公共事業(yè)管理概論期末重點整理

1、the party'sfine styl e,carryforwardt hetraditional Chinese virtues,pra ctici ng theSocialistcorevalue s,vigor ously carryforwardthe spiritofJiaoYulu, HongqiCa nalspirit ands pirit of persiste nce, honesty i n politics, strictstatesman,stick to the spiritual heights oftheCommunists.Fourtodevoti o

2、n,as,do playa role i n qualifying.Official Communistduty.To fulfilltheparty's purpose,mai ntainforthe peoplethemselves,a nd dedi cation,dev otion,maintain pioneer,pioneeri ng andenter prising spirit,a ctiveatthewell -offextra practice,make contributions.The incentivefuncti on of party organi zat

3、ionsatalll evelsshould givefullplayto adva ncedmodel s,esta blish a re prese ntative, adva nce dand typical ofthe times,a nd gui dethe broa d masse sofparty memberstoemulate. Inhonor ofthe95 a nniversary offounding as an opportunitytoaward in recognition ofa numberofoutstanding party members'adv

4、anced grass-roots party organizati ons, outstanding partyworkers,and putthe pioneertrees.Third,the"reform" efforts forexample, besuretochange into.Lear ning to tea chEducation in or dertosolvethe problem,if it doe s not solvethe problem, itwillform, goesthroughthe motions.To stre ngthe n t

5、heconsci ousnessof problemsa nd insiste d on problem -oriente d,pr oblem -solvi nglearni ngeducationfortraction,truly deep investigation into change,modification.Acheckedswi ng. Lear ning e ducationprogrammeforparty-buildi ng in ourcity a ctually propose d to focus on soluti on offuzzyideal sand bel

6、i efswaver,consci ousness,purpose ofthe party weaksense,honestyandself-di scipli neaware nessis notstrong ,depresse d,sixissue sofethi cal misconductstudy contentsspe cific pr ogrammesforallpartymembers andlea ding cadres a bovet he county levelshal lfocus on further refinementtothe problems.Specifi

7、ctoeveryparty membera nd every cadre,al so re quiresa combination ofact ualand controll ed,focuse d and really putyour selfin, peoplese e thing s,see ,with theirow nspecificprobl emsto learn Constituti on Partyrules,seri es,address,so preci siontofindt heproblem,laying a solidfoundation for furtherc

8、orre ctiveaction. Bto makechange.For che ckput ofproblem, throughestablishedre ctification Tai wan account,a ndtake spe cialsupervisi on,and on a ccountPIN,appr oach,insi sted dosi de learn side modified,a ndthat knowthatmodified, whilefocuse don put "two lear na do" learninge ducation rec

9、tificati onwit h graspparty ofmass linee ducation practi ce activitie s and"threestrict threereal" topic e ducation problemrectification combi ned up, consolidati on e xpande d ha s made ofrectificati on results, str onglycorrecte d"forofficernotfor",and Chiandendless corre cted

10、"fourwi nd", andregulati on masses si de ofabuse s,ensurew ork advance more powerf ul,and problemsoluti on more completel y.Third,we m ust consolidate our a chieveme nts. Formorepublic,some partymembers whofocuson theoutsta ndi ng issues, combi ning conce ntrated1 公共事業(yè)管理體制：指的是國家或政府通過財政支持建立

11、事業(yè)單位，通過全面負(fù)責(zé)事業(yè)單位的運行，向社會提供一定形式的事業(yè)產(chǎn)品以滿足公眾需要的公共服務(wù)運行管理體制。其運行機制和管理方式具有政府投資、政府主辦、政府管理的基本特點，一定程度上體現(xiàn)為政府事業(yè)。反映的是一定條件下我國處理社會公共事務(wù)的發(fā)展水平。2 公共事業(yè)的基本特征：公共事業(yè)作為一種滿足特定公共需要的社會活動，具有以下基本特征：a 公共性。公共事業(yè)最主要和本質(zhì)的特征；b 非營利性。公共事業(yè)公共性的一個更為具體的表現(xiàn)。C 規(guī)模性。一方面公共產(chǎn)品涉及的范圍廣，必須具有一定的規(guī)模才能滿足一個國家或地區(qū)公眾的普遍需求，另一方面由于提供產(chǎn)品大多具有非物質(zhì)形態(tài)建立公共服務(wù)體系需要大量的投入，有些內(nèi)容也需要

12、達(dá)到一定的規(guī)模后才能提供相應(yīng)的服務(wù)。3 公共產(chǎn)品：是指那些按照私人市場的觀點來看待的公共事務(wù)，是與私人產(chǎn)品相對應(yīng)，用于滿足社會公共消費需要的物品或勞務(wù)。 （ 1954年美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家保羅-A-薩繆爾森）公共產(chǎn)品具有非排他性和非競爭性。4 準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品：是指具備非排他性和非競爭性兩個特點中的一個，另一個不具備或不完全具備， 或者雖然兩個特點都不完全具備但具有較大的外部收益的產(chǎn)品。（ 美國學(xué)者，詹姆斯 .M.布坎南）5 公共組織：是指不以營利為目的，而是致力于協(xié)調(diào)社會公共利益關(guān)系，以服務(wù)社會大眾，提高公共利益為宗旨的組織。主要分為：政府組織、準(zhǔn)政府組織、非政府組織。6 公共事業(yè)管理的基本原則：公共事業(yè)

13、管理的基本原則即公共事業(yè)管理主體活動的基本準(zhǔn)則， 它影響著公共事業(yè)管理主體如何決定公共事業(yè)管理的目標(biāo)，也制約著公共事業(yè)管理組織職能的發(fā)揮和管理方式的選擇，以及如何處理管理過程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾等，是公共事業(yè)管ectificationand strengtheningthemanag ementofda ilyed ucation,thespirit ofreformshort ofthecompletesystem,payclose attentiontosystem implementation, really makethe partyorganizati ona nd partymembe

14、reducation and stri ctmanagement, solid.Fi nally,t he"urge"workonthe lead,besur eto pr omoteefficiency."Two" education, noton education educati onal, notw orkingwit hthe Centretwo, muststickar oundthe Ce nter, serving the overallsit uation,coordi nate,trulyre sult-oriente d andpr

15、om oteefficiency. Currentand future aperiod,totightlyaroundcoordinati onadva nce"foura full"strategy layout,winni ngfullbuilt societythi s ace ntraland work overall, putcarrie do utlearni ngeducationas promote dworkof importantopportunities andpowerfulpowe r,gui de Generalmember sca dresin

16、sisted developmentfirst pri ority,a ctiveada pted e conomic development new normal, consciouslypractice linefive big devel opment conce pt,effectivegrasp supply si destructuralreform, 理過程中的決定性因素。主要有一下幾條：A 以人為本原則：所謂以人為本，就是公共事業(yè)管理必須以全體社會公眾的共同利益為本。 這是公共事業(yè)管理公共性這一本質(zhì)特征最集中的反映，也是貫穿于公共事業(yè)管理全過程的基本要求。有以下規(guī)定：a必須以維

17、護(hù)和提高公眾利益為管理的出發(fā)點，也作為管理的歸宿；b必須以公眾的特點和需要水平為依據(jù)進(jìn)行管理；c 以維護(hù)和提高公眾的利益為基本要求，激勵管理者的積極性；B 服務(wù)原則：服務(wù)原則主要制約和影響公共事業(yè)管理的基本理念和態(tài)度，在實際管理過程中有以下規(guī)定：a在宏觀層面，公共事業(yè)管理主體必須清楚地認(rèn)識到現(xiàn)代公共事業(yè)管理本質(zhì)上是服務(wù)而不是管制，服務(wù)是公共事業(yè)管理的內(nèi)核和基礎(chǔ)；b公共事業(yè)管理中存在著管制的形式，但在根本上管制是服從于服務(wù)的，即管制是為了公眾的基本生活質(zhì)量和根本利益；c 中低層的公共事業(yè)管理機構(gòu)面向社會，為公眾提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的公共產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)是其最基本的職能，因此在這里，管理就是服務(wù)具有最明確的體現(xiàn)，也

18、是最基本的要求；C 社會效益優(yōu)先原則：公共事業(yè)管理是在公共這一特定領(lǐng)域中有效地增進(jìn)與公平地分配社會公共利益，效率與公平是公共事業(yè)管理中必須認(rèn)真考慮的兩個基本目標(biāo)。社會效益優(yōu)先涉及公共事業(yè)管理中的管理戰(zhàn)略，以及結(jié)果的評價等，主要有以下規(guī)定：a在結(jié)果管理與過程管理相統(tǒng)一的基礎(chǔ)上，重視結(jié)果管理；b在內(nèi)部管理與外部管理相結(jié)合的基礎(chǔ)上，重視外部管理；c 必須在對公共事業(yè)管理的評價中，將社會效益作為績效評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最重要內(nèi)容。D 法治原則。當(dāng)代的公共事業(yè)管理是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下對公共事務(wù)的管理，或者說是市場ectificationand strengtheningthemanag ementofda ilyed

19、ucation,thespiritofreformshort ofthecompletesystem,payclose attentiontosystem implementation, really makethe partyorganizati ona nd partymembereducation and stri ctmanagement, solid.Fi nally,t he"urge"workonthe lead,besur eto pr omoteefficiency."Two" education, noton education ed

20、ucati onal, notw orkingwit hthe Centretwo, muststickar oundthe Ce nter, serving the overallsit uation,coordi nate,trulyre sult-oriente d andprom oteefficiency. Currentand future aperiod,totightlyaroundcoordinati onadva nce"foura full"strategy layout,winni ngfullbuilt societythi s ace ntral

21、and work overall, putcarrie doutlearni ngeducationas promote dworkof importantopportunities andpowerfulpowe r,gui de Generalmember sca dresinsisted developmentfirst pri ority,a ctiveada pted e conomic development new normal, consciouslypractice linefive bigdevelopment conce pt,effectivegrasp supply

22、si destructuralreform,經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和提供，而市場經(jīng)濟(jì)是法制經(jīng)濟(jì)，因而現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的公共事業(yè)管理也必然是依法進(jìn)行的管理。7 公共事業(yè)管理模式：是指在公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和供給過程中，承擔(dān)主體構(gòu)成及相互關(guān)系的組合方式。8 公共事業(yè)管理模式的歷史演變：A 公共事業(yè)管理的保護(hù)模式：又稱保守模式，是古典自由主義經(jīng)濟(jì)時期出現(xiàn)的公共事業(yè)管理模式。基本特點是：政府對社會公共事務(wù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌，但其職能是極其有限的，有限的公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品基本上由社會自行提供，市場也不介入這一領(lǐng)域；B 公共事業(yè)管理的干預(yù)模式：又稱官僚模式、科層模式。是一種政府依靠龐大的官僚組織對社會生活進(jìn)行全面干

23、預(yù)并壟斷公共事業(yè)管理的模式或方式。形成于20 世紀(jì) 30 年代以后， 60 年代達(dá)到頂峰，80 年代被改革。C 公共事業(yè)管理的市場模式：是一種在政府的主導(dǎo)下，多元主體參與公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和提供的模式?；咎攸c：政府、市場和社會共同負(fù)責(zé)公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和提供，政府和市場和社會分權(quán)，政府不再壟斷公共服務(wù)的供給過程，市場和社會對公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和提供的參與是直接而非間接的。形成于20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以后，是對公共事業(yè)管理干預(yù)模式改革的產(chǎn)物。9 公共事業(yè)管理模式的實質(zhì)及其決定因素：A 實質(zhì)：是指公共事業(yè)管理過程中存在或可供選擇的政府與市場、政府與社會關(guān)系的處理方式， 或者說政府與市場、政府與社會

24、的分工方式。政府與社會、政府與市場關(guān)系的確定，也就從根本上決定了公共事業(yè)管理過程中各公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品提供者功能的定位，參與程度和參與方法，由此構(gòu)成了特定的公共事業(yè)管理體制；B 決定因素：從公事業(yè)管理模式演變和發(fā)展的進(jìn)程看，社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對公共事業(yè)管理模ectificationand strengtheningthemanag ementofda ilyeducation,thespiritofreformshort ofthecompletesystem,payclose attentiontosystem implementation, really makethe partyorganizati

25、 ona nd partymembereducation and stri ctmanagement, solid.Fi nally,t he"urge"workonthe lead,besur eto pr omoteefficiency."Two" edu cation, notone ducation educati onal, notw orkingwit hthe Centretwo, muststickar oundthe Ce nter, serving the overallsit uation,coordi nate,trulyre s

26、ult-oriente d andprom oteefficiency. Currentand future aperiod,totightlyaroundcoordinati onadva nce"foura full"strategy layout,winni ngfullbuilt societythi s ace ntraland work overall, putcarrie doutlearni ngeducation aspromote dworkof importantopportunities andpowerfulpowe r,gui de Genera

27、lmember sca dresinsisted developmentfirst pri ority,a ctiveada pted e conomic development new normal, consciouslypractice linefive big devel opment conce pt,effectivegrasp supply si destructuralreform, 式的決定，主要是通過以下因素及其相互作用而形成的：a公共需求：是決定公共事業(yè)管理模式發(fā)展演變的根本因素；b主體意識：在一定條件下社會對公共事業(yè)管理相關(guān)問題的認(rèn)識，其中的核心是一定的主體對公共事業(yè)管

28、理相關(guān)問題的認(rèn)識能力；c 政府能力：從社會產(chǎn)品的角度看，就是政府生產(chǎn)和提供公共產(chǎn)品的能力；d 社會發(fā)育程度：主要指作為社會組織載體的非營利組織等的發(fā)育程度。10 如何理解政府是公共事業(yè)管理的核心？政府作為公共事業(yè)管理的主體，在整個公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和提供過程中，其作用和效果是基礎(chǔ)性和決定性的，這一切表明政府是整個公共事業(yè)管理的核心?？梢詮囊韵路矫鎭碚J(rèn)識：a政府在一定的公共事業(yè)管理模式的形成中起著關(guān)鍵的作用b政府決定著整個公共事業(yè)管理的基本范圍、基本性質(zhì)和基本方向c 政府決定著整個公共事業(yè)管理的體制和運行；d政府是公共事業(yè)管理中其他管理主體的管理者；11 現(xiàn)階段我國政府的社會管理改革需要注意哪些

29、方面？a確立改革目標(biāo)。b樹立市場和服務(wù)觀念，轉(zhuǎn)變管理者的指導(dǎo)思想；c 進(jìn)行社會管理方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，應(yīng)以公共事務(wù)管理社會化和市場化為方向，引入競爭機制，提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量；d積極推行“政事分開”， 進(jìn)行事業(yè)單位改革；e大力培育和管理好非政府組織，促進(jìn)社會發(fā)育，為政府的社會管理方式改革和構(gòu)建政府為核心的公共事業(yè)管理體制提高保證；ectificationand strengtheningthemanag ementofda ilyeducation,thespiritofreformshort ofthecompletesystem,payclose attentiontosystem implementat

30、ion, really makethe partyorganizati ona nd partymembereducation and stri ctmanagement, solid.Fi nally,t he"urge"workonthe lead,besur eto pr omoteefficiency."Two" education, noton education educati onal, notw orkingwit hthe Centretwo, muststickar oundthe Ce nter, serving the overa

31、llsit uation,coordi nate,trulyre sult-oriente d andprom oteefficiency. Currentand future aperiod,totightlyaroundcoordinati onadva nce"foura full"strategy layout,winni ngfullbuilt societythi s ace ntraland work overall, putcarrie doutlearni ngeducationas promote dworkof importantopportuniti

32、es andpowerfulpowe r,gui de Generalmember sca dresinsisted developmentfirst pri ority,a ctiveada pted e conomic development new normal, consciouslypractice linefive bigdevelopment conce pt,effectivegrasp supply si destructuralreform,toguarantee s and improve d liveli hood, construction m ore hig h e

33、cologi calvitality ha ppi nessof cit y. La styear,we carryout "three -three"a ctivitiesasa "thre e-thr ee" spe ciale ducation importa nt,find e ducation andeffective platformtofacilitatethe combi nationofwork.Referencethisa good practices, provi ncia l,and municipalde cided in &q

34、uot;tw olearna do" lear ninge ducation int he carrie d out "five che ck fiveprom oting",the CountyDistri ct units toi nsiste d put"two learn a do"lear ning e ducation and "five che ck fiveprom oting" organi cfusion,andcomm ona dvance,do onepl an layout, andone orga

35、nizati on impl ementation,put carried out "two lear n ado"situati on,a nd"five checkfive promoti ng"situation as partyworkeval uationofimporta ntContent,a san im portanta spectofmutualevaluation on party members,testi ng as a n importa nt basisforlea ding bodi es and lea ding cad

36、res' performanceand gui dethe broa d massesof party membersand cadresto study educationopens uptothemain economi cand social devel opment.At present ,the overallsmoothe conomic operati onin ourcity, but downward pressureis stillhig h,face d anumberof challe ngesa ndtests. Mea nwhile,coincide s w

37、itht hecit y,C ounty andtownshi pparty committeesthi syeargeneralel ectionyear,how to r eally chooseloyal, clea nand servesa s agood cadre, ir on discipli neofGe neralFeng Qing Qi, Qi, QiShun, swapped out Powerfulgoodsit uation,is areal testforallofus. Generalwork on "two" to st udythe eff

38、ectofeducationinspection,if thetrueserie sof partyrul esand Constit utionspeakswell and truly becomea qualified party member,naturallywe ca ndeal with a dvance andretreat left turn treatment,properorgani zationalarrangeme nts andsel ection, proper treatment ofpersonal interests.o put carried out&quo

39、t;two le arna do" learni ng educati on w ithdo reform devel opme ntstabl ethe work combine d up,and seri ously do Centerw ork,and dailyandjobcombi ned up, a nd g uarantee s improvelivelihood,a nd promote social harmonycombine dup,andcompletedthetask combinethe party'sfine styl e,carryforwar

40、dt hetraditional Chinese virtues,pra ctici ng theSocialistcorevalue s,vigor ously carryforwardthe spiritofJiaoYulu, HongqiCa nalspirit ands pirit of persiste nce, honesty i n politics, strictstatesman,stick to the spiritual heights oftheCommunists.Fourtodevoti on,as,do playa role i n qualifying.Offi

41、cial Communistduty.To fulfilltheparty's purpose,mai ntainforthe peoplethemselves,a nd dedi cation,dev otion,maintain pioneer,pioneeri ng andenter prising spirit,a ctiveatthewell -offextra practice,make contributions.The incentivefuncti on of party organi zationsatalll evelsshould givefullplayto

42、adva ncedmodel s,esta blish a re prese ntative, adva nce dand typical ofthe times,a nd gui dethe broa d masse sofparty memberstoemulate. Inhonor ofthe95 a nniversary offounding as an opportunitytoaward in recognition ofa numberofoutstanding party members'advanced grass-roots party organizati ons

43、, outstanding partyworkers,and putthe pioneertrees.Third,the"reform" efforts forexample, besuretochange into.Lear ning to tea chEducation in or dertosolvethe problem,if it doe s not solvethe problem, itwillform, goesthroughthe motions.To stre ngthe n theconsci ousnessof problemsa nd insist

44、e d on problem -oriente d,pr oblem -solvi nglearni ngeducationfortraction,truly deep investigation into change,modification.Acheckedswi ng. Lear ning e ducationprogrammeforparty-buildi ng in ourcity a ctually propose d to focus on soluti on offuzzyideal sand beli efswaver,consci ousness,purpose ofth

45、e party weaksense,honestyandself-di scipli neaware nessis notstrong ,depresse d,sixissue sofethi cal misconductstudy contentsspe cific pr ogrammesforallpartymembers andlea ding cadres a bovet he county levelshal lfocus on further refinementtothe problems.Specifictoeveryparty membera nd every cadre,a

46、l so re quiresa combination ofact ualand controll ed,focuse d and really putyour selfin, peoplese e thing s,see ,with theirow nspecificprobl emsto learn Constituti on Partyrules,seri es,address,so preci siontofindt heproblem,laying a solidfoundation for furthercorre ctiveaction. Bto makechange.For c

47、he ckput ofproblem, throughestablishedre ctification Tai wan account,a ndtake spe cialsupervisi on,and on a ccountPIN,appr oach,insi sted dosi de learn side modified,a ndthat knowthatmodified, whilefocuse don put "two lear na do" learninge ducation rectificati onwit h graspparty ofmass lin

48、ee ducation practi ce activitie s and"threestrict threereal" topic e ducation problemrectification combi ned up, consolidati on e xpande d ha s made ofrectificati on results, str onglycorrecte d"forofficernotfor",and Chiandendless corre cted "fourwi nd", andregulati on

49、masses si de ofabuse s,ensurew ork advance more powerf ul,and problemsoluti on more completel y.Third,we m ust consolidate our a chieveme nts. Formorepublic,some partymembers whofocuson theoutsta ndi ng issues, combi ning conce ntratedprobl emsto learn Constituti on Partyrules,seri es,address,sos,pr

50、a ctici ng theSocialistcorevalue s,vigor ously carryforwardthe spiritofJiaoYulu, HongqiCao.Lear ning to tea chEducation in or dertosolvethe problem,if it doe s not solvethe problem, itwillform, goepreci siontofindtheproblem,laying asolidfoundation for furthercorre ctiveaction.Bto makechange.Fornalsp

51、irit ands pirit of persiste nce, honesty i n politics, strictstatesman,stick to tsthroughthe motions.To stre ngthe n theconsci ousnessof problemsache ckput ofproblem, throughestablishedrectification Taihe spiritual heights oftheCommunists.Fourtodevoti on,as,do playa role i n qualifying.Officialnd in

52、siste d on problem -oriente d,pr oblem -solvi nglearni ngeducationfortraction,truly deep iwan account,a ndtake spe cialsupervisi on,and on accountPIN,approach,insi sted doside learn side modified,andthat knowthatmodifiepcukerpose,maii ntainforthe peoplethemselves,a nd dedi cation,dev otion,maintain

53、pioneer,pioneeridswi ng. Lear ning e ducationprogrammeforparty-buildi ng in ourcity a ctually propose dto focunsg anducationndenter prising spirit,a ctiveatthewell -on soluti on offuzzyideal sand beli efswa -. LLI 1practi ce activitie s and"threestrict threereal" topic education problemrec

54、tificatin of party organi zationsatalll evelsshould givefull ndself-di scipli neaware nessis notstrong一I. -I - - I _ I on combi ned up, consolidati on e xpande d ha s made ofrectificatiplayto adva n,depresse d,sixissuon results, str ongva ncedmodel s,esta blish a re prese ntative, adva nce dand typi

55、cal ofthe times,a nd gui dethe broa d masse sofparty memberstoemulate. Inhonor ofthe95 a nniversary offounding as an opportunitytoaward in recognition ofa numberofxissue sofethi cal misconductstudy contentsspe cific pr ogrammesforallpartymembers andlea ding cadres a bovet he county levelshal lfocus

56、on further refinementtothe problems.Specifictoeveryparty membera nd every cadre,al一- . , 一 .一一 -J 一 , _ 一J一一 一 一 _一 一 一onglycorrecte d"forofficernotfor",and Chiandendless corre cted "fourwind", andregulation masses si de ofabuse s,ensurew ork advance morepowerf ul,and problemsolu

57、tion more completely.Third,we must consolidateoutstanding party members'advanced grass-roots party organizatiquiresa combination ofact ualand controll ed,focuse d and really put-.一 . _._ - I.一our a chieveme nts. Formorepublic,somepartymembers whofocuson theons, outstanding partyworkers,and putth

58、e pioneertrees.your selfin, peoplese e thing s,see ,with theirow nspecific a ndi ng issues, combi ning conce ntratedf 加快社會公共事務(wù)管理的法制建設(shè)，實現(xiàn)依法進(jìn)行公共事業(yè)體制的建構(gòu)和管理。12 非政府組織：依靠社會權(quán)力，以增進(jìn)社會公共利益為組織目標(biāo)的非官方的非營利的社會組織。具有以下特征：組織性、民間性、非營利性、自治性、自愿性、非政治性、非宗教性。13 非政府組織在公共事業(yè)管理中的作用？在當(dāng)代逐步形成的公共事業(yè)管理市場模式下，非政府組織參與到公共事業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和提供中，具體發(fā)揮著的作用有：a 非政府組織是微觀的社會服務(wù)和管理職能的主要承擔(dān)者，也就是公共事業(yè)管理的必然主體；b 非政府組織能提高公共產(chǎn)品的供給效率；c 非政府組織能較好地滿足社會多元化的需求；總之， 在現(xiàn)代社會，非政府組織作為公共事業(yè)管理的主體，是公共事業(yè)本身發(fā)展的內(nèi)在要求，也是社會發(fā)展的必然要求。非政府組織在與政府一起致力于公