Intonation語言學(xué)演講

1、Intonation What is intonation? The melody of language is called intonation. It is the total pattern of pitch changes, i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking, within an utterance.Grammatical Function 語法功能語法功能Intonation is closely related to grammar or a part of grammar I

2、am so happy to meet you. I am sory to hear that your bike was stolen. Oh , thats great. Oh, you are so lucky. Congratulations.Example sentences: Intonation vs. MeaningWhat are the types of intonation? Falling Rising Falling-rising1）Falling降調(diào)Use falling intonation for definite and complete informatio

3、n.表示完整和確定，主要用在：陳述句、特殊疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。 Hes studying French. When will you be ready? Stand there still! What a sunny room you have! 3. If there is more than one word in the word group (e.g. There were too many people there.), (1) the stressed syllable of the first important word is the highest in pitch (句

4、中第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的重讀音節(jié)的音高最高 ). (2) the stressed syllable of the next important word is a little lower than the previous one in pitch (第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之后，其他關(guān)鍵詞的重讀音節(jié)，其音高依次遞降 ). (3) all the following unstressed syllables are on the same pitch with the previous important word (每?jī)蓚€(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之間的非重讀音節(jié)的音高，和前面一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)的音高相同 ). (4

5、) all syllables before the first important word are low (第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之前的所有音節(jié)都聲調(diào)低平). (5) all syllables after the last important word are low (最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之后的所有音節(jié)都聲調(diào)低平). (6) the fall occurs at the last stressed syllable (在最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)上降調(diào)) 總之，降調(diào)的特點(diǎn)是頭(第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之前)尾(最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之后)低平，第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)音調(diào)最高，在最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵重讀

6、音節(jié)上降調(diào)，中間各關(guān)鍵詞的音高按樓梯狀遞降。 圖示：2) Rising升調(diào)Use rising intonation for indefinite and incomplete information. 表示不完整和不確定；主要用在：一般疑問句，話沒說完；征求意見；較長(zhǎng)的陳述句的前一部分。General questions: e.g. Is this true?Requests: e.g. Can I help you?Greetings (on parting): e.g. See you later.3) Falling-rising 比較復(fù)雜，表示“話里有話”，有“言外之意”， 主要用在

7、：含有對(duì)比的陳述句、含保留意見的 陳述句、含警告口吻的祈使句。 :e.g. Hes really hardworking.:e.g. Hes going to stay for another week.:e.g. You must be more careful.Falling-rising Intonation Its very efficient. (but not beautiful) Mary, where are you (warm address) Shes very young. (I dont think so.) Really? (unbelievable)Fall-ris

8、e toneQuestions/statements and responses 4. （句子的降升調(diào)讀法句子的降升調(diào)讀法）在采用降升調(diào)的句子中，調(diào)核可以處于句子最后一個(gè)實(shí)詞的重讀音節(jié)上，例如： 但是有時(shí)候會(huì)根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)信息的需要而發(fā)生前移。例如： 總之，一般情況下，降升調(diào)的特點(diǎn)是，頭(第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)之前) 低平，第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞重讀音節(jié)音調(diào)最高，中間各關(guān)鍵詞的音高按樓梯狀下降，在最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的重讀音節(jié)開始降調(diào)，到最后一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)(若沒有，就是全句最后一個(gè)音節(jié))開始升調(diào)，到句末升到中等音高的位置。 圖示：總結(jié)：To sum up: The English intonation of an En

9、glish sentence containing a number of level tones takes the form of a slowly descending series of stressed syllables interspersed with unstressed ones. 總之，在英式英語中，句子的第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的重讀音節(jié)是最高音，然后句子主體的語調(diào)是逐漸降調(diào)（gradual descent），首先每個(gè)詞組word group中，重讀音節(jié)后面跟著幾個(gè)音高相同的弱讀音節(jié)，然后許多這樣的詞組（重讀音節(jié)+幾個(gè)同音高的弱讀音節(jié)）連在一起構(gòu)成句子，每個(gè)詞組中的重音音節(jié)的音調(diào)都

10、比前個(gè)詞組低了一些，于是在音高上形成一個(gè)樓梯狀的遞降結(jié)構(gòu)。關(guān)于句子的尾音，升降調(diào)都從最后一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的重讀音節(jié)開始，在句子最后一個(gè)音節(jié)完成。 圖示：Structure of an Intonation Unit A full tone-group consists of five parts: P = Pre-head 調(diào)冠調(diào)冠 H = Head 調(diào)頭調(diào)頭 B = Body 調(diào)身調(diào)身 N = Nucleus 調(diào)核調(diào)核 T = Tail 調(diào)尾調(diào)尾 Occasionally one part or more parts may be missing, but nucleus is always es

11、sential.（ 1 ）調(diào)冠：句子中第一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)之前的非重調(diào)冠：句子中第一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)之前的非重讀音節(jié)讀音節(jié). 如：如： Theres plenty of time （ theres ） Its nearly the same （ its ） （ 2 ）調(diào)尾：指調(diào)心之后的所有音節(jié)，分為聲調(diào)調(diào)尾：指調(diào)心之后的所有音節(jié)，分為聲調(diào)調(diào)尾與降調(diào)調(diào)尾調(diào)尾與降調(diào)調(diào)尾. 如：如： I think so （ so ） Where is it? （ is it ）（ 3 ）調(diào)頭：是句子中的第一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)。如：調(diào)頭：是句子中的第一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)。如： Are the student going to be ready

12、? （ student ） （ 4 ）調(diào)心：是指句子中動(dòng)調(diào)出現(xiàn)的音節(jié)，也就調(diào)心：是指句子中動(dòng)調(diào)出現(xiàn)的音節(jié)，也就是一般我們所說的有邏輯重音、降調(diào)、升調(diào)和降是一般我們所說的有邏輯重音、降調(diào)、升調(diào)和降升調(diào)所在的音節(jié)。它是說話人要傳達(dá)的信息中心。升調(diào)所在的音節(jié)。它是說話人要傳達(dá)的信息中心。如：如： Are the student going to be ready? （ ready ） （ 5 ）調(diào)身：是調(diào)頭與調(diào)心之間的全部音節(jié)。如：調(diào)身：是調(diào)頭與調(diào)心之間的全部音節(jié)。如： Are the student going to be ready? （ going to be ）Pre-head of an

13、Intonation Unit Any unstressed syllable or syllables that may precede the “head”, or the “nucleus” if there is no head, are called the “”. e.g. I am writing a letter to him. PHead of a Intonation Unit The first full stress of a tone unit The part that extends from the first stressed syllable up to t

14、he nucleus is called the “” of the intonation unit e.g. I am writing a letter to him. HBody of an Intonation Unit The part of an intonation unit lying between its head and its nucleus. The main feature of the body is that it gradually. e.g. I am writing a letter to him. BNucleus Placing 一個(gè)句調(diào)一般只有一個(gè)調(diào)心

15、 。但在其之前完全可以有一個(gè)或多個(gè)動(dòng)調(diào)，構(gòu)成調(diào)頭或調(diào)身的一部分。 They flew to don. (the normal way)They flew London. (Direction is highlighted.)They to London.(Way of traveling is highlighted.) flew to London.(A particular group of people is highlighted.)Tail of an Intonation Unit Any syllable or syllables that may follow the nucl

16、eus are called the “” e.g. I am writing a letter to him. TAn ExampleWe are LEARNing a FOReign LANGuage. P H B N T P = Pre-head 調(diào)冠調(diào)冠 H = Head 調(diào)頭調(diào)頭B = Body 調(diào)身調(diào)身 N = Nucleus 調(diào)核調(diào)核 T = Tail 調(diào)尾調(diào)尾Features of an Intonation Unit Normally a low prehead. Normally a high head. In the body, the stressed syllables have mostly level tones and they all fall down gradually in pitch. The changes in the tail are determined by the nucleus. In a fall, the tail remains a low level tone; in a Rise or Fall-rise, the tail rises gradually.Stress Rules Stress tends to fall on content words within an ut