必修4Unit1Womenofachievement語法主謂一致1

1、年 級(jí)高一學(xué) 科英語版 本人教實(shí)驗(yàn)版內(nèi)容標(biāo)題必修4 Unit 1 Women of achievement語法主謂一致編稿老師林靜【本講教育信息】一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容必修4 Unit 1 Women of achievement語法主謂一致二. 知識(shí)精講在英語中，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，即主謂一致。一般來說，主謂一致要遵循三個(gè)原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。（一）語法一致原則即在語法形式上取得一致，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。1. 單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語以及句子作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。To see i

2、s to believe.眼見為實(shí)。Reading aloud is very important in learning English. 學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)大聲朗讀非常重要。When they could finish the task is not known yet. 他們何時(shí)能完成任務(wù)還未知。Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.要參加比賽的人請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@里簽名。注意：what引導(dǎo)的主語從句充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，有時(shí)要以what所指代的詞的意義來決定謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)。What he said i

3、s true.他所說的是真的。What we need are more volunteers. 我們所需要的是更多的志愿者。2. 由連接詞and或both and連接的名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語以及句子作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.他說的話及行為極大地鼓舞了其他學(xué)生。Both his father and his mother are advanced workers. 他的爸爸和媽媽都是先進(jìn)工作者。注意：有時(shí)，一些用and連接的主語表達(dá)的卻

4、是單數(shù)的概念，這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。（1）用and連接的名詞表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主語時(shí)Bread and butter is nutritious for patients. 黃油面包對(duì)病人很有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有和聰明。The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting. 那位書記兼經(jīng)理在會(huì)上講話。（2）“each/every/no/ many a + 單數(shù)名詞+ and +

5、 each/every/no/many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)Every hour and every minute is precious. 每一小時(shí)，每一分鐘，都很寶貴。No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall. 每個(gè)人都不允許進(jìn)入大廳。3. “名詞+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞同第一個(gè)名詞的數(shù)保持一

6、致。Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.湯姆以及他的兩個(gè)朋友一起被邀請(qǐng)參加宴會(huì)了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.實(shí)驗(yàn)室只有一個(gè)老師和三個(gè)學(xué)生。4. “more than one 或many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，盡管其意義為復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動(dòng)詞還是用單數(shù)形式。More than one student is against the decision. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生反對(duì)這個(gè)決定。Many a page in this book i

7、s missing.這本書缺了許多頁。5. 不定代詞either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)、名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上沒有什么東西比光傳播得更快。Each one of us has his own duty.我們每個(gè)人都有自己的職責(zé)。注意：若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)形式；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式或復(fù)數(shù)形式都可以。None of the mon

8、ey has been spent on repairs.這筆錢沒有花費(fèi)在維修方面。None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger. 乘客中沒有一個(gè)意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)的存在。6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定.The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.大多數(shù)醫(yī)生都認(rèn)為

9、吸煙有害健康。The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 這次的損害大部分都容易補(bǔ)救。The rest of the books were returned to the library.其余的書都?xì)w還給圖書館了。The rest of the money was given to the villagers.其余的錢都給了村民。7.“a large amount of + 不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；“l(fā)arge amounts of +不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有“a large quanti

10、ty of +可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)（謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）以及“l(fā)arge quantities of +可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)（謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式）。Quantities of food were spread out on the table.許多食品被攤放在桌子上。A large amount of damage was done in a short time. 在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就造成了巨大的損失。8. 在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。I, who am your teacher, will do my best to he

11、lp you.我是你的老師，我會(huì)盡全力幫助你的。Those who have finished the work can go home first. 那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。注意：“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who /which / that” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，若關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修飾時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些獲獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生之一。I was the only one in m

12、y office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請(qǐng)的人。9. 由兩部分組成的表示衣物或工具的名詞作主語時(shí)，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots， trousers / pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)，但這類詞如用a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday. 昨天踢足球時(shí)我的眼鏡被打碎了。A pair of shoes is lying under the be

13、d. 床底下有一雙鞋。Here are some new pairs of shoes.這里有幾雙新鞋。10. 由“kind / form /type / sort /species /series +of + 名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而不是它們后面所跟的名詞。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome .必須克服各種各樣的困難。This kind / sort of questions is very difficult. 這種問題很難。（但Questions of this kind / sort are ve

14、ry difficult.謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。）即學(xué)即用：1. As a result of the serious flood，two-thirds of the buildings in the area.A. need repairing B. needs to repairC. needs repairing D. need to repair2. Most of what has been said about the Smithsalso true of the Johnsons.A. areB. isC. beingD. to be3. A poet and artistcom

15、ing to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.A. isB. areC. wasD. were4. Professor Smith，along with his assistants，on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A. workB. workingC. is workingD. are working5. With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good

16、eartheach year.A. is washing awayB. is being washed awayC. are washing awayD. are being washed away6. I wonder whether the soldier is one of those whoabroad to keep peace. A. has been sentB. have been sentC. have sentD. has sent7. Every student as well as teachers who to visit the museumasked to be

17、at the school gate on time. A. is; isB. are; areC. is; areD. a re; is8. Many a writer of newspaper articlesto write novels. A. has turnedB. have turnedC. being turned D. are going to turn9. Each of the students working hard at their lessons the book. So have I. A. is readingB. has readC. readD. read

18、s10. This kind of bookvery useful but books of that kinduseless. A. is; isB. is; areC. are; isD. are; are11. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been12. They each _ a new dictionary.A. has B. have C. isD. are13. “All_ pre

19、sent and all_ going on well,” our monitor said.A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are14. All the employees except the manager _ to work online at home.A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged 15. This pair of trousers _ too long for him.A. is B. be C. are D. were（二）意義一致原則即謂

20、語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由主語的意義而不是形式所決定。當(dāng)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；但主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義卻為單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。1. 有些名詞如people, cattle，police，trousers等沒有單數(shù)形式， 作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)。The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately. 警察立即被派往現(xiàn)場(chǎng)維持秩序。Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.允許牲畜在這個(gè)地區(qū)吃草。2. 英語中一些單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其表達(dá)的意義

21、來決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，這類名詞常見的有sheep，deer，fish，means， species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.為了防止大氣污染，每一種方法都試過了。All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.為了使動(dòng)植物的生命不受到威脅，所有的方法都試過了。3. 有些集合名詞，如public，family, e

22、nemy, audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主語時(shí)， 謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)其包含的意義而定。如果該名詞表示一個(gè)整體，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；但如果這些集體名詞表示集體中的若干個(gè)體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情緒高昂的球隊(duì)比較可能獲勝。The team are practicing hard on the playground.隊(duì)員們正在操場(chǎng)刻苦地訓(xùn)練。 The government has taken p

23、ossible action.政府已經(jīng)采取了可能的措施。The government are discussing the proposal.政府正在討論這項(xiàng)提案。4. “the + 形容詞或過去分詞”表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如 “the + 形容詞”指一個(gè)人或表示一種抽象概念或品質(zhì)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后，傷員們被村民們救起。The wounded in the accident was a policeman.這次事故的受傷者是一名警察。The beautiful is not

24、always useful. 好看的并不總是有用的。5. 有些以s結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科名稱的詞，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作書名、地名、國(guó)名、地區(qū)名的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Politics is a complicated subject.政治是一門復(fù)雜的學(xué)科。The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. 紐約時(shí)報(bào)是世界上最具影響力的報(bào)紙之一。6. 表示距離、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值、金額、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，如作為一個(gè)整體

25、來看待的話，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance. 二十公里是一段相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的距離。Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.那時(shí)五十美金對(duì)我來說是一大筆錢。7. “a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；“the number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。A large number of people have applied for the job.很多人申請(qǐng)了這項(xiàng)工作。The number of people learning

26、 English in China is increasing rapidly at present. 目前中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)正在增加。8. such作主語時(shí)要根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。Such is our plan. 這就是我們的計(jì)劃。Such are his words. 這些就是他所說的話。即學(xué)即用：1. A survey of the opinions of expertsthat three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health.A. show; areB. shows; isC. show;

27、 isD. shows; are2. His family _ a big one. Now the family _ watching TV.A. is, areB. are, is C. is, isD. are, are3. The rich_ not always happy. A. isB. are C. has D. have4. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A. were , was B. was , was C. was , w

28、ere D. were , were5. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest _more difficult.A. isB. are C. was D. were6. Every means _ tried but without much result. A .has been B. have been C. are D. is7. The Philippines _ to the south-east of China.A. lies B. lie C. lay D. lays8. In my opinion, some o

29、f the news _ unbelievable.A. are B. is C. has been D. have been9. The police _ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching（三）就近一致原則即謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)須與鄰近的主語保持一致。1. 在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)、here 以及表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組位于句首引起的倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞

30、的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與最近的一個(gè)主語保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the office.辦公室中有兩把椅子和一張桌子。Here are my replies to your questions. 這些是我對(duì)你的問題的回答。South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南邊有兩座石塔。2. 當(dāng)eitheror；neithernor；not onlybut also；notbut；or；nor等并列連詞連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與鄰近的主語保持一致。Either he or you are to bla

31、me for it. 不是他就是你必須為此事負(fù)責(zé)。Not you but I am responsible for the delay.不是你而應(yīng)是我應(yīng)對(duì)這次的延誤負(fù)責(zé)。即學(xué)即用：1. Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out 2. Here _ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for

32、you.A. areB. isC. wasD. were3. Between the two rows of trees _ the teaching building.A. stand B. standsC. standingD. are4. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. A. is B. are C. am D. be【典型例題】1. Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting th

33、at is due tomorrow. A. areB. isC. have D. be2. At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport _ that it will bring a lot jobs to the area. A. is B. are C. will be D. were3. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1990. A. is B. are C. has b

34、een D. have been4. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ visit Beijing this summer. A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to5. The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America.A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was

35、 D. is; was6. Did you go to the show last night?Yeah. Every boy and girl in the areainvited.A. wereB. have beenC. has beenD. wasUnit 2 Working the land預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué)一. 重點(diǎn)單詞statistic n. 數(shù)據(jù)；統(tǒng)計(jì)；統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料struggle vi. & n. 斗爭(zhēng)；拼搏；努力decade n. 十年；十年期super adj. 特級(jí)的；超級(jí)的output n. 產(chǎn)量；輸出hunger n. 饑餓；欲望 vt. & vi. （

36、使）饑餓disturbing adj. 引起煩惱的；令人不安的expand vt. & vi. 使變大；伸展circulate vt. & vi. 循環(huán)；流傳rid vt. 擺脫；除去freedom n. 自由；自在therefore adv. 因此；所以；因而equip vt. & vi. 配備；裝備export vt. & vi. 輸出；出口nationality n. 國(guó)籍occupation n. 工作；職業(yè)；占有confuse vt. 使迷惑；使為難regret vt. 遺憾；惋惜 n. 遺憾；懊悔chemical adj. 化學(xué)的；關(guān)于化學(xué)的prod

37、uction n. 生產(chǎn)；制造bacteria n. 細(xì)菌nutrition n. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)；營(yíng)養(yǎng)素；食物mineral n. 礦物；礦石discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)；發(fā)覺focus n. 焦點(diǎn)；中心點(diǎn) vt. 集中；聚焦reduce vt. 減少；減縮root n. 根；根源skim vt. 瀏覽；略讀underline vt. 畫底線標(biāo)出；強(qiáng)調(diào)summary n. 總結(jié)；摘要；概要comment n. 評(píng)論；議論 vi. & vt. 表達(dá)意見；作出評(píng)論二. 重點(diǎn)短語thanks to 幸虧；由于；因?yàn)閞id of（使）擺脫；除去be satisfied with 對(duì)感到滿意would

38、 rather 寧愿；寧可build up 逐漸增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)；建立；開發(fā)lead to 導(dǎo)致；造成（后果）focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于keep free from/of 使免受（影響；傷害等）；使不含（有害物）三. 重（難）點(diǎn)句型1. If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?if 引導(dǎo)的省略句。2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow

39、 rice that has a high output.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。3. Using his hybrid rice , framers are producing harvest twice as large as before.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。4. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.it 作形式賓語?！灸M試題】（答題時(shí)間：60分鐘）一. 單項(xiàng)選擇1. The president spoke at the meeti

40、ng for nearly an hour without _ his notes.A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on 2. Do_ spelling mistakes in your homework, John, when can you give up the habit of being careless?A. look through B. look up C. look down upon D. look out for3. I couldnt remember the answer when the

41、 teacher called me in class, and then it suddenly _ me.A. hit B. caught C. reported D. reminded4. I_with him all day without being able to persuade him to give up the silly plan.A. caught up B. argued C. got along D. fought5. He is the right person you can rely on to _ your research when you are on

42、vacation for the next two weeks.A. take up B. carry on C. fix on D. go over*6. The police _determined to bring back the missing boy when his family _almost given up all hopes. A. is; have B. are; have C. is; has D. are; has *7. It was after he got _ he had wanted _ he realized it was not so importan

43、t.A. what; what B. what; that C. that; what D. that; which8. The problem _ at the conference _ China had adequate money for the outer space exploration.A. came across; that B. came across; whether C. came up; that D. came up; whether *9. In our school, many a boy _ playing football and more girls th

44、an one _ playing it.A. likes; likesB. like; like C. like; likesD. likes; like*10. It is worth considering what makes “convenience foods so popular, and _better ones of your own.A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced11. The population of the world is growing _a surprising rate. A.

45、 on B. in C. at D. above 12. What we used to think _ impossible now does seem possible. A. isB. was C. has been D. will be13. These scientists are trying to find out the facts to _their theory. A. support B. promise C. design D. carry 14. All of the students were _by the _speech given by the headmas

46、ter. A. inspired; inspired B. inspiring; inspiring C. inspired; inspiring D. inspiring; inspired 15. We live day by day，but in the great things，the time of days and weeks so small that a day is unimportant.A. isB. areC. has beenD. have been二. 完形填空13-year-old Frank had received many presents he wante

47、d. But Frank was not _1_ because this was his first Christmas without his brother. Frank said to his parents that he would _2 to see a friend. 3 it was cold outside，F(xiàn)rank put on his new jacket and took presents on his new sled（雪橇）. As Frank walked，he saw a house with the 4 hanging over a fireplace.

48、A woman was seated near them 5 . The stockings reminded Frank of the ones beside him and his brother. A sudden thought 6 Frank. So he knocked on the door. “ 7 ?” the sad voice of the woman answered. “May I come in? “Please” she said，seeing his 8 full of gifts，and thinking he was making a collection，

49、“but I have no food or gifts for you. I even have 9 for my own children. ”“Thats not why I am here，”Frank replied. “Please 10 any present you like for your children from this sled. ” “Why，God bless（保佑）you!” the 11 woman answered. She chose until the stockings were full. “Wont you tell me your 12 ?”

50、she asked. “Just call me the Christmas Scout,” Frank replied. The visit 13 the boy touched, with an unexpected 14 in his heart. He understood that his sorrow（悲傷）was not the only sorrow. He 15 all the gifts，including the new jacket. “Where are your presents, Frank?” asked his father as he 16 the hous

51、e. “I handed them out to other children. “Frank, how could you do so?” his mother asked in anger. The next morning，he came downstairs and 17 his parents listening to Christmas news on the radio. Then the announcer spoke：“Merry Christmas! Several families 18 their children were made happy by the gift

52、s from a boy. No one could 19 him. ” Frank felt his fathers arms go around his shoulders，and he saw his mother smiling 20 her tears. 1. A. lovely B. astonished C. lonely D. happy 2. A. 1eave B. turn C. grow D. become 3. A. When B. Since C. Where D. Though 4. A. presents B. light C stockings D. tree

53、5. A. sleeping B. crying C. smiling D. laughing 6. A. appeared B. worried C. occurred D. struck 7. A. Why B. What C. Yes D. When 8. A. stocking B. pocket C. sled D. bag 9. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. everything 10. A. buy B. borrow C. bring D. choose 11. A. amazed B. encouraged C. tired D. bored 12. A. address B. name C. number D. school 13. A. started B. left C. felt D. performed 14. A. joy B. surprise C. sorrow D. disappointment 15. A. took away B. gave up C. ga