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1、語法復(fù)習(xí)精品指南(十)動(dòng)詞概說1)動(dòng)詞(verb)是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。a)表示動(dòng)作:swim游泳push推b)表示狀態(tài):have有be是2)英語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等形式上的變化。限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞從是否被主語所限定來分,動(dòng)詞有限定動(dòng)詞(finite verb)和非限定動(dòng)詞(nonfinite verb)兩大類。1)限定動(dòng)詞 限定動(dòng)詞用作句子的謂語動(dòng)詞,并被主語所限定,有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:He is a tractor driver.他是一個(gè)拖拉機(jī)手。Facts are more eloquent than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。We have friends all over t

2、he world.我們的朋友遍天下。An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使蘋果落地。2)非限定動(dòng)詞 非限定動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種,在句子里都不能單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞,故不被主語所限定,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:I am pleased to meet you.我很高興與你相識(shí)。(動(dòng)詞不定式)Smoking is harmful to the health.吸煙對(duì)身體有害。(動(dòng)名詞)I heard them singing the Internationale。我聽見他們唱國際歌。(分詞)Spoken words are often

3、more powerful than writing.語言往往比文字更有力。(分詞)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞從其含義來分,動(dòng)詞有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(notional verb),連系動(dòng)詞(1ink verb),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(modal verb)和助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)四類。1)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有完全的詞義,并能獨(dú)立作謂語動(dòng)詞。如:The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨陽光燦爛。He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜歡星期日出去作長距離散步。We have a big TV set in

4、 the club.我們俱樂部有臺(tái)大電視機(jī)。2)連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語動(dòng)詞,后面跟表語。英語連系動(dòng)詞有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看來),keep(保持),become(變成),get(變得),grow(變得),feel(感到),turn(變得,變成),appear(顯得),remain(仍舊是)等。如:It is never too late to mend.改過不嫌晚。It was a close game.那場球賽比分很接近。The children in this nursery look very healthy.這個(gè)托兒所的孩子看起來都非常健康。Keep qui

5、et,please!請(qǐng)安靜!,The tape recorder seems all right.這臺(tái)錄音機(jī)好像沒有毛病。Later he became a doctor.他后來成為一名醫(yī)生。The problem remained unsolved until last year.問題到去年才解決。注一下面句子中的come和go也是連系動(dòng)詞。如:The old man's dream has come true.這位老人的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡車出毛病了。注二有些連系動(dòng)詞如seem, appear等后面常跟to

6、be。如:The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.這篇新課文好像很容易,其實(shí)相當(dāng)難。She appears to be the girl's sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can (能),may (可以,也許),must(必須)等及其過去式could,might等,表示能力、義務(wù)、必要、猜測(cè)等說話人的語氣或情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞。注關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詳見第十一章。4)助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, d

7、o等。它們只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等動(dòng)詞形式,以及否定和疑問等結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞從是否需要賓語來分,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩類。1)及物動(dòng)詞 后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,叫做及物動(dòng)詞(transitive verb)。如:I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會(huì)將會(huì)考慮我們的建議。"How long can I keep the book ?"Harry asked.哈里問:"這本書我可以借多久?"Dr. Bet

8、hune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫給我們樹立了好榜樣。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有許多有用的物質(zhì)。2)不及物動(dòng)詞 本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,叫做不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)。如:Birds fly.鳥會(huì)飛。It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三;年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的會(huì)上發(fā)了言。3)兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞

9、 英語里有不少實(shí)義動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。這樣的動(dòng)詞又有兩種不同的情況:a)兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),意義不變。試比較:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動(dòng)詞)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業(yè)后當(dāng)圖書館管理員。(began作及物動(dòng)詞)When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時(shí)候離開芝加哥的?(leave 作及物動(dòng)詞)They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。(left 作不及物動(dòng)詞)b)兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)

10、詞時(shí),有時(shí)意義不盡相同。如:Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎?4) 與漢語的比較 有時(shí)英語動(dòng)詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請(qǐng)注意下列兩種情況:a)有的動(dòng)詞在英語里只能用作不及物動(dòng)詞,而漢語則可用作及物動(dòng)詞,如arrive到達(dá),agree同意,1isten聽。英語里這些動(dòng)詞后面常接介詞。如:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我們于中午到達(dá)火車站。(at不能省去)(比較:We reached the railway station

11、 at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個(gè)人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)(比較:We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃嗎?(to不可省去)b)有的動(dòng)詞在英語里能用作及物動(dòng)詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動(dòng)詞,如serve為服務(wù)。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務(wù)。短語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞常和某些其他詞類用在一起,構(gòu)成

12、固定詞組,形成所謂短語動(dòng)詞(phrasal verb)。和動(dòng)詞一樣,短語動(dòng)詞也可分為及物和不及物兩種。短語動(dòng)詞可以作為一個(gè)整體看待,同一般動(dòng)詞一樣使用。1)動(dòng)詞 + 介詞 這類短語動(dòng)詞用作及物動(dòng)詞,后面須跟賓語。如:The small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩堅(jiān)持要跟父母一起去。Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常聽英語廣播嗎?Look at the children. Aren't they lovely?看著這些孩子們。他們多么可愛呀!We stand for s

13、elf-reliance.我們是主張自力更生的。這一類的短語動(dòng)詞還有很多,如depend on (upon)(依*),wait on (服侍),look for (尋找),deal with(對(duì)待),look after(照料),wait for(等待)等。2) 動(dòng)詞+副詞 這類短語動(dòng)詞有的用作及物動(dòng)詞,有的用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我總是一打鈴就起床。(不及物)Look out,there's a car coming! 當(dāng)心,來汽車了!(不及物)Have you handed in your exerc

14、ises already? 你已經(jīng)交練習(xí)了嗎?(及物)Please don't forget to put on your coat;it's cold outside.請(qǐng)不要忘記穿外衣,外面很冷。(及物)這一類的短語動(dòng)詞還有很多,及物如 put out (撲滅), eat up (吃光),putdown(放下);不及物如set off (出發(fā)),come up(走近),go on(繼續(xù))。注一 "動(dòng)詞+副詞"這類短語動(dòng)詞和上面第一類"動(dòng)詞 + 介詞"的不同之處在于:"動(dòng)詞+ 介詞"用作及物動(dòng)詞,后面須跟賓語。&quo

15、t;動(dòng)詞 + 副詞"則有的及物,有的不及物;用作及物動(dòng)詞而賓語為人稱代詞或自身代詞時(shí),副詞往往放在賓語之后。如:Please wake me up at five tomorrow.請(qǐng)?jiān)诿魈煸缟衔妩c(diǎn)喚醒我。If you have done your exercises,please hand them in.如果你們練習(xí)做完了請(qǐng)交來。She doesn't normally behave like that;she's putting it on.她通常并不如此表現(xiàn),她是裝出來的。注二 這類短語動(dòng)詞有不少可兼作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞用。如:He took off his h

16、at when he entered the office.他進(jìn)辦公室后脫下帽子。(及物)The plane took off at seven sharp.飛機(jī)在七點(diǎn)整起飛。(不及物)Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.查理打電話給尼爾問開會(huì)的時(shí)間。(及物)If you can't come,please ring up and let us know.你如來不了,請(qǐng)來電話告訴我們一聲。(不及物)3) 動(dòng)詞 + 副詞 + 介詞 短語動(dòng)詞"動(dòng)詞 + 副詞"之后有的可以再加一個(gè)介詞,形成另

17、一種短語動(dòng)詞。這類短語動(dòng)詞用作及物動(dòng)詞。如:Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment不要失望。我們必須繼續(xù)試驗(yàn)。(go on with繼續(xù))He came up to me.他走到我跟前。(come up to走近)這類短語動(dòng)詞還有:look down upon(看不起),do away with(去掉),put up with(忍受)等。4)動(dòng)詞 + 名詞 + 介詞 這類短語動(dòng)詞也是及物的。如He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet.他在宴會(huì)上和賓客一一握手。Youn

18、g pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after=school activities. 少先隊(duì)員經(jīng)常到少年宮來參加課外活動(dòng)。Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice.注意倉庫里的稻谷的溫度。Her job is taking care of the babies.她的工作是照顧嬰兒。這一類短語動(dòng)詞還有:put an end to (結(jié)束),take notice of (注意),catch hold of (抓住),lose sight of(看不見),make use of(利用)等動(dòng)詞的基本形式(p

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