中學(xué)有效聽(tīng)力教學(xué)模式的探討

1、中學(xué)有效聽(tīng)力教學(xué)模式的探討 廣州華僑外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校 殷新元本論文探討的課題是：中學(xué)有效聽(tīng)力教學(xué)模式。筆者想分為三大部分對(duì)其進(jìn)行探討，這三大部分為：高考英語(yǔ)加試聽(tīng)力的必要性，聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的方法和高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)。 一、高考英語(yǔ)加試聽(tīng)力的必要性 高考具有檢測(cè)、選拔和教學(xué)導(dǎo)向的功能。高考英語(yǔ)加試聽(tīng)力不但順應(yīng)目前英語(yǔ)測(cè)試的總體趨勢(shì)，也符合教學(xué)改革發(fā)展的需要。首先，聽(tīng)力測(cè)試可以提高高考英語(yǔ)的考試效度，為選拔者提供更有價(jià)值的篩選依據(jù)，為高校輸送真正具有外語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力的人才。另外，在高考中聽(tīng)力測(cè)試會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)在很大程度上是為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生應(yīng)付高考的筆試能力，忽視了聽(tīng)說(shuō)能

2、力的培養(yǎng)。在高考英語(yǔ)考試中聽(tīng)力測(cè)試可以利用考試的反撥作用，促進(jìn)改革英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的改革，使教師和學(xué)生會(huì)更加注重聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫全面發(fā)展。 英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試按照測(cè)試內(nèi)容的深度來(lái)分，共包含四個(gè)層次：?jiǎn)我?詞層次（sound/word level)、句子層次（sentense level）、對(duì)話層次（conversation level）和語(yǔ)篇層次（discouse level）。單音應(yīng)反映在單詞中；單句理解可以是識(shí)別圖片形式，特別是在初級(jí)英語(yǔ)水平的考試中，如國(guó)家英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試（PETS）一級(jí)、英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)水平考試的一級(jí)考試就用這種形式。單句理解也可以采用同義或近義句的形式，如原來(lái)托福聽(tīng)力的第一部分。但是目前已經(jīng)

3、不再使用這種形式了。高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試屬于最高層次，它包括對(duì)話理解和語(yǔ)篇理解。對(duì)話理解主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)交際功能項(xiàng)目的掌握情況。學(xué)生應(yīng)能通過(guò)對(duì)話人的語(yǔ)氣和措辭判斷談話的關(guān)系、地點(diǎn)、重要內(nèi)容、具體信息，以及談話人的目的或意圖；或者從對(duì)話人的語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)判斷對(duì)話人的對(duì)話意圖、情緒或態(tài)度。由于問(wèn)題是以文字的形式出現(xiàn)的，而且也給出了閱讀題目和做題的時(shí)間，這樣，考生在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)目的性就比較強(qiáng)，能夠迅速找到答案。語(yǔ)篇理解對(duì)記憶有一定的要求，學(xué)生應(yīng)能夠在聽(tīng)懂主要內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上回答問(wèn)題。它要求考生既要聽(tīng)懂有要記住內(nèi)容，還要對(duì)語(yǔ)篇中的信息加以歸納、總結(jié)才能答對(duì)。二、聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的方法 在聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練中經(jīng)常使用的聽(tīng)力策略通常有以

4、下三種：為把握整體信息的聽(tīng)（Global listenling），為了解某些具體信息的聽(tīng)（Selective listening）和為學(xué)習(xí)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容而進(jìn)行的精聽(tīng)（Intensive listenling）。針對(duì)不同的教材和不同的教學(xué)目的，也應(yīng)選用不同的策略。幾種策略配合使用，不僅可以活躍課堂氣氛，提高學(xué)生的興趣，而且有利于幫助學(xué)生建立自信心，積極主動(dòng)地參與到聽(tīng)的活動(dòng)中來(lái)，從而達(dá)到較好的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練效果。 Global Listening Global listening 聽(tīng)力策略是為了把握所聽(tīng)材料的整體意思。有關(guān)Global listening 的練習(xí)題應(yīng)遵循以下原則： 1、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生做好聽(tīng)前的預(yù)測(cè)活

5、動(dòng)； 2、幫助學(xué)生在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中將注意力集中在關(guān)鍵詞、句上； 3、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)所提供的線索克服聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的障礙，進(jìn)行有效的猜測(cè)、聯(lián)想和判斷。 例如2000年NMET的第911小題： 9.Where is the woman going? A.Bridge Street. B.The cinema. C.The station 10.Where is the cinema?A.On the corner of Bridge Street. B.Next to the station. C.On Station Street. 11.Which turning should the woman

6、take on Bridge Street?A.The first on the right. B.The first on the left. C.The second on the left. 錄音原文為： W：Excuse me, how can I get to the station, please? M: The station? The station, let me see. Ah, yes, you can go down No, go straight on until you come to the cinema. Let's see now, that'

7、s the second turning on your right. The cinema's on the corner. Turn right at the cinema and you'll be in Bridge Street. I think it's Bridge Street. Go along Bridge Street for a few minutes, and then take the second ,no, not the second, the first,that's right. The first turning on yo

8、ur left.The station is straight ahead, right in front of you. W: So, that's second right, and first left. Thank you very much. That's very kind of you. M: Don't mention it. 瀏覽第1小題后, 教師就應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生想到在錄音中必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)與A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)有關(guān)的地點(diǎn)，那么到底是哪一個(gè)，就需要學(xué)生在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)注意區(qū)分?？催^(guò)第10、11小題的問(wèn)題和選項(xiàng)后，學(xué)生就可以確定，錄音內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是與問(wèn)路有關(guān)的對(duì)話，而且問(wèn)路的

9、人很可能就是第9小題出現(xiàn)的“the woman”。那么，學(xué)生的腦海里就需要立刻反映出與問(wèn)路有關(guān)的句型。如：“Excuse me,how can I get to”、“Excuse me ,could you tell me how to get to”。因此，學(xué)生就要對(duì)這類句型特別注意，一聽(tīng)到就立刻將其中的地點(diǎn)名詞簡(jiǎn)要地記錄下來(lái)，從而克服聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的緊張心理。 Selective Listening Selective listening的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生能聽(tīng)出一些具體信息的能力，尤其是從語(yǔ)言略高于他們實(shí)際水平的材料中進(jìn)行信息選擇的能力。這類練習(xí)題的選擇原則如下： 1、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生不僅從內(nèi)容而且

10、從結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)所聽(tīng)材料進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)； 2、明確規(guī)定學(xué)生聽(tīng)的任務(wù)和目的，及在聽(tīng)的活動(dòng)中充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧?3、為學(xué)生提供克服障礙和捕捉信息的線索。 例如以下的這一題: The dialogue took place_. A.in a hotel B.in a store C.in a restaurant D.in the street 錄音原文為： M: Hello, this is Room 205. What time is the dinner, please? W: The main restaurant opens at 7:00 in the evening and closes at 10:0

11、0. Our coffee shop is open 24 hours a day. M: And what time is it now, please? W: It's 6 pm. M: Thank you. 此題在對(duì)話中并未直接給出答案，這就要求 教師應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在聽(tīng)清該段大意的前提下，抓住其中的重要信息，如：“Room205”、“dinner”、“the main restaurant”、“coffee shop”等，經(jīng)歸納、分析后，只有hotel才同時(shí)具有以上這幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。因此可以斷定答案為A項(xiàng)。 Intensive Listening 聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的精聽(tīng)一般是在進(jìn)行了Global

12、listening或Selective listening之后，對(duì)所聽(tīng)材料從語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)法、詞匯以及語(yǔ)音方面 作進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)的聽(tīng)力活動(dòng)。教師要根據(jù)材料的不同難度，對(duì)Global listening和Selective listening提出不同的要求。教師還要根據(jù)精聽(tīng)的不同任務(wù)，設(shè)計(jì)不同的練習(xí)題。精聽(tīng)的目的一般包括：引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析影響聽(tīng)力活動(dòng)效率的原因，幫助學(xué)生充分利用所聽(tīng)材料進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)與積累。這兩個(gè)方面正是保證聽(tīng)力理解能力提高的重要環(huán)節(jié)。精聽(tīng)練習(xí)題的設(shè)計(jì)原則如下： 1、將學(xué)生的注意力集中到影響聽(tīng)力理解的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)上； 2、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在理解的基礎(chǔ)上學(xué)習(xí)新的詞、詞組和句型等語(yǔ)言知識(shí)； 3、

13、對(duì)詞匯在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中的連讀等語(yǔ)音變化進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。 例如: 14、When did the speaker get up every day in the past? A. At 5:00 . B. At 5:30 C. At 6:00 D. At 6:30 15、Early every morning the speaker had to _. A. clean the bathroom B.feed the chickens C. help his sister get dressed D. carry water for the family 16. The speaker and his s

14、ister did not go to school by bus because _. A. their parents thought walking was good for them B. there was no bus running in that direction C. the school was quite near D. their family was poor 17. On Sunday the speaker used to _. A. play in the street B.stay at home all day C. go to church three

15、times D.go shopping with his parents 18. We can infer from the speech that the speaker_. A. is the teacher B. lives on a farmC. wishes he were young again D.thinks children were happier in the past 錄音原文為： Now, you want to know about life in the past. Right ? I can tell you . When I was a boy, things

16、 were different . I had to get up at six every morning . That was not very bad in summer , but in winter it was cold . And we didn't have any hot water in the house . We had to wash in cold water . We didn't have a bathroom . My dad had some chickens . I had to feed them every morning and th

17、en I had to walk to schoo with my little sister . It was two miles to school and two miles back in the evening . But it always seemed longer in the morning when we were goung to school . There was a bus , but we didn't have the money . And we had to go to bed at seven o'clock every night . W

18、e couldn't watch TV because there wasn't any . On Sundays we had to go to church three times-morning , afternoon and evening . And we couldn't play outside on Sundays.But it wasn't all bad . We had some good times . We could go out and our parents didn't have to worry about us. T

19、here wewen't so many cars on the roads then , so the streets were safe to play in . And there were not many robbers and thieves in those things in the shops today . Li was hard ,but it was simple and people were happier .I don't think I like to be young today. 當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到錄音中的前兩句話“Now,you want to k

20、now about life in the past. Right? I can tell you.” 我們就可以首先確定這是一篇演講，同時(shí)我們還可以確定這篇演講的主題是“l(fā)ife in the past”。接下來(lái)，錄音中講述了過(guò)去生活的種種情況，而對(duì)這些細(xì)節(jié)的取舍就需要我們事先對(duì)試題的內(nèi)容有所了解。錄音的最后兩句“Life was hard, but it was simple and people were happier. I don't think I like to be young today.”概況了演講者的觀點(diǎn)和看法現(xiàn)在年輕人并不像過(guò)去的年輕人那樣生活的愉快。試題第1417 小題都為細(xì)節(jié)題，因此在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)我們可帶著問(wèn)題將注意力集中在相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)上；而第18小題是一道推理題，在做題時(shí)應(yīng)將注意力集中在錄音材料的最后部分。三、高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的應(yīng)試指導(dǎo) 考生在參加聽(tīng)力考試時(shí)應(yīng)努力做到以下幾點(diǎn)： 1