高三英語復(fù)習(xí)非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、曹州一中高三英語復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)案 （六）專題六 非謂語動(dòng)詞一 動(dòng)詞不定式【精華知識巨獻(xiàn)】一、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能1不定式作主語To know something about English is one thing;to know English is quite another.注：常用it作形式主語，而把不定式放在句子的后部。 It isn't easy for her to find a new job. It took me a year to save up for a new coat.2不定式作賓語不定式可作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語，常見的動(dòng)詞有：afford,agree,ask,dec

2、ide,desire,expect,fail,hope,manage,promise,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish等。 He failed to attract her e,get,grow后接不定式作賓語時(shí)，意為“逐漸地”。She has a hot temper,but you will grow to like her.介詞but/except后接不定式作賓語時(shí)，如前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,不定式就要省略to。 It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.3不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語某些動(dòng)詞如tell

3、,want,wish,advise,other,get,require,expect,remind,persuade, encourage,convince,force,beg,allow,forbid等后可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 My doctor advised me to take a rest.某些感官動(dòng)詞如feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等或使役動(dòng)詞如have,let,make 等后面可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。但如果句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，就必須帶不定式符號to。Did you notice anyone go into the house?

4、Was anyone noticed to go into the house？某些動(dòng)詞如find,feel,think,expect,consider,make等后可接不定式作賓語，但賓語后要接形容詞或名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，而且要用it作形式賓語。 He found it difficult to work out the problem.be supposed/expected/believed/said/reported to等已是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 Teachers are supposed to treat all the students alike.4不定式作定語不定式作定語時(shí)常用主動(dòng)形式表

5、達(dá)被動(dòng)意思。Do you have anything to take home？不定式作定語一般表示將來的動(dòng)作，但修飾有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級限定的名詞時(shí)，則表示已完成的動(dòng)作。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.5不定式作狀語作目的狀語，還可用短語in order to或so as to。 He sat down to have a rest.作結(jié)果狀語，表示意想不到的結(jié)果，還可用only to。 He left,never to return. He lifted a stone only to

6、drop it on his own feet.不定式可用在下列句子中表示結(jié)果： adj./adv.+enough+to do. too+adj./adv.to do. so+adj./adv.+as to do. He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可作評注性狀語，用以修飾整個(gè)句子。T o be honest,I know nothing about it.6不定式作表語 The first step is to check the victim's breath. All I did was(to)press th

7、e button.7“疑問詞+不定式”在句中可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語。 When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry about it.注：此時(shí)不可用if to do結(jié)構(gòu)。二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行時(shí)to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done1不定式的時(shí)態(tài)一般式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表示一種狀態(tài)。 What I want you to do is to he

8、lp Mary with her homework. He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.進(jìn)行時(shí)表示不定式動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行之中。 He is said to be writing a new book. It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.完成式表示不定式動(dòng)作已完成或發(fā)生在句子的謂語動(dòng)詞之前。 She seemed to have forgotten the whole thing. He is generally considered to have i

9、nvented the telephone.2不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式與自己的邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He refused to go abroad. He refused to be taken abroad.注：有時(shí)要用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義：不定式放在形容詞之后時(shí)。 This book is difficult to understand.個(gè)別動(dòng)詞用在“be+不定式”表將來或應(yīng)該時(shí)。 I think he is to blame. 我認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。三、不定式的省略問題為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可用省略形式，但要保留不定式符號to。如果不定式中含有be

10、,have,have been時(shí)，這些詞也可保留。I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to.“I didn't tell him the news.”“Oh,you ought to have.”二 動(dòng)名詞【精華知識巨獻(xiàn)】一、動(dòng)名詞的功能1動(dòng)名詞作主語 Findind work is difficult these days.注：有時(shí)用it作形式主語，而把動(dòng)詞的ing形式放在句子的后部。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.2動(dòng)名詞作賓語下列動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不可接不定式作賓語： admit,

11、appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish, imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。 I admit breaking the window. She just missed burning her hand.下列短語后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語：burst out,can't stand,end up,give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote.to

12、,object to,be busy(in),get down to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),have fun等。 He has given up smoking. He didn't want to end up going home alone.下列動(dòng)詞或短語后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，意義上有所不同。 forget to do sth.忘記去做某事 forget doing sth.忘記已經(jīng)做過某事 remember to do sth.記住去做某事 remember doin

13、t sth.記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 regret to do sth.很遺憾要去做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做過某事 stop to do sth.停下來接著做另一件事 stop doing sth.停止做一件事 try to do sth.努力/試圖做某事 try doing sth.嘗試著做某事 mean to do sth.意欲/想/企圖做某事 mean doing sth.意味著做某事 can't help to do sth.不能幫助做某事 can't help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事 be used to do sth.被用來做某事 be

14、used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于做某事 Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school. 請你在上學(xué)的路上記住替我把這封信寄出去。 I remember turning off the light before I left the office. 我記得在離開辦公室前關(guān)上了燈。動(dòng)詞like,love,prefer,hate,continue等后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語均可。但如表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作要用動(dòng)名詞，如表示具體的行為要用不定式。 I like swimming,but I don't like to swi

15、m this afternoon.注：在prefer.to.結(jié)構(gòu)中用動(dòng)名詞，而在prefer.rather than.結(jié)構(gòu)中則用不定式。 I prefer walking there to taking a bus. I prefer to walk there rather than take a bus.動(dòng)詞allow，advise，forbid,permit等后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但要接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要

16、”解時(shí)，其后要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)或不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作賓語。與此相同用法的動(dòng)詞還有deserve“值得”。 The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.形容詞worth后要接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，它不同于worthy的用法。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 Upon arriving at the airport,he delivered an important speech.3動(dòng)名詞作表語 My

17、hobby is growing flowers.4動(dòng)名詞作定語 He had a very expensive walking stick.二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)doing被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式being done完成時(shí)having donehaving been done He went away without saying anything. He narrowly escaped being drowned. I'm sorry for having wasted so much of your time. I forgot having been given a Chris

18、tmas gift years ago.三、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)名詞之前有時(shí)要加上自己的邏輯主語構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語可用名詞的所有格或形容詞物主代詞，有時(shí)也可用名詞或賓格代詞。 I can't imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat. My coming back home late made my mother very angry.三 分詞【精華知識巨獻(xiàn)】一、現(xiàn)以分詞的功能1現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語 下列動(dòng)詞后可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)：see,hear,notice,observe,watch,listen to,look at,

19、have,keep,leave,find,catch,feel,send等。 She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.2現(xiàn)在分詞作表語 This experience is thrilling.3現(xiàn)在分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，通常表示與先行詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Do you know the man talking to Tom? The road joining the villages is very narrow.注：being done形式表示正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，且與先行詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 The house being built will se

20、rve as a library.4現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，可表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。此時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語，而且現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語之間一般具有邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 She got home,feeling very tired. Jack came running over.注：如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，就要用分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 Weather permitting,we'll play golf this afternoon. We explored the cave,Peter acting as a

21、 guide.現(xiàn)在分詞還可作評注性狀語，表示說話人的態(tài)度，此時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語無關(guān)。常見的說法有：generally speaking“一般來說”；frankly speaking“坦白地說”；judging from.“根據(jù)來判斷”；considering.“考慮到”等。 Women,generally speaking,live longer than men. Judging from his accent,he is Canadian.二、現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)doing被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式being done完成時(shí)having donehaving been done Not k

22、nowing her address,I wasn't able to connect her. I saw him being taken away when I passed by his house. Having bought our tickets,we went into the theatre. Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.三、過去分詞 過去分詞一般在句中作賓補(bǔ)、表語、定語和狀語，通常表示已完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或一種狀態(tài)。 You'd better have the tel

23、evision repaired. He got bored with the director's long speech. He didn't notice the surprised look on her face. Given a chance,I can surprise the world.四 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)【精華知識巨獻(xiàn)】一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式為：名詞普通格式或代詞主格+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)1獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞

24、、不定式、介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。4使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了與句子主語不一致的情況。（1）名詞（或代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如： The man lay there,his hands trembling. 有時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞being或having been在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可以省略。如： The weather(being)fine,we decided to go on an outing.（2）名詞（或代詞）+過去分詞 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。如： The girls lay on her bac

25、k,her hands crossed under her head.（3）名詞（或代詞）+形容詞（短語） 形容詞（短語）在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等。如： The floor wet,we had to stay outside for a while.（4）名詞（或代詞）+副詞 副詞在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。如： The meeting over,we all went home.（5）名詞（或代語）+介詞短語 The teacher came in,a book in his hand.（6）名詞（或代詞）+不定式（短語） 不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作。如：

26、 He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.（7）有時(shí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞前的定語可以省略。如： The boy sat quietly in the office,(his)eyes closed/(a)book in(his)hand.三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用1作狀語（1）表示時(shí)間Her homework done(=After her homework was done),Mary decided to go shopping.（2）表示原因There being no buses(=Because there were

27、 no buses),we had to walk home.（3）表示條件Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we'll go to play basketball.（4）表示方式或伴隨He sat at the table,head down.2作同位語Many people joined in the work,some of them women and children.3作定語Close to the bank,we saw deep pools,the water blue like the sky.四、with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立

28、主格表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:with+名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語。如：He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raised.他站在那里，舉著手。五 疑難、易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)【精華知識巨獻(xiàn)】疑難點(diǎn)清單一、不定式的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)1不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。如： Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?(A knife cuts the watermelon.)2

29、不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。如： She has a sister to look after.（She looks after her sister.）3不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb.。如： This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat.4在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式

30、；如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。如： There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)二、不定式符號to的保留問題有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，可以用to來代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在下列動(dòng)詞之后：expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;或出現(xiàn)在be glad/happy,would like/love等的后面。如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

31、中含有be,have,have been,這些詞要保留。如： I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Are you on holiday?No,but I'd like to be. I didn't tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have.三、非謂語動(dòng)詞常考的其他結(jié)構(gòu)1疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如： When to start has not be

32、en decided. 何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。（主語） I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。（賓語） The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困難在于如何過河。（表語） I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告訴你在哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注意： （1）有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞。如： I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 （2）動(dòng)詞know后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如how,what）+不定式。2介詞exc

33、ept和but作“只有，只能”講時(shí)后跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but可以與不帶to的不定式連用）。 When the streets are full of melting snow,you cannot help but get your shoes wet. 當(dāng)街上滿是正在融化的雪時(shí)，你只能讓你的鞋子弄濕了。3不帶to的不定式（1）在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel覺得observe注意到，看到 overhear聽到watch注視 listen to聽perceive察覺，感知notice注意see看見 look at看hear聽 On seeing the young ch

34、ild fall into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went to rescue him. 一看到那孩子掉進(jìn)湖里，Eric一躍而起，開始施救。（2）另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make,let,have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。注意：1上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)其后的不定式一般需帶to。如： He was seen to come.有人看到他來了。 This boy was made to go to bed early.

35、這個(gè)男孩被要求早點(diǎn)睡覺。2在動(dòng)詞help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，但被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要加to。如： I'll help you(to)push the car.我來幫你推車。 You'll be helped to fulfil the task. 有人將幫助你完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。3 在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中用省去to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing,anything,e

36、verything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其他什么都沒說。4不定式與動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（1）不定式的邏輯主語為:for+名詞 （或代詞賓格）+不定式。如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他一個(gè)人干這活是不可能 的。注意：在表示某物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,ca

37、reless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等。如： It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。 It is very kine of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。 間或也可用for+there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。 It's a great pity for

38、there to be much trouble in the company. 太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。（2）動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為：人稱代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞；名詞's+動(dòng)名詞。如：Tom insisted on my going with them. 湯姆堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late. 他不喜歡妻子工作到很晚。四、非謂語動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型1動(dòng)名詞的有關(guān)句型（1）Doing.+v.Reading is an art.閱讀是一門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing眼見為實(shí)。（2）It is+no use/

39、no good(fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time,a bore等名詞)+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。 It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。 It is great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain. 試圖解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。（3）It is+useless(nice,good,intersting,expensive等形容詞+doing sth.) It is useless speak

40、ing.光說沒用 It is nice seeing you again.真高興又見到你了。 It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后下棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car.開這種小車很貴。（4）There is no+doing.(there is no表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do. 說出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen. 說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。（5）There is no u

41、se(good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用（不好） There is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。（6）have difficulty/trouble/problem+(in)doing have作“有”解時(shí)，后接情感名詞（in可省略），再接動(dòng)名詞。這類詞還有trouble,fun,a hard time,a good time。如： We had difficulty(in)carrying out the plan. 我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。（7）feel like+名詞（“感覺像”）/動(dòng)名詞（“想要”）=wou

42、ld like to+動(dòng)詞原形 I feel like a newborn baby.我感覺像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。 Do you feel like going to movie？你想看電影嗎？（8）spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot of time(in)making preparations. 他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備。（9）cannot help doing sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗㊣ cannot help laughing,once I see John in that big shirt. 我一看到約翰穿那件大襯衫，就忍不住笑。2分詞

43、句型（1） 在表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice, observe,smell,watch、這類表示感覺的動(dòng)詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動(dòng)詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~（人名等），也可以是代詞賓格（him,us等）。如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. 她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了。 I watched them rehearsing the play. 我看到他們在彩排演戲。 I could feel the wind blo

44、wing on my face. 我能感覺到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過。（2）表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如catch，find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可跟上述（1）的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I caught them stealing my apples. 我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。 If she catches me reading her diary,she'll be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會(huì)憤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。They are going to

45、 have their house painted. 他們準(zhǔn)備把房子裝修一下。（3）go+現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事”之意，這時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補(bǔ)語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng)，如jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營。 I'll go camping tomorrow.我明天去露營。 I'll go shopping.我要去購物。 Would you like to go skating with me？ 你想和我去溜冰嗎？（4）be busy+v.ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）忙著做 I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙著寫論文。 He is busy with his work.他忙著工作。（5）What do you say to+v.ing？（怎么樣？） What do you say to joining us for dinn