Which of the following is

22、NOT listed in . ?     Which of the following is NOT included in the passage?     B解題技巧：做這類題時(shí)，首先要仔細(xì)閱讀題后的選項(xiàng)，牢記各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所闡述的不同內(nèi)容，然后閱讀原文。     Life on Land Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water fo

23、r perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact, no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the fi

24、rst land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.     The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew c

25、lose to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.     Which of the following is TRUE?     A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.     B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.  

26、60;  C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.     D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.     Part C 推測詞義題(三)閱讀理解之猜詞技巧       (1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷：在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴(prefix)，或在后面加后綴(suffix)，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能

27、是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：     "Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10," Anaclerio said, "and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject."         (2)根據(jù)上下文解釋作出判

28、斷：有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。請看下例：     Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety of choicesdeluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourites.         (3)根據(jù)

29、上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇：文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：     However, the question that "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. &

30、#160;      (4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。請看下例：A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle；it call be a basket of fun。從上下句可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意義，也就是a situat

31、ion causing difficulty or trouble。     (5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：俗話說，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：     Biggest power failure in the city's historyAll of our icecream and frozen foods melted     (6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面就跟著一個(gè)同位語，對前面的詞

32、進(jìn)行解釋，有時(shí)這種解釋也用連詞“or”連接。例如：，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or old English)，a Germanic languagePart D 長難句分析(三)如何抓住長句的核心     1. 找出句子主干何為句子的核心?所謂句子的核心(the core of a sentence)，就是指句子最主要的成分：主語、謂語動詞及其賓語或表語。請看下例： Twenty students had just climbe

33、d their way to the top rung (最高的臺階) out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province.        2找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵    英語與漢語的一個(gè)區(qū)別就是英語中有三種非謂語動

34、詞形式：動詞不定式、分詞與動名詞。請看下面例證中的劃線的句子：    Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as "dustmen", taking some of

35、the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe.    Part E 方法指導(dǎo)一、綜合歸因推導(dǎo)法下列閱讀題干分別考查哪些信息？(2010NMET湖南)64.When Mary received the life-changing news, she _(2010NMET全國) 57.Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace

36、? (2010NMET陜西 )52. Who dived after Duret into the river to save the little girl? (2010NMET湖北) 53.The mother whale failed to help her baby because _(2010NMET江西)58.How did Andy avoid the bees in the end?(2010NMET天津)41. Through playing hide-and-seek, children are expected to learn to _.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題考查的六大信息事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)

37、題干常用who, what, when, where, why 和 how 等提問或要求用此類信息補(bǔ)全句子，考查對應(yīng)的六大信息內(nèi)容，即 _、 _、 _、 _、 _和_。下列閱讀題干分別考查哪些信息？（2009廣東高考閱讀理解A 篇 ）41.What was the most probably cause for Lisas weakness? 42. Why did Jennifer try to stop her boyfriend?43. How did Frank save Lisa?44. When did Lisa become conscious again?ALisa was r

38、unning late. Lisa，25，had a lot to do at work，plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for Thanksgiving from her hometown. But as she hurried down the subway stairs， she started to feel uncomfortably warn. By the time she got to the platform，Lisa felt weak and tired-maybe it hadnt been a

39、good idea to give blood the night before，she thought. She rested herself against a post close to the tracks. Several yards away，F(xiàn)rank，43，and his girlfriend，Jennifer，found a spot close to where the front of the train would stop. They were deep in discussion about a house they were thinking of buying.

40、 But when he heard the scream，followed by someone yelling，“Oh，my God，she fell in!” Frank didnt hesitate. He jumped down to the tracks and ran some 40 feet toward the body lying on the rails. “No! Not you! ”his girlfriend screamed after him. She was right to be alarmed. By the time Frank reached Lisa

41、，he could feel the tracks shaking and see the light coming. The train was about 20 seconds from the station. It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was w

42、here Lisa briefly regained consciousness，felt herself being pulled along the ground，and saw someone else holding her purse. Lisa thought shed been robbed. A woman held her hand and a man gave his shirt to help stop the blood pouring from her head. And she tried to talk but she couldnt，and that was w

43、hen she realized how much pain she was in. Police and fire officials soon arrived，and Frank told the story to an officer. Jennifer said her boyfriend was calm on their 40-minute train ride downtownjust as he had been seconds after the rescue，which made her think about her reaction at the time. “I sa

44、w the train coming and 1 was thinking he was going to die，”she explained. While-reading 1.請劃出文章中的動詞，圈出用來設(shè)題的動詞。2.選項(xiàng)中的動詞與問題中的動詞有什么邏輯關(guān)系？動詞間的邏輯關(guān)系：并列；先后；因果；正反；主次 “綜合歸因推導(dǎo)法”示例41題題干設(shè)題詞（題眼）Lisas weakness對應(yīng)文中動詞felt weak與題干中動詞的關(guān)系選項(xiàng)設(shè)題動詞對應(yīng)文中動詞ABCD“綜合歸因推導(dǎo)法”示例41. What was the most probable cause for Lisas weakness

45、? （因果）第一段A. She had run a long way. B. She felt hot in the subway. C. She had done a 1ot of work. D. She had donated blood the night before. 41題考查的信息正是“因果”，因此選D探究干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：42. Why did Jennifer try to stop her boyfriend? （因果）最后一段A. Because they would miss their train. 文中對應(yīng)動詞jumped down to the tracks B. B

46、ecause he didnt see the train coming. 文中對應(yīng)動詞see the light comingC. Because she was sure Lisa was hard to lift. 文中對應(yīng)動詞was hard to lift her.D. Because she was afraid the train would kill him. 文中對應(yīng)動詞he was going to die43. How did Frank save Lisa? （方式）倒數(shù)第三段 A. By lifting her to the platform. 文中對應(yīng)動詞raise

47、 her the four feet B. By helping her rise to her feet. 文中對應(yīng)動詞raise her the four feet C. By pulling her along the ground. 文中對應(yīng)動詞being pulled along the ground D. By dragging her away from the edge. 文中對應(yīng)動詞drag her away from the edge44. When did Lisa become conscious again? （時(shí)間）倒數(shù)第三段 A. When the train w

48、as leaving. B. After she was back on the platform. 文中對應(yīng)動詞drag her away from the edge（先后） C. After the police and fire officials came. D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head. 根據(jù)41-44題的答案推導(dǎo)45題的答案：45. The passage is intended to _A. warn us of the danger in the subwayB. show US how to save p

49、eople in the subwayC. tell US about a subway rescueD. report a traffic accidentPractice 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)材料：2010廣東高考閱讀理解A 篇：When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores,

50、at banks, And at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.My mother has realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on phone to pretend I

51、was she. I was forced to ask for information or even to yell at people who had been rude to her. One time I had to call her stockbroker (股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人).I said in an adolescent voice that was not very convincing, “This is Mrs. Tan.” And my mother was standing beside me, whispering loudly, “Why he doesnt send

52、 me cheek already two week lone.”And then, in perfect English I said: “Im getting rather concerned .You agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasnt arrived.”Then she talked more loudly. “What he want? I come to New York tell him front of his boss.” And so I turned to the stockbroker again,

53、“I cant tolerate any more excuse. If I dont receive the check immediately, I am going to have to speak to your manager when I am in New York next week.”The next week we ended up in New York. While I was sitting there red-faced, my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting to his boss in her broken Eng

54、lish. When I was a teenager, my mothers broken English embarrassed me. But now, I see it differently. To me, my mothers English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It is my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, and full of observation and wisdom. It was the language that he

55、lped shape the way I saw things, expressed ideas, and made sense of the world.41. Why was the authors mother poorly served? A. She was unable to speak good English.B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite. 42. From Paragraph 2, we know that the author wa

56、s .A. good a pretendingB. rude to the stockbrokerC. ready to help her motherD. unwilling to phone for her mother43. After the author made the phone call, .A. they forgave the stockbrokerB. they failed to get the checkC. they went to New York immediatelyD. they spoke to their boss at once44. What doe

57、s the author think of her mothers English now? A. It confuses her.B. It embarrasses her.C. It helps her understand the world.D. It helps her tolerate rude people.45. We can inter from the passage that Chinese English . A. is clear and natural to non-native speakersB. is vivid and direct to non-nativ

58、e speakersC. has a very bad reputation in AmericaD. may bring inconvenience in America 4142434445ADBCC41事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)根據(jù)本文第一段第一、 二句可知因?yàn)樽髡叩哪赣H英語說得不好， 所以她經(jīng)常得不到公平的對待。 42推理判斷從文中的各個(gè)事例以及I was forced to. 可推斷作者是不情愿冒充自己的母親， 代替她打電話的。43推理判斷作者在第五段的電話中聲稱如果拿不到支票就會到紐約向?qū)Ψ降纳纤井?dāng)面投訴， 而從第六段可知， 作者和母親第二周的確是在紐約向?qū)Ψ降纳纤井?dāng)面投訴。 由此可推斷她們沒有拿到

59、支票。 44意圖態(tài)度根據(jù)文章最后一句. helped. and made sense of the world可知作者母親的英語使得作者更加理解這個(gè)世界。 45推理判斷從本文作者的母親受到的不公平對待可知Chinese English不受歡迎。 A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)都是作者認(rèn)同了母親的語言之后的新體會。 本題最大干擾項(xiàng)為D。 但并沒有證據(jù)表明Chinese English會造成生活上的不便。 總結(jié)：1. 閱讀前關(guān)注題干考查的信息點(diǎn)2. 閱讀中關(guān)注動詞間的邏輯關(guān)系3. .閱讀后運(yùn)用題目之間的關(guān)系驗(yàn)證答案二、長難句分析法高考英語閱讀文章常常有不少長句和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的難句，同學(xué)們往往因?yàn)榉治霾缓镁渥佣鵁o法理解文章

60、。 例證：2011年廣東高考卷閱讀理解A篇 字?jǐn)?shù)： 342 單詞 體裁： 夾敘夾議 題干26. The author has discovered that people will feel happy when _.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題27. The author feels sad sometimes because _.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題28. What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?推理判斷題29. In this passage, the author advises us to _.推理判斷題30. Which of t

61、he following is the best title for the passage? 主旨大意題（閱讀時(shí)間：10分鐘） AIn the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.（I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.） （From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad becaus